User talk:Kenyas most wanted records/sandbox

VALIDITY OF PRINTING IN THE DIGITAL AGE

1.	INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE 1.0	INTRODUCTION The sole purpose of this research is to show and prove the validity of printing in the digital age. Over the 6month period of this research I will show the validity of printers in the 21st century with genuine facts. An ever-increasing number of readers use electronic devices such as laptops, tablets and even smartphones for their intake of daily news and pleasure. Even with the phenomenal popularity of digital devices, print media still maintains a very important role in both personal and business communications today and certainly in the near future. Studies by the International Journal of Communications state that the demise of print media may not be as imminent as some would have you believe: •	Print media still outperform some of their digital rivals in critical areas such as revenue generation, readership and reader engagement. •	European audiences prefer to read printed media over digital formats, even for leisure reading such us print books or periodicals. •	Popular sources such as Facebook typically attract readers for only 2min on average. News websites don’t fare much better, retaining reader interest for less than 5minutes. •	Even younger audiences preferred printed sources for news, a trend that hasn’t changed significantly in recent years. •	Print media also targets audiences more readily than digital formats and distribution methods, including media such us newspapers, comic books, novels and periodicals. 1.1	Background to the Study Print media is the means of mass communication in the form printed publications, such as newspapers and magazines. Printing was developed on early principles of printing, and it has undergone many modifications over the years to meet the needs of people in different eras. The origin of printing was Woodblock printing which was a technique for printing text, images or patterns that were used throughout East Asia. It was also used in the Mesopotamian civilization before 3000BC. It originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later on paper. Printing on cloth is the earliest surviving example from China dating to before “220 A.D”. The prime name associated with the history of printing press is Johann Gutenberg (the inventor of the printing press in 1450). The German goldsmith’s 15th century contribution to the technology was revolutionary – enabling the mass production of books and rapid dissemination of knowledge throughout Europe. The invention of the Printing Press allows us to share large amounts of information quickly and in huge numbers. In fact the Printing Press is so significant that it has come to be known as one of the most important inventions of our time. It drastically changed the way society evolved. All that paved the way for the first computer printers in 1938 when Chester Carlson invented a dry printing process called electrophotography  commonly called a Xerox, the foundation technology for laser printers to come. In 1953 the first high-speed printer was developed by Remington-Rand for use on the Univac computer (1st commercial computer produced in the United States of America) meaning Universal Automatic Computer. The discoveries of the printing pioneers led to the different types of print media that we know today such as: I.	Newspapers II. Magazines III. Direct Mail: This is the marketing material or product mailed directly to the homes of consumers. IV. Yellow Pages: This are telephone directories of businesses. V.	Outdoor Advertising: For example billboard advertising, point of sale display and mobile billboards. 1.2	Statement of the Problem Technology can be a thing of beauty when all systems are working but can also be frustrating when hardware or software do not perform. Printing too has some snags and which are frustrating to the users such us the following. 1.	Printing takes too long From time to time printing takes too long and is commonly caused by a high resolution setting, a memory issue or choice of drivers. High resolution images have more data for your PC and printers to process, which can cause slow print time. The solution is to select standard or normal mode for office documents when one isn’t looking for gallery quality. During presentations or formal pieces you should switch your settings back to high quality. If processing large files is part of your regular work flow, consider adding memory to ensure your printer is at purr with what you are doing. 2.	Paper Jams Most computer users do not inspect the paper path and this leads to a workflow logjam. This can be solved by inspecting the paper path and removing any jammed material, being careful to take out any stuck paper straight. If it’s a misaligned paper that caused the jam, remove the tray to make sure the paper is positioned correctly and reseat the tray. Sometime you may find no misfed sheet and in this case you will need to remove the paper stack, check to see if it is squared properly and reposition it back in the tray. Also one should check that the paper being printed is supported by your printer. Computer users should also remember to store their papers where it is dry to avoid moisture that can make printing difficult. 3.	Undesired print output Smudges, poor image quality or faded type make even the best documents look sloppy and unprofessional. If this issues persist the user should check the print driver to ensure he or she has the correct paper or media selected. One should also •	Double check that the paper loaded in the tray matches the type selected in the printer driver •	If your printers fuser can be adjusted manually, check to see that it is set properly but be aware fusers get very hot so exercise caution •	Check your toner cartridges, imaging units and fusers for damage. These components vary in model and manufacturer so it is advisable to refer to the user guide •	If you experience smudge marks print several pieces of blank paper and they will eventually fade away 4.	Printer not printing This problem mostly occurs in network printers which may automatically change their IP address. This can easily be solved by resetting the IP address of the printer. In other case one should check that they sent the job to the right printer and if this doesn’t work check to see if you have printing papers in the printer tray. Both USB and network connected printers require that the printer drive be installed on the computer you are printing from. Finally if your printer isn’t printing or your printing job seems to be stuck in queue, the easiest solution is to restart your software application and if that doesn’t work you should reboot your computer. Lastly turn off your printer for a few minutes before switching it back on. 5.	Outdated Technology This is seen a lot: your printer has been good to you start to notice some glitches now and then. The solution is simply to purchase a modern printer especially in an organization, rather than endure the steep cost of holding on to an outdated printer. 1.3	Objectives of the Study The study was guided by the following objectives: •	Highlighting importance and validity of printing in the digital age. •	To Support the printing companies and printing press. •	To educate and enlighten those unaware of the impact of printers in the digital age •	To study the qualities required for Trainer as perceived by employees in commercial  printing industry. •	To study the frequency of Training provided to the employees in commercial printing industry. •	To study the Evaluation of Training received by employees in commercial printing industry.

1.4	Research Questions The study sought to answer the following questions based on its objectives: •	Will printing exist in 10 years to come? •	What impact do the printing companies and press have in the digital age? •	What impact does printing have in the generation of today who do not depend on printed media? •	Is there an influence of training on the performance of the employees in commercial printing industry?

1.5	Justification of the Study Traditionally printing was a technique used for applying under pressure a certain amount of coloring onto a specified surface to form a text or illustration. Modern processes of reproducing texts are no longer dependent on the mechanical concept of pressure or the material concept of a coloring agent. Because this modern processes may ultimately replace the other processes, printing should therefore be defined as any of several techniques for reproducing text and illustrations. It is also true that after 5centuries during which printing has maintained a quasi-monopoly of storage and transmission of information. This role is being seriously challenged by new audiovisual and information media. Printing by the very magnitude of its contribution to the multiplication of knowledge has helped engender radio, television, and microfilm tape recording and other rival techniques. Nevertheless, its own field remains immense. Printing is not merely used for books and newspapers but also for textiles, plates, wallpapers, packaging and billboards. It has also been used to manufacture miniature electronic circuits. The economic world was marked by the high level production and exchange attained by the Italian Republics, as well by the commercial upsurge of the Hanseatic League and the Flemish cities. The first major role of the 1st printed book was to spread literacy and knowledge throughout the world which simplifies the problems involved in developing techniques. Printing is also used and will continue to be used in the fashion and design sector in printing of graffiti art in shirts and T-shirts as seen in the images below. Also as long as the great game of football exists printing shall live on due to the printing of posters, jerseys, tickets and banners. It is difficult to state that printing will end but rather safe to state that printing will evolve in numerous ways beyond our imagination for example the invention of 3D printing which prints objects such as pencils, circuit boards and even personalized action figures. 1.6	Significance of the Study The print media has proved to be of significance to many individuals and organizations today in one way or another. This is because many people opt for this method is an exercise to advertise themselves, their products, services, events of great significance to many and also the various works of art by authors. Putting all the information in writing has proved to be much easier and can easily be accessed by many in a short time span. Also the discovery of 3D printing has widely contributed in the growth of businesses and several sectors in experiments. For Academics: •	This study is expected to contribute in adding vital findings about assessment of printing needs in commercial printing industry and their relative effect on training as such and also on its various parameters to the existing literature and body of knowledge. •	This research will further guide or help to carry out collaborative research in faculty of management and printing technology.

1.7	Scope of the Study The study mainly limited itself to the printing press and printed media such as newspapers and books but slightly touches on printing in clothing and advancement in 3D printing technology. I dealt with the conceptual scope and geographical scope. Conceptual Scope: We need people who are highly specialized, yet multi-talented. We need employees whose broad range of skills and expertise extend beyond the conventional bounds of their process areas. We need people who are able to solve problems, make decisions, interact with customers, collaborate with colleagues and operate computers. The scope of study will show the acquisition of knowledge, skill and motivation of employees to improve their performance on the job as per the goals and objectives of the organization. Geographical Scope – The present study’s geographical scope is limited to European and North American continents.

2.	Literature Review CHAPTER 2 2.0	LITERATURE REVIEW Based on the main objective of this research, which is to Support the printing companies and printing press, review of relevant literatures were carried out. As this research focuses on theoretical and practical aspects of printing. Printing is inherently linked to certain management concepts and technological developments. Hence, this literature review has been carried out in two stages: (i)	Sustainability management paradigms and their application. (ii)	Evolvements of technological developments. How the printing fraternity views or responds to these sustainable strategies are important indicators for sustainable development. Printing community perceptions and resource use practices shape Eco printing and Eco Management. Environmental and sustainability management factors are rapidly emerging as important issues for the business world to consider. (Klassen, R., et al., (1996) define environmental management as encompassing all efforts to minimize the negative environment impact of a firm’s product. Few trends in the society have been growing more steadily over the last few decades than the concern of society for current non sustainable development and the increasing willingness of society to deal with this situation (Robert, K.H., et al., (2000). As part of this, a growing number of principles, concepts, programs and tools for the management and monitoring of sustainable development in society and industry have gained worldwide acceptance in the last decade. Since environmental management in companies is becoming integrated into sustainability management, it is important first of all, to clarify the concept of sustainability. Sustainability and sustainability strategy are referred to in this study in a generic sense. Sustainable in each case, however, refers to maintaining resources to meet the needs of the present and future generations, although the emphasis and details could be quite different. Constraints to sustainable printing can be summarized by the following factors: small internal markets, and limited natural resources. Sustainability Management Paradigms Rothenberg, S. (2004) proposes the popular management thought on sustainability focuses increasing operational efficiency and innovation of more environmentally benign products and processes. Some would argue, however, that, this is not enough to become a sustainable society because it does not address levels of consumption. To date, most management literature on sustainability does not question the basic assumption of the typical business model: that a primary goal of a product manufacturer is to sell more of their product, i.e., to “sell large.” As society faces environmental limits to material consumption, this assumption must be questioned. This work outlined the experiences of three suppliers that are operating under a new business model that allows economic growth, while also helping society to step away from the spiral of increasing consumption. The cases in this work suggest that making this shift in the basic business model is not a simple task. Firms may struggle with creating and eventually communicating this new model. The question for most manufacturers of products is not if they should move to selling small, but when? Success in selling small, particularly in the business to business setting, relies on a close relationship with the customer; therefore, if done properly it will increase the switching costs to new suppliers. In essence, firms can find that through selling small and smart small is not only beautiful, it’s profitable as well. Evolvements of Technological Development Rothenberg, S. et al., (2002) presented that lithographic printers are operating in an environment of numerous, ever-changing, and sometimes confusing regulations that impact many aspects of their operations. In particular, rules that govern emissions of Volatile Organic Components (VOC) remain a constant challenge. Traditionally, the industry has addressed VOCs and other emissions by means of waste treatment and pollution control. More recently, however, alternative process technologies have become available that eliminate these pollutants at the source and obviate the need for pollution control. The study presented provides evidence of the commercial viability of alternative process technologies for VOC reduction. The study also highlight the fact that technology changes for environmental improvement are often not as “clean” as would be hoped. Sometimes, for example, a switch from a VOC emitting material leads to the use of a chemical that has adverse health impacts. By reducing one type of impact, another may be created. Kadam, S. R. et al., (2005) compares two specific press technologies ; digital technologies and offset technologies, the HP Indigo 3000 press shows overall a lower resource consumption, waste generation, and environmental impact for a 500-impression print run compared with the Heidelberg Speed master 74 lithographic offset press. As run length increases, the lithographic press shows strengths, specifically in the area of VOC emissions and materials consumption per usable impression. The environmental impacts of the digital press operations vary significantly with press run length, which is generally not the case for the lithographic press. The study uncovered parameters that can be used in further research. One of these parameters is energy use. Energy consumption is important from environmental and cost optimization standpoints. In order to evaluate the energy requirements in both these printing processes, all energy-consuming units, need to be identified and their ratings calculated. By measuring the operation time for each unit the overall energy usage may be calculated as a product of unit energy consumption (watts per second) and integrated operation time. Energy efficiency metrics could then be assessed by relating total energy consumption to print run length or mass of materials usage.

2.1	Global Perspective Globally printing technology has vastly advanced over the years and no longer use the simple methods of printing as we know. Most technologically advanced continents such as Europe, Asia and North America use 3D Printing in most of their technical universities and research institutes. 3D Printing technology is still in its infancy stages .However like many other technologies before it, it could soon develop into a widespread production technology. It mainly fuses plastics, metals and other raw materials into new objects. This method of printing is environmental friendly and only the material input used ultimately flows into the manufactured product, without any waste. Parts made using 3D Printers are often more durable and lightweight than traditionally used parts. Also ordinary printing in this countries has vastly declined due to the vast growth of social media. Companies no longer need to advertise their products on billboards but can use online ads which can reach hundreds of thousands in just mere minutes. In conclusion printing in the advanced countries is use only in printing of tests, books and in fashion and design. 2.2	African Perspective Essays from Derek R. Peterson collected in AFRICAN PRINT CULTURES claim African newspapers as subjects of historical and literary study. Newspapers where vehicles of anti-colonial nationalism and incubators of literal experimentation and networks by which new solidarities came into being. The study further stated that printing in Africa is not only a means of producing books and newspapers but is a means of communication to a wide percentage of the African population. It’s safe to say that Africa depends on printing more than any other part in the world. Companies still use printing in billboard advertisements while event promoters use printing in production of tickets, posters and fliers. The education sector in Africa is vastly affected and will depend on printing for many decades to come due to the printing of books, literature novels and daily tests that occur in African schools. The fashion and design sector of Africa slightly depends on printing but not as much as western cultures. The following factors chip in the dependency of printing in Africa •	Ministry of education •	Advertisement •	Fashion and design •	Literacy advantage(most people in Africa still read novels) •	Communication(people in Africa still depend on newspapers) 2.3	Kenyan Perspective Kenya is a 3rd world country and immensely depends on print media the following reasons: •	Communication Most Kenyans still depend on newspapers to keep up with the current events in the country while a few number of people still send each other letters. Some also depend on letters due to job applications. •	Advertisement •	Education Sector •	Literacy Advantage •	Fashion and design •	Entertainment(this is expressed via comic books and 2D cartoons)

In most Kenyan organizations the furthest Kenya has advanced in printing is via network printers. In conclusion the Kenyan community appreciates printing and print media with its advantages and disadvantages and will be using printing methods for many years to come. 2.4	Conclusion This paper has sought to interrogate the commonly held assumption by media analysts and commentators that the printing industry is in perpetual decline. To be sure, the idea of the death of print is founded in a realistic assessment of the impact of technological advances. But the shift away from the traditional business model of the printing press is not new, it has been occurring since the early 1980s.The health of the newspaper industry, how newspapers are being discussed and what people consider the state of the industry, is an important area of research. Although it seems an obvious assertion, a robust and free media is a fundamentally important part of a representative democracy. The policy implications of restricting newspapers’ ability to hold governments accountable is quite simply governance by oppression. The maintenance of a free market place of ideas, where discussion and debate can flourish is a cornerstone of any democratic society.

3.	Methodology CHAPTER 3 3.0	RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The goal of my study was to detect and evaluate business trends in the printing industry worldwide. We interviewed leading publishers and editors in over six countries across the globe and supported our findings with additional research and analysis. Given the unparalleled speed at which the media realm has been changing in the past ten years, this research project, like any other, is only going to provide a snapshot of the state of the industry. Printing is one of those inventions that have revolutionized our world and is the most important fundamental practices in our society. Printing is widely used in our society to pass on information and to decorate objects. Printing is a process for reproducing text and images, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. Different techniques and printing equipment are employed for each printing practices. The emergence of the retail revolution and growing education across the country is acting as a fuel to the growth of the printing industry. The study also provided a detailed examination of training needs assessment in commercial printing industry and evaluation practices, and comparing those practices with perceived levels of training program success and organizational effectiveness. In addition, the variables of respondent characteristics (including specific skill gaps, determinants of training needs, influence of technological changes, effect of working environment, influence of training on existing skills, skills that will enhance the effectiveness for performance of the employees, qualities of trainer, specific training and their frequency of training provided and training evaluation etc.) and respondents characteristics (including age group, experience, qualifications, type of company and no. of employees) were examined to determine if a relationship exists between these variables and needs assessment, evaluation practices, perceptions of training program success, and organizational effectiveness. 3.1	Research Design Research design is the outline, plan, or strategy used to answer a research question. Research design is a plan of what to gather, from whom, how and when to collect the data, and how to analyze the obtained; for valid results, the design must be appropriate to answer the question or hypothesis being studied. The research design includes type, purpose, period, scope, and environment. The major elements of research design are data collection design, sampling design, instrument development and data collection and preparation. The type of research design used for the present study is the descriptive research design, with the purpose of finding out who, what, where, when, or how much. Descriptive research comprises surveys and facts findings enquiries of different types. The main objective of descriptive research is describing the state of affairs as it prevails at the time of study. 3.2	Population of the Study A population is any group of individuals that have one or more characteristic in common and that are of interest to the researcher. Population is defined as a group of individuals with at least one common characteristic which distinguishes that group from other individuals. So, population is a universal set of subjects to which the results are to be applied. Regular employees working in commercial cyber cafes and poster and ticket designing stalls in Dagorretti Corner. I further researched across the local Co-operative University of Kenya in Karen where I had previously worked as an intern. 3.3	Sample and Sampling Techniques A two stage non-probability type that is Judgmental Sampling method was used for the study. In the first stage, 2 cyber cafes were randomly selected from the sampling frame, among the few are small scale commercial ticket designing shops and remaining are small & medium scale commercial printing shops eliminating deliberately those companies where employee strength was less than 1 employee. In the second stage approximately 4respondents were randomly chosen from the selected shops ensuring a proportionate representation of the four categories of employees. 3.4	Data Collection and Instruments For printing needs, information was collected from the employees of Commercial Printing shops through a structured Questionnaire. Data regarding Assessment of print needs for employees and potential users itemed a questionnaire especially designed for the purpose. The secondary data was collected and compiled through various journals like International Journal of Management, Training & Development Research journals and magazines like Print World, Graphic Arts etc., Websites of Printing Machine Manufacturers companies and Printing Services providers involved in commercial printing industry. After consultation with printing production Managers, Prepress, Press and Finishing & Binding operators and Owners of Printing presses; structured questionnaires were developed to assess the Training Needs of employees in commercial printing industry. 3.5	Data Analysis Tools A questionnaire was used as the research instrument. For assessing, the measure of assessment of needs in commercial printing industry. Questionnaire for Commercial Printing Industry This was the structured questionnaire with close ended questions to avoid the variations in the responses of the respondents. All questions were given sufficient options to record the responses of respondents. This style of questionnaire was adopted to standardize the responses. All the questions asked in this questionnaire were formulated based on intensive and extensive literature review, expert’s opinions and pilot survey. Initial twelve questions were designed based on the objectives and hypothesis of the research study. There were categorical questions at the last of the questionnaire to understand the profile of the respondents. The logic and rational behind formulation of respective questions are as follows. Question No. 1 was designed to know about the perceptions towards the influence of technological changes on training needs of employees in Commercial Printing industry. In this question eight statements were asked to the respondents about their agreement on the quality standards, use of internet, system integration, database management system, digital printing technologies and advances in science and technology in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 2 was designed to find out the degree of agreement of the respondents on the ‘Working Environment’ and Training Needs. In this question eight statements were asked to the respondents on transparent & open communication, recognition of hard work, role of leader, feedback procedures, quality of work output, technology & production processes and peer guidance at workplace in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 3 was designed to know about the perceptions towards the influence of training on existing skills of employee in Commercial Printing industry after attending the training programs conducted by the organizations. In this question eight statements were asked to the respondents about their agreement on work roles, team work, production, quality, learn and share knowledge, technical skills and healthy work environment in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 4A was designed to find out the agreement on training in any of these areas will help to develop skills that will enhance the effectiveness of the respondents in the performance of the work. In this question eight statements were asked to the Managers about their agreement on technological developments, customer relationship management, computer skills, leadership skills, sales skills, communications skills, interviewing skills and project management skills in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 4B was designed to find out the agreement on training in any of these areas will help to develop skills that will enhance the effectiveness of the respondents in the performance of the work. In this question eight statements were asked to the Pre-Press Operators about their agreement on Pre-flight operations, manage assets, color management, information technology, image capturing, and image manipulate, file construction and file imposing skills in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 4C was designed to find out the agreement on training in any of these areas will help to develop skills that will enhance the effectiveness of the respondents in the performance of the work. In this question eight statements were asked to the Press Operators about their agreement on Healthy & safe working environment, material handling, ink-water balance, plate & blanket change over, drying system, quality inspection, trouble shooting and maintenance skills in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 4D was designed to find out the agreement on training in any of these areas will help to develop skills that will enhance the effectiveness of the respondents in the performance of the work. In this question eight statements were asked to the Finishing and binding Operators about their agreement on adjustment of cutters, setting of folders, lamination production quality, binding and there trouble shooting in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 5 was designed to find out the ‘Training needs realization’ and degree of agreement of the respondents on the situations given to find out the ‘Determinants of Training Needs of Employees’ in Commercial Printing Industry. In this question seven statements were asked to the respondents for Quality, Productivity, Quality inspection, Printing wastages, Promotion and Transfers in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 6 was designed to find out the preferable ‘Qualities required for Trainer’ to train the employees in Commercial Printing Industry. In this question five statements were asked to the respondents for training delivery, method of presentation, level of interaction with the participant, technical competence and use of visual aids in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 7 was designed to find out the preferable ‘specific training needs’ and frequency of training provided to train the employees in Commercial Printing Industry. In this question eight statements were asked to the respondents for specific job skills, motor skills, interpersonal skills, education, self and organization development, business and work ethics, attitude changes and decision making & problem solving abilities in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 8 was designed to find out the ‘Evaluation of training’ parameters to train the employees in Commercial Printing Industry. In this question six statements were asked to the respondents for objectives of the training are clearly defined, objectives of the training are coherent, trainer met the training objective, material available on the learning platform, length of session, knowledge of trainer in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 9 was designed to know the opinion on the ‘Training Needs based on the present competencies’. In this question six statements were asked to the respondents about the requirement of basic, core and operating skills of the employees working in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 10 was designed to find out the preferable ‘Training methods’ used in the Commercial Printing Industry. In this question seven statements were asked to the respondents to select the most preferable method training such as apprenticeship, job rotation, mentoring, job instructional technique, lectures and conferences, vestibule training and simulation technique in the Commercial Printing Industry. Question No. 11 were designed to find out the preferable ‘Duration of Training’ to accomplish specific training objectives in the Commercial Printing Industry. In this question five statements were asked to the respondents to choose the most preferable duration for training such as 1-3 days, 4 days to 2 weeks, 3 weeks to 6 weeks, 7 weeks to 12 weeks and above 13 weeks in the Commercial Printing Industry.

CHAPTER 4 4.0 Data Analysis and Findings Data analysis is the collecting and organizing of data so that a researcher can come to a conclusion. It allows on to answer questions, solve problems and come to a conclusion. 4.1 Introduction In earlier chapters I discussed about the Introduction and Theoretical perspectives of the problem. In the previous chapter I reviewed related researches and articles, to plan our research in a more meaningful way. In the present chapter, we shall discuss about the methodology employed to carry out the research. It is said that if you fail to plan, you are planning to fail. Planning is the key element to succeed. Planning in whatever you do makes you purposive and clear about the objectives. Planning leads to a greater success by enhancing the optimal utilization of all the resources and controlling possible wastages of them. Likewise any research activity has also to be planned meticulously to make it meaningful. This necessitates a research design. Research design is the concept, a structure within which the research is conducted. It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. Research design stands for advance planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting the relevant data, and the techniques to be used for their analysis that are relevant to the objectives subject to the availability of staff, money and time. In fact the research design has a great bearing on the outcomes of any research. According to Claire Setiz,.(1962)1 “A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and Analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.” We may classify research design in four general designs. 1.	Sampling Design: deals with methods of selecting items that are to be observed. 2.	Observational Design: refers to the conditions under which the observations are to be made. 3.	Statistical Design: Concerns how the information and data gathered are to be analyzed. 4.	Operational Design: deals with techniques and procedures about carrying out other designs. So, a researcher is compelled to design his research in such a way that it minimizes bias                 and maximizes reliability. This fact was amplified by the statement of Brog (1993)2 “The factor that most often differentiates between good and poor research is not the funds available, the size of the sample or sophistication of statistics. It is the care and thought that goes into the research plan.” 4.2 Data Analysis

In the sampled studies, they claim that based on their analy sis of offset presses from manufacturers including, but not limited to, Komori, Heidelberg, Ryobi, Manroland, Goss and others, the improvement in revenue opportunity ranges from $ 500 000 to worth of $ 9 000 000 per device per year. The variation in additional revenue opportunity has to do with the type of press, its capacity and its duty cycle. It can be noted that predictive analytics can help with maintenance scheduling and optimisation and also spare parts inventory or additional support materials which can lead to savings in ordering and warehousing. In the papermaking, some of the tools for production optimisation were published by Linnala and Hämäläinen (2001) who described the application of bi-level dynamic multi objective optimisation to the papermaking process, or more accurately, the paper web brake system. The results show that the approach was successful: capital costs were decreased while maintaining adequate process stability. However, the computing time requirements were relatively high; to reduce them, the operational optimisation on the lower level could be performed using a slightly simplified process model. A similar subject was examined in a paper by Hämäläinen, Madetoja and Ruotsalainen (2010). In paper industry one of the recent approaches was published by Fu and Hart (2016) where the authors collaborated with MWV mill which battled with significant quantities of internal rejects and production downtimes. The authors, due to the failure of the classic problem-solving methods to tackle the issues, deployed Big Data analysis to determine the root causes. They reported that 6 000 operating variables were selected with more than nine billion data points in the period of almost three years. The results indicated an action which changed process targets and technological change in the process of drying. In a paper by Jackson (2011), the author presents case studies involving Big Data techniques for value chain cost and return of investment (ROI) optimization in the papermaking industry. There were also studies trying to solve overall quality and printability issues like in a thesis work by Gerard Leloup (2002), where the author tries to integrate the quality factors and predicted values for flexography through the use of “Printability Coefficient”. The author used quality factors (mottling index, edge sharpness, dot gain, density, dot deformation) with different contribution importance to calculate the final p coefficient value. 4.3 Interpretation This refers to the task of drawing inferences from the collected facts after an analytical and experimental study. All the facts and findings that I collected during the period of my research led me to draw the following conclusions: •	Uncertainty in both printing and papermaking industries about the main reasons causing too extensive variations of high-quality color prints leading to insufficient overall print quality, customers’ complains, and substantial economic losses. •	Lack of comprehensive knowledge of the interaction between paper, printing press, ink, and other constitutes of the printing process. This gap leads to difficulties in finding economically plausible means of adjusting technological parameters for optimizing the papermaking and printing processes. •	Lack of robust tools for print quality predictions based on various paper, ink, printing press and process parameters. •	Lack of tools capable of online measuring of several print quality attributes, which aggregated into a print quality measurement provide print quality assessments well correlating with human evaluations. •	Lack of tools capable of explaining which technological process parameters are failing when the overall print quality is insufficient. This has also led me to conclude that many learning institutions should help students to be creative and innovative in developing technological tools and studying and capitalizing on other researchers findings.

In a broader view, the printing industry has recently started to implement the Management Information Systems (MIS) which are large pieces of software covering from Customer Relationship Management (CRM), to scheduling and estimating of print, with more or less basic tools for process control and capabilities. One of the interface solutions, which enables the communication between different machines and computers, is the one based on Job Definition Format (JDF). This format allows systems from many different vendors to interoperate in automated and MIS centric workflows. Currently, this system is still developing and it is not a straightforward one (the papermakers have closed loop as the installations are mainly from one producer), because of a large number of equipment and software producers. There is a possibility to make a relational database through the JDF Storage Engine which can create some sort of base for the Data Mining and Analytics but there are no reports about a larger scale of industry implementation using this capability.

CHAPTER 5 5.0	Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1	Introduction The paper and printing industries are under pressure due to decreasing consumption of all paper grades, with packaging papers excluded, by a report made by CEPI (2017) which demands the change of technology to short run production, production optimization or innovation into new products. As new technology and innovation are quite expensive for small and middle-sized printers, one of the viable solutions is to try to optimize print production processes. Besides Lean Manufacturing and other management tools available for decades, now it is possible to use “redressed” problem solving and analytical tools from the Big Data portfolio for all optimization, decision-making and problem-solving challenges. Some of the steps in the data mining process are very similar to Root Cause Analysis (management tool for finding hidden or underlying causes for a problem by mapping causing issues), in combination of “5 Why” (repetitive interrogative questioning why has something went wrong, with the goal of finding cause effect relationship in a process) and Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis used in classic business problem solving (George, et al., 2005), but contemporary data analytics provide more powerful resources due to increased speed of computing, sensors and networking solutions. 5.2	Conclusions The entire process of research and data-collection was a great learning experience for me. I got to know the nuances of data collection & precautions to be taken while doing so. It gave an opportunity to interact with several Business owners and IT technicians. My key findings have been centered on publications seeking alternative revenue streams to make up for lost revenue from print advertising sales. I have found that many publications have been stretching the trusted brands they have created to capitalize on brand loyalty and move into commerce; selling wine, vacations and even dating sites. It is also important to note that in many emerging economies, there is considerable variation away from the declining print model. In fact, in many countries, including Brazil, India, and even Switzerland and Greece, print is said to be thriving. 5.3	Recommendations The newspaper industry is facing two simultaneous crises stemming from the decline in newspapers’ circulation and advertising revenues and the rise of widely available and free online news content. The following adjustments should be made to ensure the survival of printing in the digital age. •	Copyright of news and printed media. •	Enlightenment of the community on the impact of print media •	Digitalization Digitalization has seen significant growth potential in the future by the use of mobile devices. Generally, when industry analysts discuss mobile they are talking about smartphones, for example the Android and iPhone, or tablet devices, the most ubiquitous of which is certainly the iPad. Although the period of rapid growth of audience for web based newspapers accessed via a desktop computer is not entirely over, one participant noted that “the very fast growth spurt we’ve had in recent years is beginning to tail off and the new growth will come from mobile. As new platforms, specifically tablets, mobile and IPTV, become more prevalent the challenge to the structure of newspapers is to produce content and products that reflects the changing nature of consumption. This involves a change in culture and a change in infrastructure. Across all publications journalists are being asked “to think about how stories will be represented on mobile and on our website, and you are asking people to do this at a time when they’re already under significant pressures, day to day”. But also these changes are leading to a greater emphasis on multi-media, which means that the process of putting together a story involves more components, leading to a more integrated newsroom. The most clearly defined example of this is at The Telegraph where a “content hub” is being developed, which is a tool that provides an interface that will “access both our content management system for digital and for the newspaper – we have two different systems – and allow journalists and editors to access a depth of content and put in relevant articles, stories, pictures and videos far more readily than they can now.

REFERENCES 1)	Google 2)	Research Gate 3)	World News Media Innovation Study 4)	Borg, W. R. & Gall, M. D. (1983), Educational Research: An Intriduction, (Longman Inc. New York), p. 78. 5)	Sidhu, K.S. (1985), Methodology of Research in Education

RESEARCH LIMITATIONS •	The study focuses on one sector of Commercial Printing Industry. The other sectors of printing industries are not considered for the study. •	The geographical scope of the research is limited to only technologically advanced continents. •	The study does not include administrative staff and temporary workers in its purview.

5.4	Appendices

1.	QUESTIONNARE This was the structured questionnaire with close ended questions to avoid the variations in the responses of the respondents. All questions were given sufficient options to record the responses of respondents. This style of questionnaire was adopted to standardize the responses. Q1: What are the implications of new technology for the skill and training needs of commercial printing industry? Q2: How working environment of the printing firm affects the training needs of the employees? Q3: Is there an influence of training on the performance of the employees in commercial printing industry? Q4: What are the specific skill gaps of the employees i.e. Manager and Pre-Press, Press & Finishing operators working in the commercial printing industries? Q5: What are the potential determinants of training needs in commercial printing industries? Q6: What are the qualities required for the Trainer to train the employees working in the commercial printing industries? Q7: Which are the specific areas of the training and their frequency of training provided by the organizations to the employees working in the commercial printing industries? Q8: What are the criteria’s required for the Evaluation of Training in the commercial printing industries? 2.	Time Scheduled for Research Data related to assessment of needs in commercial printing (which included both primary and secondary data) was collected between August 2018 to October 2018. 3.	BUDGET The research budget was fare and flexible and only consumed of transportation fees to the local businesses that I conducted my research in.

Kenyas most wanted records (talk) 13:47, 7 December 2018 (UTC)