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Article on Wonga wetlands
Wikipedia article: Wonga Wetlands (Protected area) By Mr. Kedar Nath Sapkota, Master of Environment Management, Charles Sturt University, BIO416 - Conservation Biology Student ID: 11474440

1. Introduction This article summarised the environmental, social, historical and biodiversity status of the Wonga Wetlands in Albury NSW (Lucas, 2004). This article also discussed the wetlands management plan, implemented activities and their benefits to the native species, wetlands biodiversity (Dept. for Environment and Heritage, 2000), wetlands researchers, visitors and the local communities in Albury Wodonga region. Wonga Wetlands has strong historical and cultural values of local Wiradjuri tribes since 40,000years before (Lucas, 2004). This wetland was a prime position to get various foods resources for local indigenous tribes, and common hunting area for predator species prior to European immigrants arrived in this region. It is also a favourable breeding place of more than 154 native birds and other animals within the Murray region (DEH, 2000). This wetland represents the ecosystem of lagoons and billabongs areas (Murray-Darling Basin Commission, 2011). It has a cover around 80 hectares of land mass on a picturesque bend of the Murray River, just five minutes' drive from the Centro Albury (Lucas, 2004). According to the Aquatic Environment Education Centre (Murray-Darling BC, 2011) Wonga wetlands have been contributing sustainable environment site for waste water management and other biodiversity conservation in Albury Wodonga area (DEH, 2000). It also provides various facilities to gain practical knowledge on environmental management and research opportunities for local colleges and universities students (Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council, 2004).

2. Location Wonga wetlands lie around 7 kilometres west from Centro Albury towards Howlong (Murray-Darling BC, 2011). It spreads up to 80 hectares of Murray River floodplain area (DEH, 2000). The exact location of the wetlands is shown in the map below:

Figure: 1.1. (Retrieve via Google earth, 2013)

3. History Before European settlement started the Yorta Yorta and Wiradjuri two indigenous tribes (DEH, 2000) used to move up and down in the Murray River, using bark or wood planks of the red river gums trees found along the Murray River (Arlene, 2004). Until 1830s, the river and the wetlands were a rich and valuable food source for indigenous people and the other wild animals (Lucas, 2004). There were a number of fishes, mussels, turtles, crayfish, snails, birds and other animals to eat, some of the mussel shells were used as knives, spoons and scrapers for Yorta Yorta and Wiradjuri tribes (DEH, 2000). The name 'Wonga' was derived from Wiradjuri word called black cormorant - still one of the most common bird species in this area (Murray-Darling BC, 2011). Wonga Wetlands was a named given to recognition of the local flora and fauna and establish significant relationship with indigenous people and its rich biodiversity or preserved environment (DEH, 2000). Wiradjuri rock arts, more than 600 years old eucalyptus and preserved biodiversity are substantial historical values of the Wonga wetlands (Arlene, 2004). To preserve and protect the cultural heritage (Lucas, 2004), indigenous historic identity and continue strong relationship with the natural environment of Wonga wetlands, the local Wiradjuri people have developed a living campsite near the Aquatic Environment Education Centre (Murray-Darling BC, 2011). These historical, cultural and educational facilities are now prominent places for meetings and ceremonies for the Wiradjuri community (Murray-Darling BMC, 2004). Some of the native birds and animals that Wiradjuri people used to call in their own language were gunyuck - black swan, wargan – crow, bringen - red kangaroo, womboyne - grey kangaroo, munjar - Murray cod and Wangarang – turtle etc. Few numbers of these species are still available in and around the wetlands (Murray-Darling BMC, 2004). . Early 1830s, European settlers began to build homesteads and started farming activities within the area (Arlene, 2004). Rapid development of farms, increasing recreational activities and growing population density in Albury Wodonga region caused direct impact on native species and natural biodiversity within the wetlands (Murray-Darling BMC, 2004). According to the previous owner of the Wonga Wetlands site, Mrs Margaret Pearce, in June 1901 his  Grandparents (Murray-Darling BC, 2011), Jacob and Pauline Lobbe purchased "Hill view land mass" (Lucas, 2004). 16year later it was rename as 'Riverdale', right after the 1917 floods in this area (DEH, 2000). Platypus, Swans, pelicans, swamp hens, shags and hundreds of ducks as well as small birds in the bulrushes were used to live in this area (Murray-Darling BC, 2011). Before the construction of Dartmouth Dam, this land mass was covered with annual floods every year, depending on winter and spring rainfalls. After the construction of Dartmouth Dam, annual floods were blocked by the Dam and affect life of aquatic species within the Wetlands (Murray-Darling BC, 2011). To identify any ongoing issues, preserve remaining native flora and fauna, improve the environmental and biodiversity values of the Wonga wetlands; Albury City Council established a transportable building (the Michael Ryan Laboratory) as the Aquatic Environment Education Centre in 2002 at the side of Wonga Wetlands, which was provided by La Trobe University, the Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre and Charles Sturt University (Murray-Darling BMC, 2004). The old 1890s farmhouse has been changed into the wetlands visitors information centre, and the another 1960s farmhouse ('Riverdale') converted into administrative offices for whole wetlands management activities (Meredith and Beesley, 2009). 4. Native Species River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), wattles, Lesser Joyweed (Alternanthera denticulata), Australian Carrot (Daucus glochidiatus) (DEH, 2000), Stinking Pennywort (Hydrocotyle laxiflora), Bulbine Lily (Bulbine bulbosa), Hoary Sunray (Leucochrysum albicans), Yam (Microseris lanceolata) (Arlene, 2004) and other several native floras are commonly found in and around the wetlands. This area is famous doweling place for more than 154 bird species in the region (DEH, 2000). Some of the native terrestrial, aerial and aquatic animal species abundant within the Wonga wetlands are listed in the tables below: Table: 1.1 Aerial and terrestrial species found in Wonga wetlands (DEH, 2000). Birds	Invertebrates 	Mammals

•	little black cormorant •	yellow-billed spoonbill •	great egret •	straw-necked ibis •	white-faced heron •	black swan •	yabby •	pond snail •	caddis fly •	mayfly •	water boatman •	midge •	diving beetle •	dragonfly •	echidna •	eastern grey kangaroo •	little mastiff bat •	sugar glider •	fox •	Wombat

Table: 1.2. Aquatic and amphibians species found in Wonga wetlands (DEH, 2000). Fish	Frogs	Reptiles

•	crimson-spotted rainbow fish •	golden perch •	Murray cod •	redfin •	European carp •	barking marsh frog •	common froglet •	growling grass frog •	Peron's tree frog •	pobblebonk •	blue-tongue lizard •	eastern snake-necked turtle •	eastern brown snake •	tiger snake •	Red-bellied black snake. 5. Issues Water pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, destruction of habitats, decrease native species and increasing impacts of human activities (Murray-Darling BMC, 2004). Increasing density of weeds and poisonous plants are significant ongoing issues in and around the Wonga wetlands (Meredith and Beesley, 2009). Droughts, floods, daily uses of motorised boats and other powered vehicles in the wetlands (Parklands Albury Wodonga, 2012) have been damaging aquatic habitats, threaten native fishes, birds and caused sound pollution in the wetlands (Rural Water Commission of Victoria and New South Wales Water Resources Commission, 1986).

6. Management activities Albury City Council has been looking after walking tracks, pushbike tracks, roads, Wonga Park, visitors' information centre, BBQ shade, electricity and drinking water supply, public toilets and other necessary infrastructures within the wetlands (Meredith and Beesley, 2009). Parklands Albury Wodonga maintaining fences, density of native plants (Parklands Albury Wodonga, 2012), control soil erosion or land slides minimised density of weeds and poisonous plants species in and around the wetlands (RWC VIC and NSW WRC, 1986). Department of sustainability NSW and Albury City Council have been working together to manage waste water from Albury City and surrounding areas (Meredith and Beesley, 2009). The regular supply of treated water manages water balance in the wetlands to preserve rich biodiversity of Wonga wetlands (Wonga Wetlands Conservation Association & Albury City Council, 2008). Similarly, Murray River wetlands management group have been looking after the situation of native species, any impact on wetlands biodiversity, aquatic and terrestrial environment within the wetlands area (Sivaratnam, 2013). Southeast Regional wetlands managers normally focusing on native fish species, wetlands water quality, impact of climate change, drought, floods and overall environmental health of the Wonga wetlands (Murray-Darling BC, 2011). Wiradjuri people, local volunteers, community groups, local universities have been undertaking research on native flora and fauna (WW CA & ACC, 2008) including over 154 bird species and aquatic biodiversity within the wetlands (Meredith and Beesley, 2009). They also identify various biodiversity and environmental issues in and around the Wonga wetlands and assist to address ongoing issues by implementing different management plans every year (WW CA & ACC, 2008). 7. Benefits Wonga Wetlands provide significant environmental, economic, social and cultural benefits to the Albury Wodonga local communities (DEH, 2000). It is essential for basic products such as food resources for birds, native animals, fish and support recreational and visitor activities (Murray-Darling BC, 2011). It also provides safe and favourable habitats for native birds, aquatic and terrestrial animals (PAW, 2012) in the region (Lucas, 2004). These wetlands have been reducing the impacts of flooding to local area, maintain good water quality in the Murray Rivers, and recharge groundwater, store carbon (Meredith and Beesley, 2009), and help to maintain sustainable biodiversity and control pests in and around the wetlands (Murray-Darling BMC, 2004). It also provides good resources for native vegetation, recreational facility for visitors and environment research site for local schools and universities students (RWC VIC and NSW WRC, 1986). 8. Conclusion Wonga Wetlands have enormous environmental and biodiversity values, existing native flora and fauna including more than 154 bird species in Albury Wodonga region. Most of those species have been getting significant protection and preservation since last 10years (DEH, 2000). However, some of the genuine ongoing issues like recreational impact, increasing pressure of local livestock, feral animals, toxic aquatic plants and weeds are not yet under controlled within the wetlands (Murray-Darling BMC, 2004). Parklands Albury Wodonga, local volunteers and some of the local community organisations have been working hard to control unnecessary weeds, improve density of native vegetation and minimised the ongoing pressure of feral animals in and around the wetland (Meredith and Beesley, 2009). Albury City Council and Department of Sustainability NSW have been managing available infrastructures including fences, gates and walking tracks in the wetlands (PAW, 2012). Murray River Wetlands Management Group has actively looking after the native fish, water quality and aquatic environment in the wetlands. Local universities, schools and environmental experts carried out various research and analysis outcomes of previous actions to address new issues within the wetlands (Meredith and Beesley, 2009). Therefore, this article only reviews the past actions and tries to identify the current management issues in and around the Wonga Wetlands (WW CA & ACC, 2008) including declining population of native fish, excessive pressure of human activities and increasing density of weeds or toxic plants in the wetlands are a serious concern and need to address as soon as possible (WW CA & ACC, 2008).

Reference Arlene, B, (2004), The plight of parched redgums. (Floodplains along the River Murray)(Brief Article), Australian Conservation Foundation, Sydney Dept. for Environment and Heritage, (2000), Wetlands of the Murray River: healthy wetlands for healthy rivers, River Murray Catchment Water Management Board (S. Aust.) Lucas, D, (2004), Shifting currents [electronic resource]: a history of rivers, control and change, University of Technology-Sydney, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, (2011), The Living Murray story: one of Australia's largest river restoration projects, Murray-Darling Basin Commission, ACT Canberra. Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council, (2004), Murray-Darling Basin floodplain management strategy, Murray-Darling Basin Commission Ministerial Council, Canberra, A.C.T. Parklands Albury Wodonga, (2012), Native Vegetation Management Plan, Wodonga VIC. Rural Water Commission of Victoria and New South Wales Water Resources Commission, (1986), Murray River flood plain management study, Melbourne, VIC Shaun Meredith and Leah Beesley, (2009), The Murray–Darling Freshwater Research Centre, Building 8 University Drive, Wodonga, Victoria 3690 Sivaratnam. J, (2013), watering floodplain wetlands in the Murray–Darling Basin to benefit fish, A discussion with Project manager Wonga Wetlands Conservation Association & Albury City Council, (2008), Annual report. Retrieve via http://nla.gov.au/nla.arc-108922

Satellite picture of Wonga wetlands Source: Google Erath, 2013 Authors Publishe Author Pu

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Fiddle  Faddle  21:14, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

Draft:Wonga Wetlands concern
Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Wonga Wetlands, a page you created, has not been edited in 6 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.

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Thank you for your attention. HasteurBot (talk) 01:33, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

Draft:Wonga Wetlands concern
Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Wonga Wetlands, a page you created, has not been edited in 5 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.

If your submission is not edited soon, it could be nominated for deletion. If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it.

You may request Userfication of the content if it meets requirements.

If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available at WP:REFUND/G13.

Thank you for your attention. HasteurBot (talk) 01:37, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Wonga Wetlands


Hello, Kedarnath.sapkota1. It has been over six months since you last edited your Articles for Creation draft article submission, "Wonga Wetlands".

In accordance with our policy that Articles for Creation is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the  or  code.

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Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing.  Azealia 911  talk  09:58, 19 April 2016 (UTC)