User talk:Jyotibodo

Jyotibodo (talk) 18:01, 6 October 2015 (UTC) Social Customs of Dimasa People:  Dimasa social organisation : In the Dimasa village there is a village headman called KHUNANG. Once in a year people assembled to select the KHUNANG and he is elected through the voice of the majority people present. This reflects the existence of democratic machinery in the village label. Another subordinate called DILEK is also elected to help the Khunang.The finest example of the village council which disperse social, legal ,organizational and developmental function of the village are still prevalent in SHEMKHOR situated at the distance of 80kms from Maibang.The various postions in this village council are Khunang, Dilek, Daolathu , Habhaisagao, Pharai, Montri , Hajeng Bukhu, and Jalairao. The Khunang chair the every melma -melcha (meeting) and is the chief executive of the village council. Thus other members of the council perform their duties under the supervision of the Khunag. The position and status of these various posts in the village council can elucidated as follows. Khunang :

Dilek: His position is next to the Khunag and he helps him in every work of the Khunag. In the absence of the Khunang he has to chair every melma-malcha (meeting )of the village and hold the position as the acting Khinang.Daolathu : According to it's status and the position of authority Daolathu is next to the Dilek. He is elected through the consensus of the old people of the village. Habhaisagao: The villagers also elected two Habhaisagao out of which one is senior and other junior. Their tenure is two years. Pharai: Montri: The bold, industrious and laborious and honest individual is appointed as Montri for the tenure of two year by Khunang with consensus of the people. Hajeng -Bukhu: He is appointed as the assistant of the Montri. Jalairao.: The people who enter the marriage and have not reach the old age are called Jalairao and thus form one of the social groups .The Jalaorao is the foundation stone of the Dimasa Society and they are responsible to perform particular duties of the society.  To resolve any contentious disputes, thief, crime, divorce, and other contradictory matter a mel (meeting) is convened where all old people are requested to be present. In the mel both parties seeking justices gives their statements and afterwards the opinion from the assembled people are heard. The final authority to give the verdict lies on the khunang. If the matter of discussion is related to the women the women community of the society is also ask to participate in the proceeding process of the meeting. Any misbehave or harming of any one's personal dignity can also be brought into justice through this village council. For this purpose the person simply has to approach to the khunang and apprise him of the matter. To initiate the judicial procedure he has to offer either Jhu or Betel Nut as token of appeal to Khunang and once it is accepted, the day of mel is decided by the Khunang .In Dimasa society offering of Jhu in Laothai symbolized the great regard to the person to whom it is given. Therefore, offering of Jhu in some social proceeding is acceptable and mandatory.  However if we observed every proceeding and function of the Village council of the Dimasa village ,we can say that this village council represents the finest example of LOK -ADALOT the cherished dream of Mahatma Gandhi .This LOK ADALOT enshrined in Panchayat Raj system got the constitutional status through the 74thConstitutional amendment act 1992.Therefore ,the quick, easy, inexpensive and people friendly judiciary system in the grassroots level that exited and developed in the Dimasa society through it's social evolution is very beneficial to our society in present contest and also will provide the ample scope to research scholars to investigate the tribal judiciary and customary system in particular. Nodrung:  In the middle of the village a bachelors' dormitory house called NODRUNG is constructed. Nodrung is exclusively meant for unmarried young boys of the village and females are not allowed to enter it. The unmarried boys about 12 or above it use to spend their night there. In a village there is only one Nodrung and ultimately ever young guys of the village becomes the member of it.All the meeting are hold in here and all the festivals are also celebrated in the Nodrung .Behind it wooden lock are kept where people can sit. Keeping big wooden lock in front of the house is the peculiar tradition of the dimasa people. Moreover the Nodrung also serves as the Guest house for the other tribes who visit the village. The arrangement and accommodation are provided for the guest here.  Marriage : Every community has their own way of marriage system and sometimes this system is also influenced by other societies. The Dimasa society has their own system of marriage but it differs from place to place. However the marriage process in North Cachar hills district is very long process. Again the existence of both male and female clans makes the marriage more complicated. The male clans and the female clans are exogamous and no marriage is allowed between the boys and the girls of the same clan whether be it particlan or matriclan and however distantly related they might be. Therefore before choosing the bride or bridegroom the clan consideration is first  The marriage in negotiation is prevalent in the Dimasa Society. However the consent of both girl and boy are considered utmost important. Sometimes when both boy and girl have felt in love they inform the matter to their parents so that that they can proceed to enter the conjugal lives through social practice. In both cases parents of boy have to approach the parent of the girl. Before the final marriage ceremony the parent and a few relatives of the bridegroom have to visit the Bride's home for three times with interval of different time period as a part of negotiation or following the social customs and practice in general. These three solemnized visit are called Sandidungsingba, Laothai-langbaand Bhasaing -khaba  Sandi-dungsingba : The family of the bride is informed about the purpose and the day on which bridegroom's family members and their relatives will visit. According to Dimasa tradition this day should not be Sunday, Thursday and Saturday. On the arrival of the bride's party the immediate informal discussion is followed with exchange of idiomatic phrases and proverbs with highly literary skill. During the exchange of words both parties indulge in showing their proficiency in dragging their traditional dialogue and folksongs related to this occasion and ultimately it become very enthralling and enjoyable. During this whole process the trait and other qualifications of the boy and girl are also discussed. Finally the bridegroom's father offers the Sandhi to girl’s father. This Sandhi is a bundle comprising of one kg salt wrapped in leaves and binds it around seven times with thread. So this occasion is derived it name Sandhi-dungsingba from the words SANDHI and Dungsinga which means offer. If the Sandhi is accepted the marriage proposal is regarded as accepted. On the refusal of the marriage proposal the sandhi is returned. Laothai-langba : After a few days, the parents of the bridegroom's along with other elderly relatives go to bride's home and they are received with due respects. This time four Lathaoi (gourd) filled with Jhu ( rice bear ) are offered to the bride's parent. In bridegroom's house elderly people of the village and relatives assemble and participate in informal discussion and Jhu and prepared food especially non-vegetarian are served to them. This is the way how the people of both families become familiar and the intimacy is grown thereby enhancing the social cohesion among them. Also the day of the occasion ,Bhasaing-khaba is decided with the consensus of the both parties. Bhasaing -khaba: Here bhasaing means day and khaba means to fix and thus it's main purpose is to fix the day of marriage. In this occasion relatives of both parties assemble in bride's home and two laothai filled with Jhu are offered to the Bride's parent. Jhu and food preferably non-vegetarian are served to all of them. After fixing the date of the marriage, another important decision on the Khalthi is determined. TheKhalti is the amount of some money that has to be given to the bride's parents as regard andrecognition to accept her daughter. But unfortunately some authors misrepresent or worngly connotethe Khalti as the price of the bride (B.N. Bordoloi page 53 'The Dimas Kachari of Assam”) which is against the sentiment and the sprit of the Dimasa people. Because this amount never exceeds the rupees one thousand and whatever the money is offered are distributed among the members of all her maternal clan with coins. Therefore this practice is carried out in the sense that all her relatives recognize their marriage with due respect.

Marriage Ceremony:

Child Birth and rituals :</B> As far the belief and faith of the people of the Dimasa people human child is born with grace and blessing of God. Once the Dimasa woman becomes pregnant, she must take many precautionary measures. According to their belief, her movement outside her village should be restricted. She is not even allowed to roam in the forest as well as in the swam land or nearby dump places on the ground that some mischief may happen to the fetus. Because she without her knowledge may encounter the demon in such places and this demon may harm the fetus.</P> In her daily diet also the pregnant women are proscribed for fishes those having no berks, some animals' meat and some other dishes. Even her husband during the period of her pregnancy should follow some restriction such as carrying crop and killing snakes etc.</P> The delivery of child in Dimasa is called Nana-Hajaiba. Being the staunch believer of God, the members of her family performs a worship called Naiso-din-sodhiâﾝ where a cock is to be scarified. The Dimasa people believe that it will help in the smooth delivery of the child and in keeping her mother health good. Sometimes if mother gets difficulties on delivery, another worship called 'kharaoba'' is performed by the local priest popularly known as HOJAI in Dimasa. When the pregnant women experience paining for delivery, the experience midwife called Hojaijic and his assistant Barawajic are asked to take care of her. As usual two long jute thread (Wadu in Dimasa ) are tided to the roof and she gives birth to her child with the support of these. The new born baby is placed on the upper part of the banana leave. . The umbilical chord is generally cut by the father of the baby with a razor made from the upper cover of a piece of bamboo. In his absence Hojaijic performs this. The baby is then washed with tepid water. The placenta of the baby is buried on back side of the house under shadow area by Hojaijic and Barawajic and heavy wood or some other things are placed over it so that no animals or scavenger will have easy access to it. It is the belief of the Dimasa people that if this placenta is taken away or eaten by any living creature then some bad things will happen to the baby.</P> After attending the all works the Hojaijic and Barawajic go to the nearby river or pond. They takes bath there and changed clothes. Soon they purify with Dither (Holy water) to perform the ritual called Jhengkholong Mandernaiba. In this ritual, they break one egg, worship the Sibarai, for the well being of the baby and pour a few drops of oil into the water. When oil is poured on the surface of water a colourful rainbow like appearance is visible. Observing how well these seven colourful rainbow is formed, the Hojaijic foretell the well being of the baby Until the umbilical chord gets dry and falls, the mother is kept segregated and considered impure. Even children are not allowed to touch her and if they come in contact with her they have to take purification bath. During this period the mother is proscribed from doing domestic work such as cooking and fetching water. When umbilical chord falls off, the ceremonial shaving of the baby is done by his father or a senior male belonging to his/her father’s clan and this function is called khanaigusugarba Until and unless khanaigusugarba is performed no worship in the village is allowed It is due to their belief that the born of new baby makes the whole village impure. Nanadihongba : After the Khanaigusugarba, the ceremony of taking the baby out of the house for the first time  called Nanadihongba  is  solemnized. In this ceremony the father has to sacrifice a cock and hen and a great feast with is arranged for the invitees. When the traditional offering of worship is finished, the Hojaijic brings the baby outside in the front door. In front of the door the baby is jerked for seven times chanting je.. ghini gatum biri ……..chini… and then a drop of Jhu-Dima ( rice bear ) taken on the finger tip are placed on the baby’s lips. On the recognition of the service rendered by Hojaijic and Barawajic and other experienced women during child birth and afterwards they are offered some momentary and clothes by the father of the baby in this function. Moreover blessing from them and the old people invited to the function are given to the new baby The parents, grandmother, grandfather or any member of the family can also choose a name for the baby.

Children and their games and sports:  In the incentive, a child tries to walk with help of mother's support or other's help. Every member of the family co-operates with her mother on maturing the child walk and sometimes they also enjoyed it with gusto. The children spend maximum of their time playing games and sports. Up to ten years, they are not allowed to participate any domestic work. Some of the games and sports those children use to play are</P> 1.	Diha malaoba: (water sports): The children in group goes to the nearby river and swim in it. When they are in the river they throw water to each other as long as the opposition is surrendered to defeat or run away from his position. This throwing of water to each other is games the maximum children enjoys. Another type of Diha Malaoba game is to catch one of their groups in water. Once a boy or girls is caught he or she becomes Gusu or Victim and he has to keep trying to catch untill he succeed. In this game only expert swimmers are allowed because this games require fastness in swimming and sometime hiding beneath the water surface. This game is not only very enthralling but also good beneficial to the growth of the children's physiques. 2.	Rimin Nelaiba: 3.	Phantao malao Khaolaiba: 4.	Thimlaiyaba Malaoba: Many other games are also popular among the children such as Phansing Phangsing Jabaﾝ, kabadi, etc. In their childhood Diamasa girl and boys ofetn plays together .When the children enter their adolescence age they join in the NODRANG , the youth organization of the village and they use to stay there for night. Here they learn the real and practical life’s teaching from the eniors of the Nodrang. The youth organization named as JLAI_HOSOM is well organized and it's leaders and his subordinates are selected through the democratic basis. This leader is called NAGA-HOJA and his subordinate is called NAGA-PHARAI. This JALAI-HOSOM in Nodrang provide an excellent platform of the adolescence to learn many socio-cultural activities such as Dimasa dance, playing music instrument,. Moreover, the prodigy of community leadership, social accountabilities and responsibilities, behavioural manner and other things are tendered to the young people. Thus the Nadrang plays a great rule in their socio-cultural, socio-economics, voluntary works and organizational skill building among the youngs. More elaborately it can also be regarded as the traditional knowledge hup of the Dimasa people. The girl children start helping their mother in the daily domestic works and also learn from elder or from mother the technique of weaving.

Weaving, dress and ornaments: Every indigenous tribe of North East has their expertise style and technique of weaving their colourful dress and costumes. These distinctive traditional dress and costumes represent their identities, their prestige and above all their self -reliance on their sustenance. Muga -mekhela (Golden silk dress ) of Assam make her name famous throughout the world .The remnant of silk road that connect the Assam and China represents the historical evidence of exporting Golden silk dress to foreign countries and to China in particular. Thus, as the hierarchy of these glorious historical facts, every women of Asaam in rural area are still dexterous weavers. In the same sense, the women in the village are very good in weaving. They weave all the clothes according to the requirement of the family members. They feel proud of putting on their own weaved clothes and also more happy than wearing of marketing clothes Food and Drink: The staple food of the Dimasa people is rice. The various type of rice produced from both Jhuming cultivation and plain paddy field are preserved for consumption for the whole year. The Dimasa people are non-vegetarians, Vegetables ,fishes and meat are included in their daily diet. The Dimasa women are very industrious and they use to collect various jungle green vegetable for domestic consumption. Among them are Bamboo Bud, banana bud, wild chili, wild wood potato etc. Some women also collect them to sale in local market to meet their bread and butter. Khari ( khar in Assamese) Naphlum ( Sidhol mas In Assamese) Ju Judhi The Dimasa are very adroit of preparing their delicious food items from their available vegetable, meat, fishes, food gains and other those are collected from their gardens and the forests. Some of the method for the preparation of food and curry are given below </P>

1.	Brangba 2.	guduva 3.	Mudrungsubahamlai 4.	khariSergiba

5.	Yaojiba 6.	Pharaingba 7.	Chaphinjiba 8.	Chaojibaetc. Death and funeral ceremony: Birth, death and marriage are the immortal truth of the nature and out of this death in particular is very painful. But nobody can escape from the hand of this death. (Sorrowful demise)According to the tradition of the Dimasa people the person on the verge of going die is ensconced in the bed inside the house. Sometimes, if he gets difficulties on breathing his last a hole is made on the roof above his head because they believe that it will allow his soul to pass easily through the hole. Dimasa people believe in the recycling of lives and think that the soul is immortal. Holy water having Tulsi leaves immersed in it are scattered on of his face. According to the tradition the dieing person is to lie in such way that his head is towards either north or west. Before the dead body is taken to the cremation ground the body is oimnented with aggrandized mustard seed and turmeric and then it is bathed. The deceased is put on with new clothes of which colour should never be red and silver coins are placed on each eye and on the forehead. Meanwhile the villagers made BANGFONG (Bier ) of Bamboo to carry the corp. Usually the BANGFONG has to be carried by his sons or his very close relatives. Before, taking the deceased body to the Mangkholong (Cremation ground) the last weeping ritual called Garasingba is observed. In the GRASINGBA, the close relatives sit around the dead body and they begin clamoring with very sorrowful songs and during this time all people pay their last homage and respect with offering bouquet of flower and some coins .This grasingba continues until the dead body is taken out of the house. The both sexes are allowed to participate in the funeral procession and generally an old woman and his groups lead it to the mangkholong. On their way to the mangkholong ,a women continuously throws paddy and cotton on both sides of the route while another women draws raw cotton thread along road form the house to the MANGKHOLOG. This drawing of the tread is called Kunayaokrai-maiyaokhrai dangba which means the building of bridge for the soul. The Dimasa people staunchly believe that that the soul will rebirth within in his/her offspring or his/her close relatives. As far their faith and belief, this Kunayaokrai -maiyaokhrai will show the soul of the deceased the path of returning back to the earth. The funeral pyre called thaire-phinchini in Dimasa is made with seven layer of bamboos and wood .The term Thaire phinchini is a compound word having words ; thaire means bundle of something and phinchini means layer of seven and chini means seven. In Dimasa society seven nunber is regarded as the holy number and so sometimes the god is also called as Chiniraoli (HORAOLIM) </P> The dead body is placed on the thaire-phinchini with his /her head westward and it is covered with clothes. Before going to set the flame to it, the people assembled there have to revolve around the thaire-phinchini for the seven times. Two sons or two male in absence of their sons set the fire .During this time all the people conglomerated there pray to the dead ancestor of the deceased to treat him in their world with due honour.</P> On the seventh day of the death, a post funeral ceremony called Jho Mangsao Khainba is observed. In this ceremony the villagers are served with jhu and the day of final death ceremony called Maimu-tharba is declared. Here Maimu means seeds preserved for cultivation and tharba means purification Form it's meaning it is guessed that death is considered as something unholy in Dimasa Society and so some purification are also required to be performed. The day of Maimu-tharba can be fixed any time according to the convenience of the family of the deceased. But only the day should be as same as the day of the death. This flexibility on choosing the ceremonial day gives some relief of economic burden to the deceased family because of it's heavy expensive in nature.</P> The day of the Maimutharba Ceremony begins with the sacrificing of all animals to be used for the feast on nest day. This ritual is called Mi Chataiba ( Mi means Animal and Chathaiba means killing ) On the same night close relative and old women perform another ritual called Garasingba and Githiraone Khalaibaoba by which food and drink are offered to the ancestor of the deceased. Hereit is mentinable that in every ritual of offering food or other the God Sibrai and Gamadhi should befirst. On the Second day same ceremonial offerings of food and drink to the soul of deceased is performed and the decorated Mankholong is burned. The Villagers and relatives are arrived on this day and all are given feast with meat an jhu whatever the host can provide. It is in the Dimasa tradition that nobody is invited in this ceremony but they should come according to their own conscience.

Religious faith and belief and practice:

In his work “Dima-Raji Harang gaodu” K.C. Bodo nicely elaborated the Religion of Dimasa People on the basis time. According to him the religion of Dimasa are classified chronologically in the manner as 1. Age of Sibrai 2.Age of Buddha 3. Age of animalism 4. Influence of Hinduism and 5. Present Socio-religious Reformation Age.