User talk:Joonbug3214/sandbox

Racism in Academia (United States)
 Racism in Academia refers to the discrimination and subordination of a particular race, nationality, or ethnic origin, particularly in universities due to the ideologies, practices, and reinforcements that privilege one race or nation over another. Racism in academia is not limited to but primarily affects black people who are denied the professional achievements awarded to white people in their respective fields such as positions, and tenure awards. Racism in academia encompasses institutionalized culture and racist ideologies: it is not limited to the admissions process, and the under-representation in the sciences but also includes the lack of BIPOC (Black, Indigenous People of Colour)represented in college course materials and the denial of tenure.

Cause
The Cause of  Racism in Academia in the United States stems from Slavery when slave owners used tests to justify their treatment of BIPOC people by proving they are intellectually inferior. Army intelligence tests were used to group, Black, Mexican, and Native for their justification. Similarly, the standardized tests within the education system, such as the SAT, were originally meant to distinguish the aristocracy from the working class, concluding that standardized tests were designed as a way to ostracise BIPOC. In the 1890s Act a Black state-supported institution made segregation between Black and White public Post Secondary Campuses focusing its attention on mechanics, agriculture, and industrial fields among Blacks. The initiation of  Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) during the 19th century shows how racism in academia in the United States has affected higher education.

Considering full-time faculty only, in fall 2020 in the US nearly three-quarters of faculty were White. Specifically, 39 percent were White males, and 35 percent were White females. 7 percent were Asian/Pacific Islander males 5 percent were Asian/Pacific Islander females. 4 percent of full-time faculty were Black females, 3 percent each were Black males, Hispanic males, and Hispanic females.

Outcome (Pay Gap)
''' - The poverty rate for African American women is 21.4 percent - 18.7 percent for Latinas, - 22 percent of Native women

- The poverty rate of African American women is almost twice the rate of Caucasian women in every state except Montana. - Minority women were 35 percent less likely to receive a job referral than Caucasian men - Latina women are paid $0.54 for every $1 paid to a Caucasian man (the largest gap between all men and women

Putting this into perspective Over their lifetime, Native American women will have a lifetime wage gap of $960,280, and work until age 90 to earn what a Caucasian man will earn by the age of 60, Latina women will have a lifetime until age 94 to earn what they do.

'''

Change
Highlighting these issues of racism in academia resulted in the creation of movements such as #BlackInTheIvory #BlackinX (e.g., BlackinChem, BlackinNeuro, BlackinPhysics, etc.) and #ShutDownSTEM, and so on. Academic departments and institutions are beginning to issue statements expressing their desire to change the academic culture to create environments that are diverse, equitable, and inclusive (DEI), offering implicit bias training, forums, and conversations focused on anti-racism, seeking to increase diversity in hiring.