User talk:Jeba B. Prasannaraj/sandbox

FOOTBALL
* Football, also called association football or soccer, game in which two teams of 11 players, using any part of their bodies except their hands and arms, try to maneuver the ball into the opposing team’s goal. Only the goalkeeper is permitted to handle the ball and may do so only within the penalty area surrounding the goal. The team that scores more goals wins. * Football is the world’s most popular ball game in numbers of participants and spectators. Simple in its principal rules and essential equipment, the sport can be played almost anywhere, from official football playing fields (pitches) to gymnasiums, streets, school playgrounds, parks, or beaches. Football’s governing body, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), estimated that at the turn of the 21st century there were approximately 250 million football players and over 1.3 billion people “interested” in football; in 2010 a combined television audience of more than 26 billion watched football’s premier tournament, the quadrennial month-long World Cup finals. History The early years: * Modern football originated in Britain in the 19th century. Since before medieval times, “folk football” games had been played in towns and villages according to local customs and with a minimum of rules. Industrialization and urbanization, which reduced the amount of leisure time and space available to the working class, combined with a history of legal prohibitions against particularly violent and destructive forms of folk football to undermine the game’s status from the early 19th century onward. However, football was taken up as a winter game between residence houses at public (independent) schools such as Winchester, Charterhouse, and Eton. Each school had its own rules; some allowed limited handling of the ball and others did not. The variance in rules made it difficult for public schoolboys entering university to continue playing except with former schoolmates. As early as 1843 an attempt to standardize and codify the rules of play was made at the University of Cambridge, whose students joined most public schools in 1848 in adopting these “Cambridge rules,” which were further spread by Cambridge graduates who formed football clubs. In 1863 a series of meetings involving clubs from metropolitan London and surrounding counties produced the printed rules of football, which prohibited the carrying of the ball. Thus, the “handling” game of rugby remained outside the newly formed Football Association (FA). Indeed, by 1870 all handling of the ball except by the goalkeeper was prohibited by the FA. * The new rules were not universally accepted in Britain, however; many clubs retained their own rules, especially in and around Sheffield. Although this northern English city was the home of the first provincial club to join the FA, in 1867 it also gave birth to the Sheffield Football Association, the forerunner of later county associations. Sheffield and London clubs played two matches against each other in 1866, and a year later a match pitting a club from Middlesex against one from Kent and Surrey was played under the revised rules. In 1871 15 FA clubs accepted an invitation to enter a cup competition and to contribute to the purchase of a trophy. By 1877 the associations of Great Britain had agreed upon a uniform code, 43 clubs were in competition, and the London clubs’ initial dominance had diminished. International organization * By the early 20th century, football had spread across Europe, but it was in need of international organization. A solution was found in 1904, when representatives from the football associations of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland founded the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). * Although Englishman Daniel Woolfall was elected FIFA president in 1906 and all of the home nations (England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales) were admitted as members by 1911, British football associations were disdainful of the new body. FIFA members accepted British control over the rules of football via the International Board, which had been established by the home nations in 1882. Nevertheless, in 1920 the British associations resigned their FIFA memberships after failing to persuade other members that Germany, Austria, and Hungary should be expelled following World War I. The British associations rejoined FIFA in 1924 but soon after insisted upon a very rigid definition of amateurism, notably for Olympic football. Other nations again failed to follow their lead, and the British resigned once more in 1928, remaining outside FIFA until 1946. When FIFA established the World Cup championship, British insouciance toward the international game continued. Without membership in FIFA, the British national teams were not invited to the first three competitions (1930, 1934, and 1938). For the next competition, held in 1950, FIFA ruled that the two best finishers in the British home nations tournament would qualify for World Cup play; England won, but Scotland (which finished second) chose not to compete for the World Cup. * Despite sometimes fractious international relations, football continued to rise in popularity. It made its official Olympic debut at the London Games in 1908, and it has since been played in each of the Summer Games (except for the 1932 Games in Los Angeles). FIFA also grew steadily—especially in the latter half of the 20th century, when it strengthened its standing as the game’s global authority and regulator of competition. Guinea became FIFA’s 100th member in 1961; at the turn of the 21st century, more than 200 nations were registered FIFA members, which is more than the number of countries that belong to the United Nations. * The World Cup finals remain football’s premier tournament, but other important tournaments have emerged under FIFA guidance. Two different tournaments for young players began in 1977 and 1985, and these became, respectively, the World Youth Championship (for those 20 years old and younger) and the Under-17 World Championship. Futsal, the world indoor five-a-side championship, started in 1989. Two years later the first Women’s World Cup was played in China. In 1992 FIFA opened the Olympic football tournament to players aged under 23 years, and four years later the first women’s Olympic football tournament was held. The World Club Championship debuted in Brazil in 2000. The Under-19 Women’s World Championship was inaugurated in 2002. * FIFA membership is open to all national associations. They must accept FIFA’s authority, observe the laws of football, and possess a suitable football infrastructure (i.e., facilities and internal organization). FIFA statutes require members to form continental confederations. The first of these, the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (commonly known as CONMEBOL), was founded in South America in 1916. In 1954 the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) were established. Africa’s governing body, the Confédération Africaine de Football (CAF), was founded in 1957. The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) followed four years later. The Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) appeared in 1966. These confederations may organize their own club, international, and youth tournaments, elect representatives to FIFA’s Executive Committee, and promote football in their specific continents as they see fit. In turn, all football players, agents, leagues, national associations, and confederations must recognize the authority of FIFA’s Arbitration Tribunal for Football, which effectively functions as football’s supreme court in serious disputes. * Until the early 1970s, control of FIFA (and thus of world football) was firmly in the hands of northern Europeans. Under the presidencies of the Englishmen Arthur Drewry (1955–61) and Stanley Rous (1961–74), FIFA adopted a rather conservative patrician relationship to the national and continental bodies. It survived on modest income from the World Cup finals, and relatively little was done to promote football in developing countries or to explore the game’s business potential within the West’s postwar economic boom. FIFA’s leadership was more concerned with matters of regulation, such as confirming amateur status for Olympic competition or banning those associated with illegal transfers of players with existing contracts. For example, Colombia (1951–54) and Australia (1960–63) were suspended temporarily from FIFA after permitting clubs to recruit players who had broken contracts elsewhere in the world. * Growing African and Asian membership within FIFA undermined European control. In 1974 Brazilian João Havelange was elected president, gaining large support from developing nations. Under Havelange, FIFA was transformed from an international gentlemen’s club into a global corporation: billion-dollar television deals and partnerships with major transnational corporations were established during the 1980s and ’90s. While some earnings were reinvested through FIFA development projects—primarily in Asia, Africa, and Central America—the biggest political reward for developing countries has been the expansion of the World Cup finals to include more countries from outside Europe and South America. * Greater professionalization of sports also forced FIFA to intercede in new areas as a governing body and competition regulator. The use of performance-enhancing drugs by teams and individual players had been suspected since at least the 1930s; FIFA introduced drug tests in 1966, and occasionally drug users were uncovered, such as Willie Johnston of Scotland at the 1978 World Cup finals. But FIFA regulations were tightened in the 1980s after the sharp rise in offenses among Olympic athletes, the appearance of new drugs such as the steroid nandrolone, and the use of drugs by stars such as Argentina’s Diego Maradona in 1994. While FIFA has authorized lengthy worldwide bans of players who fail drug tests, discrepancies remain between nations and confederations over the intensity of testing and the legal status of specific drugs. * As the sport moved into the 21st century, FIFA came under pressure to respond to some of the major consequences of globalization for international football. During the corrupt tenure of Switzerland’s Sepp Blatter as president from 1998 to 2015, the political bargaining and wrangling among world football’s officials gained greater media and public attention. Direct conflicts of interest among football’s various groups have also arisen: players, agents, television networks, competition sponsors, clubs, national bodies, continental associations, and FIFA all have divergent views regarding the staging of football tournaments and the distribution of football’s income. Regulation of player representatives and transfers is also problematic. In UEFA countries, players move freely when not under contract. On other continents, notably Africa and Central and South America, players tend to be tied into long-term contracts with clubs that can control their entire careers. FIFA now requires all agents to be licensed and to pass written examinations held by national associations, but there is little global consistency regarding the control of agent powers. In Europe, agents have played a key role in promoting wage inflation and higher player mobility. In Latin America, players are often partially “owned” by agents who may decide on whether transfers proceed. In parts of Africa, some European agents have been compared to slave traders in the way that they exercise authoritarian control over players and profit hugely from transfer fees to Western leagues with little thought for their clients’ well-being. In this way, the ever-widening inequalities between developed and developing nations are reflected in the uneven growth and variable regulations of world football.

SAVE WATER ESSAY
Introduction: Water is a precious gift from Mother Nature to all the living beings on earth. We all understand the importance of water in our lives and could not imagine life without water. Everything on earth needs water like human beings, animals, trees, plants, insects, and other living things. Why Should We Save Water: The balance of water on earth is maintained through the process of rain and evaporation. Three-fourth surface of the earth is covered by water; however it contains very less percentage of the clean water which is fit for human use. So, the problem is with the scarcity of clean water and if the quantity of clean water decreases then it might create major issues in future. How Can We Save Water: We should join our hands together and take a pledge of using water according to the need without wasting it. We should also avoid the contamination of water by not throwing medicines or oils in water outlets. We should save water from being polluted and avoid the mixing of industrial wastes into the water. There should be proper waste management system which must be followed by everyone. Conclusion: Clean water is very essential component of life, so we need to conserve water for the future safety. Clean water is not only a necessity of human beings but it is also important for the survival of other species. If we save water we will also be helping other species to survive on earth and help preserve the biodiversity of a place.

10 UNKNOWN FACTS ABOUT CRISTIANO RONALDO
1. Ronaldo's lengthy name Many football fans only know him as Cristiano Ronaldo, however, when you dig deeper, you will find his name is a little longer. His actual name is Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro. You may have known that, but what you may not have known is he was named after Ronald Regan, a former U.S President who was greatly loved by Ronaldo's father.

2. His birthday and family background Cristiano Ronaldo was born on 5th February 1985. He was born into a family of four as the last born. His father Jose, was a gardener and the footballer recollects his father was a heavy drinker. His mother, Maria was a cook and a cleaner, and she would work until late night so as to provide for her children and family.

3. Little Bee Growing up, Ronaldo didn't have the catchiest of nicknames. He was referred to by two popular nicknames, 'crybaby' and 'little bee'. The former was because he would more often than not cry if things didn't go his way. When other kids would fight on the pitch, Ronaldo would result in tears as his favorite conflict resolution method. The latter nickname was because he was as quick as a bee when he was playing football. Very little has changed, as few would match his skill and speed when he has the ball.

4. A friend in need This one is not really about Ronaldo -at least not directly, but without this fact, you might never have heard about him. Ronaldo has accredited his success to Albert Fantrau. In his younger years, Albert was admitted to a football academy, however, he turned it down and Ronaldo was taken into the academy. When Ronaldo was asked Alfred why he refused the intake position, he simply responded, "You're better than me." The rest, as they say, is history.

5. A clean body and a giving heart Football today has been marked by stars who have inked their bodies in tattoos, from the likes of Dani Alves and Zlatan Ibrahimovic. However, Real Madrid star, Cristiano Ronaldo has no single tattoo on his body and doesn't plan on having any in the foreseeable future. Above and beyond the aforementioned, Ronaldo is a devout blood donor. This could explain why he has no tattoos as the Red Cross guidelines stipulate that one should not donate blood at least four months after getting a tattoo. Moreover, CR7 has donated his bone marrow in a bid to help his teammate Carlos Martins' son.

6. World of the Year Honor When you are Ronaldo, goals are the order of the day. But when you exceed all expectations, the world has recognized you. In 2008, he scored a whopping 42 goals and was awarded the FIFA World of the Year Honor.

7. World most famous person According to the Instagram followers he is top 1 famous person in world-2019 His greatest 'Gram strength: TBH, Cristiano's grid has it all—action shots, chiseled shirtless portraits, and "get you a guy who can do both" suit and tie poses: the bread and butter. His perfectly-crafted posts have paid off and his position on Instagram's most-followed list has been on the rise for years now, culminating in his ascension to the No.1 slot this year.(188 Million followers at Nov/02/2019) '''

8. CR7 Museum Turns out, having a course about you at a university isn't quite enough. Ronaldo has a museum in Funchal that is dedicated to his life, career, rare photos, trophies, and awards that he has won over the years. What a great way to be reminded you're the best than by a museum showcasing all your accomplishments.

9. Richest player''' In 2014, Ronaldo was ranked top of the list of the world's highest-paid players. His gross earnings, from salaries, bonuses, off-field earnings and other incomes in 2014 were $ 73 million. In 2017, his annual income from various sources was $ 93 million.  10. Golden Heart Despite a rare negated comment every now and then, Ronaldo has got a good heart and the best interest of people at heart. He has in the past sold his golden boot so that he could donate the money to fund schools in Gaza for needy children. Furthermore, he joined FIFA's 11 For Health Foundation in December 2012. The aim of the foundation is to create awareness amongst children from conditions such such HIV, obesity, Malaria, and drug addiction.

ENVIRONMENT
All the natural things which makes life possible on the earth includes under an environment like water, air, sunlight, land, fire, forests, animals, plants, etc. It is considered that earth is the only planet in the universe having required environment for the life existence. Without environment we cannot guess life here so we should keep our environment safe and clean to ensure the life possibility in future. It is the responsibility of each and every individual living on the earth worldwide. Everyone should come forth and join the campaign for environment safety.

There are various cycles which happen regularly between environment and living things to maintain the nature’s balance. However, by any means if such cycles gets disturbed, nature’s balance also gets disturbed which ultimately affects the human lives. Our environment helps us and other forms of existence to grow, develop and flourish on the earth for thousands of years. As human beings are considered as the most intelligent creature made by the nature on the earth, they have lots of eagerness to know things in the universe which lead them towards the technological advancement.

Such technological advancement in everyone’s life put the life possibilities on the earth in danger day by day as our environment is destroying gradually. It seems that one day it becomes so harmful for life as the natural air, soil and water are getting polluted. Even it has started showing its bad effects on the health of human being, animal, plants and other living things. Artificially prepared fertilizers by using harmful chemicals are spoiling the soil which indirectly getting collected into our body through the food we eat daily. Harmful smokes created from the industrial companies on daily basis are polluting the natural air which affects our health to a great extent as we breathe it every moment.

In such busy, crowded and advanced life we must take care of such types of small bad habits on daily basis. It is true that only a small effort by the end of everyone can bring a major positive change towards our declining environment. We should not use the natural resources in wrong ways for just our selfishness and fulfill our destructive wishes. We should grow and develop science and technologies for the betterment of our lives but always be sure that it would not ruin our environment in future in anyways. We should be sure that new technologies would never disturb the ecological balance.

TEACHER
Introduction:

A teacher is a person who signifies your presence on earth as a well-mannered and educated person. One who plays a silent role in your development, making you successful. As per Hindu manuscripts, a teacher is called as ‘Guru’, and a guru has been ranked supreme, even more, valuable than God, because s/he is the person who teaches the significance of God to us. So, we pray guru first.

Who is a Teacher?

A teacher can be any one, depending on the circumstances. When a child is born, s/he remains in the custody of his/her mother and during this period of time, s/he learns to speak, walk and do many other activities. If a person who teaches is called teacher, so it is his/her mother who taught him/her the basic things of life. His/Her mother can be called as his/her first teacher in fact; all of us have this in common.

Importance of a Teacher:

While in school, teachers introduce you to some subjects and they develop your skills and interest in a particular one. It can be science, literature or other subjects like drawing, music etc. It is not that every child has super abilities; it is a teacher who points out your skills and helps you to develop them. A good teacher can turn a boring subject quite interesting. A teacher is always very important for us because he gives bookish as well as practical knowledge and sometimes practical knowledge is very important. Books can’t teach us everything and the point where books fail, the only person who can help us is our teacher. This shows the importance of teachers is in our life.

Who can be a Teacher?

For a new born baby, his/her mother is the best teacher whereas, for a student it can be his dance teacher or his/her maths teacher. Anyone who gives you knowledge and enhances your intelligence can be your teacher. An ant can also be your teacher because it teaches us to work hard continuously without losing hope. All this concludes that a teacher does not have a particular face or religion, who so ever in this world teaches you any kind of lesson, can be your teacher.

Generally, while thinking about teachers, we imagine about our school teachers, and all of us have our favourite one, who always encouraged and helped us to attain our goals. It was my English teacher who used to teach us in such a wonderful way, that I started loving literature and decided to make my carrier in this stream. He always encouraged my writing skills and helped me out to make them perfect. Today I am really thankful that he was my teacher.

Conclusion:

Life is all about learning till the last breath and the person who has knowledge can be a good teacher. It needs lots of courage and knowledge to teach and be in this profession. When a teacher is in a class, he has to handle more than thirty students at once and all from different background and interest.

Just imagine when you alone could irritate your mother so much, then what about other thirty students like you; what would be the level of pressure on a teacher. Hats off to all the teachers and the students who chose teaching as a carrier to shape up the future of the young ones. At least they have chosen something daring and it will be not be wrong to say that a teacher builds the future of a nation.