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Biotechnology

Is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as:[1]

Biotechnology is often used to refer to genetic engineering technology of the 21st century, however the term encompasses a wider range and history of procedures for modifying biological organisms according to the needs of humanity, going back to the initial modifications of native plants into improved food crops through artificial selection and hybridization. Bioengineering is the science upon which all biotechnological applications are based. With the development of new approaches and modern techniques, traditional biotechnology industries are also acquiring new horizons enabling them to improve the quality of their products and increase the productivity of their systems.

Before 1971, the term, biotechnology, was primarily used in the agriculture and agriculture industries. Since the 1970s, it began to be used by the Western scientific establishment to refer to laboratory-based techniques being developed in biological research, such as recombinant DNA or tissue culture-based processes, or horizontal gene transfer in living plants, using vectors such as the Agrobacterium bacteria to transfer DNA into a host organism. In fact, the term should be used in a much broader sense to describe the whole range of methods, both ancient and modern, used to manipulate organic materials to reach the demands of food production. So the term could be defined as, "The application of indigenous and/or scientific knowledge to the management of (parts of) microorganisms, or of cells and tissues of higher organisms, so that these supply goods and services of use to the food industry and its consumers.[2]

Biotechnology combines disciplines like genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, and cell biology, which are in turn linked to practical disciplines like chemical engineering, information technology, and biorobotics. Patho-biotechnology describes the exploitation of pathogens or pathogen derived compounds for beneficial effect.

BIOLOGY

is the science that studies living organisms. Prior to the nineteenth century, biology came under the general study of all natural objects called natural history. The term biology was first coined by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus.[citation needed] It is now a standard subject of instruction at schools and universities around the world, and over a million papers are published annually in a wide array of biology and medicine journals.[1]

Biology examines the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution and classification of all living things. Five unifying principles form the foundation of modern biology: cell theory, evolution, gene theory, energy, and homeostasis.[2]

Traditionally, the specialized disciplines of biology are grouped by the type of organism being studied: botany, the study of plants; zoology, the study of animals; and microbiology, the study of microorganisms. These fields are further divided based on the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the fundamental chemistry of life, molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules, cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues and organ systems of an organism; and ecology examines how various organisms interrelate with their environment.

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

Botany- the study of plants

Zoology - the study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior (See also Entomology, Ethology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, Mammology, and Ornithology)

SUB BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

* Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications

* Anatomy - the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans

* Astrobiology- the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. Also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy.

* Biochemistry - the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level

* Bioengineering - the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology.

* Bioinformatics - also classified as a branch of information technology (IT) it is the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data

* Biomathematics or Mathematical Biology - the study of biological processes through mathematics, with an emphasis on modeling.

* Biomechanics - often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use through artificial limbs, etc.

* Biomedical research - the study of the human body in health and disease

* Biophysics - the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences

* Biotechnology - a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification

* Cell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell.

* Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife

* Cryobiology - the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings.

* Developmental Biology - (Embryology) the study of the processes through which an organism develops, from zygote to full structure.

* Ecology - the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment.

* Entomology - the study of insects

* Environmental Biology - the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity

* Epidemiology - a major component of public health research, it is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations

* Ethology - the study of animal behavior.

* Evolution or Evolutionary Biology - the study of the origin and decent of species over time

* Genetics - the study of genes and heredity.

* Herpetology - the study of reptiles and amphibians

* Histology - the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy.

* Ichthyology - the study of fish

* Integrative biology - the study of whole organisms

* Mammalogy - the study of mammals

* Marine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings.

* Microbiology - the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things

* Molecular Biology - the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry

* Mycology - the study of fungi

* Neurobiology - the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology, even pathology

* Oceanography - the study of the ocean, including ocean life, environment, geography, weather, and other aspects influencing the ocean.

* Ornithology - the study of birds

* Population ecology - the study of populations of organisms, including how they increase and go extinct

* Population genetics - the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms

* Paleontology - the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life

* Pathobiology or pathology - the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease

* Parasitology - the study of parasites and parasitism

* Pharmacology - the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines.

* Physiology - the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms

* Phytopathology - the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)

* Virology - the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents

Filipino Biologists

Angel C. Alcala Born in March 1, 1929. Angel C. Alcala served the Philippine government for nine years (1990-1999) first as Deputy Executive Director of the Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development under the Department of Science and Technology

Pedro b. Escuro - rice breeding - he developed the dwarf, high-yielding C4 rice varieties.

Edgardo Gomez Research achievements on marine ecosystems

Jose O. Juliano Nuclear chemistry and physics.

Bienvinido O. Juliano At 42, he has already more than a hundred scientific articles mostly published in international journals.

Milagrosa r. Martinez - Pioneering efforts in the development of micro algaculture; - Research in the field of phycology, including ecological studies of NOSTOC COMMUNE and CHLORELLA

Evelyn Mae T. Mendoza Born on August 7, 1947. Research in plant biochemistry.

Quirino O. Navarro The determination of nuclear property in the isotopes of californium, einsteinium and dysprosium using cryogenic techniques.

Baldomero Olivera, Jr. The field of biochemistry and molecular biology.

Asuncion Raymundo Soil Microbiology

Alfredo Santos Research in the chemistry of natural products.

reynaldo a tabada a) air pollution and water resource development(development academy of the Philippines and center for economic development) b) environment impact assesment of air pollutants from coal-fired thermal power plants(national power corporation) c)Influence of hydrogen sulfide and heavy metal emission from operation of tiwi (albay)geothermal plant on d vegetation(NPC) d) compartmentalization of nitrogen and phosphorus n laguna lake (SEAFDEC)

Carmen Velasquez is a specialist in fish parasitology - the study of parasites and hosts among fish.

Benito s. vergara - leading authority on the flowering response of rice to photoperiodsm and physiology and improvement of deep water rice - he authored a numbered of technical materials in rice science

Prescillano M. Zamora Dr. Zamora is recognized for his contributions to plant anatomy-morphology, pteridophyte biology, and the conservation of environment and natural resources policy research.

CABRERA, BENJAMIN D. M.D., M.P.H. Medical Parasitology and Public Health esp for filariasis ans ascariasis

Eduardo Quisimbing He is expert in medicinal plants.

Carmen Velasquez-Discovered 32 species and one new genus of digenetic trematodes

Angel Alcala-Invented artificial coral reefs to be used in South East Asia.

FOREIGN BIOLOGIST


 * Humayun Abdulali (1914 - 2001), Indian ornithologist
 * Erik Acharius (1757 - 1819), Swedish botanist
 * Pedro Alberch i Vie (1954 - 1998), Spanish naturalist
 * Johann Friedrich Adam (18th cent - 1806), Russian botanist
 * Michel Adanson (1727 - 1806), French naturalist (abbr. in botany : Adans.)
 * Edgar Douglas Adrian (1889 - 1977), British electrophysiologist, winner of the 1932 *Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on neurons
 * Adam Afzelius (1750 - 1837), Swedish botanist
 * Carl Adolph Agardh (1785 - 1859), Swedish botanist
 * Jacob Georg Agardh (1813 - 1901), Swedish botanist
 * Louis Agassiz (1807 - 1873), Swiss zoologist
 * Alexander Agassiz (1835 - 1910), American zoologist, son of Louis Agassiz
 * Nikolaus Ager (1568 - 1634), French botanist
 * William Aiton (1731 - 1793), Scottish botanist (abbr. in botany : Aiton)
 * Bruce Alberts (born 1938), American biochemist, former President of the National Academy of Sciences
 * Martinus Beijerinck (1851 - 1931), Dutch microbiologist and botanist, discovered viruses
 * Thomas Bell (1792 - 1880) English naturalist
 * David Bellamy (born 1933), English botanist
 * Edward Turner Bennett (1797 - 1836), English zoologist
 * George Bentham (1800 - 1884), English botanist (abbr; in botany : Benth.)
 * Wilson Teixeira Beraldo (1917 - 1998), Brazilian physician and physiologist, codiscoverer of bradykinin
 * Robert Bentley (1821 - 1893), English botanist (abbr. in botany : Bentley)
 * Hans Berger (1873 - 1941), German neuroscientist, one of the founders of electroencephalography
 * Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878), French physiologist and father of the concept of homeostasis
 * Samuel Stillman Berry (1887 - 1984), U.S. marine zoologist

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the ability of an open system to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable condition by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms. All living organisms, whether unicellular or multicellular, exhibit homeostasis. Homeostasis exists at the cellular level, for example cells maintain a stable internal acidity (pH); and at the level of the organism, for example warm-blooded animals maintain a constant internal body temperature. Homeostasis is a term that is also used in association with ecosystems, for example, the roots of plants help prevent soil from eroding, which helps to maintain the ecosystem. Tissues and organs can also maintain homeostasis. It is also the maintenance of stability of numbers of individuals within a population.

Metabolism

is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories. Catabolism breaks down organic matter, for example to harvest energy in cellular respiration. Anabolism, on the other hand, uses energy to construct components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids.

The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed into another by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable but thermodynamically unfavorable reactions by coupling them to favorable ones, and because they act as catalysts to allow these reactions to proceed quickly and efficiently. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or signals from other cells.

DISTINGUISH LIVING THINGS FROM NON LIVING THINGS

Living Things

We are surrounded by living and non-living things. All animals and plants are living things and biology is the study of these living things. A cat playing with a ball is obviously living. A pigeon flying from tree to tree is also a living thing.

Sometimes it is not so easy to decide. Plants are living things but they do not play with balls or fly. If something is living it will carry out all of the seven activities shown opposite.

Some non-living things show one or two of the seven characteristics of living things. Machines, such as washing machines, can move. The car needs to be fed with petrol in order to move. Crystals, such as ice crystals forming on a window, grow bigger if the conditions are right. For something to be living it has to show all of the seven characteristics of living things.

The Seven Characteristics of Living Things


 * Feeding

All living organisms need to take substances from their environment to obtain energy, to grow and to stay healthy.


 * Movement

All living organisms show movement of one kind or another. All living organisms have internal movement, which means that they have the ability of moving substances from one part of their body to another. Some living organisms show external movement as well - they can move from place to place by walking, flying or swimming.


 * Breathing or Respiration

All living things exchange gases with their environment. Animals take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.


 * Excretion

Excretion is the removal of waste from the body. If this waste was allowed to remain in the body it could be poisonous. Humans produce a liquid waste called urine. We also excrete waste when we breathe out. All living things need to remove waste from their bodies.


 * Growth

When living things feed they gain energy. Some of this energy is used in growth. Living things become larger and more complicated as they grow.

Sensitivity

Living things react to changes around them. We react to touch, light, heat, cold and sound, as do other living things.


 * Reproduction

All living things produce young. Humans make babies, cats produce kittens and pigeons lay eggs. Plants also reproduce. Many make seeds which can germinate and grow into new plants.

Non-living things

Sand, wood and glass are all non-living things. None of them shows any of the characteristics listed above. Non-living things can be divided into two groups. First, come those which were never part of a living thing, such as stone and gold.

The second group are those which were once part of living things. Coal is a good example. It was formed when trees died and sank into the soft ground. This happened many millions of years ago when the Earth was covered with forests. Paper is non-living but it is also made from trees. Jam is also non-living but it was made from the fruit of a plant.

PROCESS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY


 * Gene therapy

may be used for treating, or even curing, genetic and acquired diseases like cancer and AIDS by using normal genes to supplement or replace defective genes or to bolster a normal function such as immunity. It can be used to target somatic (i.e., body) or gametes (i.e., egg and sperm) cells. In somatic gene therapy, the genome of the recipient is changed, but this change is not passed along to the next generation. In contrast, in germline gene therapy, the egg and sperm cells of the parents are changed for the purpose of passing on the changes to their offspring.

There are basically two ways of implementing a gene therapy treatment:

1. Ex vivo, which means "outside the body" - Cells from the patient's blood or bone marrow are removed and grown in the laboratory. They are then exposed to a virus carrying the desired gene. The virus enters the cells, and the desired gene becomes part of the DNA of the cells. The cells are allowed to grow in the laboratory before being returned to the patient by injection into a vein. 2. In vivo, which means "inside the body" - No cells are removed from the patient's body. Instead, vectors are used to deliver the desired gene to cells in the patient's body.


 * Human Genome Project

is an initiative of the U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE") that aims to generate a high-quality reference sequence for the entire human genome and identify all the human genes.

The DOE and its predecessor agencies were assigned by the U.S. Congress to develop new energy resources and technologies and to pursue a deeper understanding of potential health and environmental risks posed by their production and use. In 1986, the DOE announced its Human Genome Initiative. Shortly thereafter, the DOE and National Institutes of Health developed a plan for a joint Human Genome Project ("HGP"), which officially began in 1990.

The HGP was originally planned to last 15 years. However, rapid technological advances and worldwide participation accelerated the completion date to 2003 (making it a 13 year project). Already it has enabled gene hunters to pinpoint genes associated with more than 30 disorders.


 * Cloning

involves the removal of the nucleus from one cell and its placement in an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed.

There are two types of cloning:

1. Reproductive cloning. After a few divisions, the egg cell is placed into a uterus where it is allowed to develop into a fetus that is genetically identical to the donor of the original nucleus. 2. Therapeutic cloning.[16] The egg is placed into a Petri dish where it develops into embryonic stem cells, which have shown potentials for treating several ailments.


 * Genetic testing

involves the direct examination of the DNA molecule itself. A scientist scans a patient's DNA sample for mutated sequences.

There are two major types of gene tests. In the first type, a researcher may design short pieces of DNA ("probes") whose sequences are complementary to the mutated sequences. These probes will seek their complement among the base pairs of an individual's genome. If the mutated sequence is present in the patient's genome, the probe will bind to it and flag the mutation. In the second type, a researcher may conduct the gene test by comparing the sequence of DNA bases in a patient's gene to disease in healthy individuals or their progeny.

Genetic testing is now used for:

* Carrier screening, or the identification of unaffected individuals who carry one copy of a gene for a disease that requires two copies for the disease to manifest; * Confirmational diagnosis of symptomatic individuals; * Determining sex; * Forensic/identity testing; * Newborn screening; * Prenatal diagnostic screening; * Presymptomatic testing for estimating the risk of developing adult-onset cancers; * Presymptomatic testing for predicting adult-onset disorders.


 * Fermentation Process

is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound.[1] This is in contrast to cellular respiration, where electrons are donated to an exogenous electron acceptor, such as oxygen, via an electron transport chain. Fermentation does not necessarily have to be carried out in an anaerobic environment. For example, even in the presence of abundant oxygen, yeast cells greatly prefer fermentation to oxidative phosphorylation, as long as sugars are readily available for consumption.[2]

Sugars are the most common substrate of fermentation, and typical examples of fermentation products are ethanol, lactic acid, and hydrogen. However, more exotic compounds can be produced by fermentation, such as butyric acid and acetone. Yeast carries out fermentation in the production of ethanol in beers, wines and other alcoholic drinks, along with the production of large quantities of carbon dioxide. Fermentation occurs in mammalian muscle during periods of intense exercise where oxygen supply becomes limited, resulting in the creation of lactic acid.

PRODUCTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Beer

bologna

bread/baked goods

buttermilk

cheeses cider

cocoa coffee

cottage cheesedistilled liquors

kefir

miso

olives

pickles

salami

sauerkraut

sour cream

soy sauce tamari

tea

tempeh

tofu

vinegar

wine

yogurt

The Importance of Biology

Biotechnology, in its widest sense, covers a spectrum of ancient and modern techniques for harnessing the biochemical processes that take place within living things. End products can be useful organic materials visible to the naked eye like preserved foods, pharmaceutical drugs, liquid fuels, plant tissues, and even whole plants. Or they can be microscopic aids. These include enzymes for manipulating DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); DNA fragments for tagging important variable genes in people, plants, and other life forms; and cloned genes for creating transgenic organisms. Information-in the form of molecular maps, databases, and new techniques-is also an important product of biotechnology and related research.

Modern biotechnology, as practiced by CIAT and other advanced research centers relies heavily on molecular biology and is used mainly for genetic studies, diagnostics, breeding, plant and microbial propagation, and genetic conservation. Modern biotechnology is also now widely applied in the otherwise traditional production-oriented food industries, as well as in evolving areas like waste management and renewable energy production.

Agricultural biotechnology is based on an understanding of how organisms, especially plants and disease-causing microorganisms, work at various micro levels. To generate and exploit that knowledge requires expertise from several disciplines: genetics, molecular genetics, cell biology, molecular pathology, breeding, physiology, entomology, botany, agricultural geography, and others. The methodological requirements of biotechnology are likewise diverse. For example, to extract, synthesize, and analyze DNA requires expertise in biochemical, electromechanical, electronic, statistical, and computing techniques.

Several facts and trends in today's unfolding global food production scene give biotechnology a prominent place in agricultural science and in CIAT's day-to-day operations.

First, most of the world's crop-based food, whether for people or livestock, is based on a shallow gene pool. Just a handful of botanical genera and species-notably rice, wheat, maize, potatoes, common beans, cassava, soybeans, and a few forages-account for the bulk of world food consumption. At the same time, on-farm genetic diversity has shrunk in recent decades as the proportion of arable land planted to commercial varieties has gone up. Biotechnology can identify and help transfer useful genes into food and forage crops. For many species, the necessary material is readily available in the breeder's immediate gene pool. Alternatively, it may have to be found in wild relatives of the target crop, more distantly related species, or even in entirely different organisms.

A second trend is the heavy and widespread environmental pressure on two natural resources essential to world agriculture-soil and water. Further stress will be placed on natural resources, as the world population swells by more than half, to about 9.4 billion people, in the next 50 years. Feeding 80 million more people each year over several decades will require the world grain harvest to grow by some 26 million tons per year, a gargantuan challenge to scientists and farmers. Biotechnology can help make food crops more efficient in their use of soil nutrients and water and less dependent on agrochemical inputs like pesticides. And by contributing to greater yield per unit area, it can ease production pressure on vulnerable land.

Third, there is the pervasive influence of world market liberalization. While this creates viable new opportunities for many farmers in developing countries, it also threatens traditional livelihoods. Small producers of certain staple grains are particularly vulnerable as they attempt to compete against cheap, high-volume imports from efficient foreign producers. Among the farmers who manage to adapt, the need and demand for new technologies is on the rise. Of special interest to them are nonstaple cash crops like tropical fruits, garden vegetables, herbs, and flowers. They are also looking for new varieties of more traditional crops with value-added traits.

Hand in hand with globalization is the economic influence of agricultural biotechnology itself. Despite widespread public controversy (especially in Europe) over the potential health and environmental risks of transgenic plants, biotechnology is in its own right a fast-moving trend that appears to be widening the competitiveness gap between North and South. For example, global sales of transgenic crops went up nearly 30-fold between 1995 and 1999, from US$75 million to an estimated US$2.1 to US$2.3 billion. More than 80 percent of the crops that generated this revenue were grown in industrialized countries.

If centers like CIAT are to help small farmers in developing countries survive and thrive in the new world economy, we must improve our understanding and use of the genetic diversity of tropical crops, including alternative species that have not so far received much attention. Molecular mapping, easy and rapid plant propagation, and gene-transfer technology are vital to achieving this aim. And given the widening North-South scientific knowledge gap, it is equally important that these tools and the products they furnish be developed, deployed, and monitored in partnership with national research programs and biosafety authorities in developing countries.

TOOLS in BIOTECHNOLOGY

· Zero Fluid Retention Pipet Tips

· UniFit Pipet Tips in Ecology ReloadStacks

· Pre-Lubricated Pipet Tips

· Aerosol-Barrier Pipet Tips

· Gel-Loading Pipet Tips

· Ultra-Micro Pipet Tips for Eppendorf

· Automated & Manual Pipet Tips for Beckman

· Shafts for Pipetman? Pipettors

· Nichipet HB Manual/Electronic Pipettors

· Nichipet EX Research-Grade Digital Pipettors

· Nichipet 7000 Multi-Channel Pipettors

· Nichipet F & V Fixed & Triple Volume Pipettors

· Nichipet 5000DG Clinical-Grade Digital Pipettors

· Nichimate Stepper Repetitive Dispenser Pipettors

· Nichipet ECO Glass Tip Biological Pipettors

· MicroCentrifuge Tubes

· Pre-Lubricated MicroCentrifuge Tubes

· Screw-Cap Storage Vials

· MicroTube Rack System

· Freezer Storage Racks

· DNA Isolation Kits

· Plasmid DNA Isolation Kits

· Chromatography MicroColumns

· Storage Bins

· Freezer Storage Boxes

· Tube Racks

· Ice Bath

· Multi-Purpose Containers

· Embedding Rings

· Tissue Cassettes

· Dispenser Storage Bins

· Filing Cabinets for Cassettes & Rings

· Storage Boxes for Cassettes & Rings

· Bench Stand for Insert-Trays

· Foam Biopsy Pads

· Microwavable Slide Staining Racks

· Storage Boxes for Microscope Slides

· Microscope Slide Cell-Preparation System

· Filter Cards for Shandon Cytospin

· Sample Cups for Chemistry Analyzers

· 0.5ml MicroCentrifuge Tubes and Caps

· 15ml Urine Centrifuge Tubes and Caps

Kung Gusto nyong mkita ang mga picture ng mga tools nayan.....

i-type lang ang TOOLS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY sa Google... at may lalabas na ....

National Scientific's Tools for BioTechnology

maniwala kayo hindi ako nagloloko

.................. THANKZ POE .....................

Made by: CARL JHIROM L. SALCEDO

II-MAHOGANY