User talk:Kingkhanundefined9

What is a Motherboard? Answer A motherboard is the central or primary circuit board making up a complex electronic system, such as a modern computer. It is also known as a mainboard, baseboard, system board, or, on Apple computers, a logic board, and is sometimes abbreviated as mobo.[1]

Most after-market motherboards produced today are designed for so-called IBM-compatible computers, which hold over 96% of the personal computer market today.[2] Motherboards for IBM-compatible computers are specifically covered in the PC motherboard article.

The basic purpose of the motherboard, like a backplane, is to provide the electrical and logical connections by which the other components of the system communicate.

A typical desktop computer is built with the microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components on the motherboard. Other components such as external storage, controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices are typically attached to the motherboard via edge connectors and cables, although in modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate these "peripherals" into the motherboard.

Information bsed of cpu PC HARDWARE INFORMATION http://www.computermemoryupgrade.net/how-computer-memory-works.html

People in the computer industry commonly use the term "memory" to refer to RAM (Random Access Memory). As your processor cranks on your game, it uses RAM to store some of the data needed to make your game work. While all forms of memory work together, RAM is considered the main memory since most data, regardless of its source, is stored in RAM before it is registered in any other storage device. Consequently, RAM is used millions of times every second. A computer uses Ram to hold temporary instructions and data needed to complete tasks. This enables the computer's CPU (Central Processing Unit), to access instructions and data stored in memory very quickly.

Computer memory is extremely important to computer operation. Files and programs are loaded into memory from external media like fixed disks (hard drives) and removable disks (floppies tapes). Memory can be built right into a system board, but it is more typically attached to the system board in the form of a chip or module. Inside these chips are microscopic digital switches which are used to represent binary data.

A good example of this is when the CPU loads an application program - such as a word processing or page layout program - into memory, thereby allowing the application program to work as quickly and efficiently as possible. In practical terms, having the program loaded into memory means that you can get work done more quickly with less time spent waiting for the computer to perform tasks.

The process begins when you enter a command from your keyboard. The CPU interprets the command and instructs the hard drive to load the command or program into memory. Once the data is loaded into memory, the CPU is able to access it much more quickly than if it had to retrieve it from the hard drive.

This process of putting things the CPU needs in a place where it can get at them more quickly is similar to placing various electronic files and documents you're using on the computer into a single file folder or directory. By doing so, you keep all the files you need handy and avoid searching in several places every time you need them.

In general the more RAM a computer has the faster the computer operates. Why? RAM is where all the information is kept just before the computer needs to use it.

Think of it this way. During a conversation a person can speak without interruption if everything being talked about is in his or her memory. However, if a person does not have enough memory and has to look something up during the course of the conversation, in a book or newspaper, then the conversation stops until the needed information is found.

Computers are very similar; they can continue processing without interruption as long as all needed information is in memory (RAM). When that is not the case, the computer stops, retrieves the needed information from storage (i.e. Hard drive, CD, disk) and places it into memory and then continues processing. The more interruptions the computer receives to retrieve information the slower the computer. The more memory a computer has, the fewer interruptions and the faster the computer operates. More memory equates to more speed.

These days, no matter how much memory your computer has, it never seems to be quite enough. Not long ago, it was unheard of for a PC (Personal Computer), to have more than 1 or 2 MB (Megabytes) of memory. Today, most systems require 64MB to run basic applications. And up to 256MB or more is needed for optimal performance when using graphical and multimedia programs.

As an indication of how much things have changed over the past two decades, consider this: in 1981, referring to computer memory, Bill Gates said, "640K (roughly 1/2 of a megabyte) ought to be enough for anybody."

For some, the memory equation is simple: more is good; less is bad.

Tale of tears - involvement of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma

Reason, March, 1999  by Amy H. Sturgis WHEN THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS OCCUPIED THE CHEROKEE NATION OF OKLAHOMA, IT WAS AN OLD STORY WITH A MODERN TWIST. An embattled chief executive, elected with less than half the vote, who refuses to turn over legal documents to official investigators. Capricious firings of public employees on spurious charges. Accusations of misused funds, dubious dealings with the Democratic National Committee, and subverting state power for personal ends. Surreptitiously taped phone calls. Allegations of abuse of power. Indictments for obstruction of justice. Fears that the standing of the highest office in the land - and faith in government - have been irrevocably damaged. Most Popular Articles in News •	The Ten Best Laptop bags •	Tata plans ... •	GLOBALIZATION AND THE ... More » Most Popular Publications in News •	Journal of Economic ... •	Chicago Sun-Times •	M2 Presswire •	Daily Herald ... •	Oakland Tribune More » Though the above is unfolding within the borders of the United States, this is not a story about Bill Clinton. It is about recent events in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, the quasi-sovereign entity that covers more than 7,000 square miles in northeastern Oklahoma. In 1997, at the behest of Principal Chief Joe Byrd, who occupies a position analogous to Clinton's, federal Bureau of Indian Affairs agents occupied the CNO's courthouse and disrupted an ongoing investigation into the chiefs alleged squandering of tribal monies and trampling of the Cherokee constitution. Two years later, the armed BIA agents are gone, but the controversy continues, playing out in CNO courts and legislative chambers. ADVE RTISEMENT Though sharing few specific details with Clinton's scandal, the four-month occupation and the events surrounding it illuminate what might be considered the deeper, structural issues of the Clinton impeachment by providing an object lesson in the necessity of the rule of law and separation of powers. The CNO controversy underscores that real damage is done to the political process when one branch of government refuses to recognize the constitutionally mandated authority of its counterparts. The occupation also casts a harsh light on the Bureau of Indian Affairs, a bureaucracy that has been called "the worst federal agency" by U.S. News & World Report and characterized as "a multifaceted nightmare" by the inspector general of the Department of the Interior. Indeed, since its birth as part of the War Department in 1824, the BIA has evolved from an ill-conceived and brutal weapon used to eradicate and subjugate native Americans to one of the most widely and consistently criticized units of the federal government. The Cherokees are the second largest tribe in the United States, and about 70,000 members live within the borders of the CNO. With the city of Tahlequah as its capital, the nation is a democracy with three branches of government - the Chiefdom, the Tribal Council, and the Judicial Appeals Tribunal - that perform roughly the same functions as the U.S. executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Like the U.S. federal government, the Cherokee government is designed to maintain a system of checks and balances among branches. Joe Byrd was elected chief in 1995, in a race overshadowed by the news that popular incumbent Wilma Mankiller had developed lymphoma and would not run for office. In an election in which only 12 percent of eligible voters turned out, Byrd managed to get just 29 percent of the total. The genesis of the BIA occupation dates to 1996, when Byrd ignored requests by the Tribal Council to provide contracts and other financial records regarding public business. Even when the Cherokee Nation Judicial Appeals Tribunal ruled in late 1996 that Byrd had to surrender the papers for the public record, he refused to comply. After giving Byrd several months to obey the law, Tribal Prosecutor A. Diane Blalock asked Chief Justice Ralph Keen to issue a search warrant for Byrd's office on February 24, 1997. Cherokee marshals served the warrant the next day and copied the financial records in question. Mere hours later, a furious Byrd publicly announced that he had done nothing wrong. He also fired Cherokee Marshal Service Director Pat Ragsdale and a lieutenant marshal, both of whom had helped execute the search. The battle of executive and judicial wills escalated: Cherokee Justice Dwight Birdwell immediately reinstated the two marshals and ordered that anyone interfering with the orders and investigation of the Judicial Appeals Tribunal would be in contempt of court. Although Article X of the Cherokee constitution required that he turn over the documents, Byrd said there was "no need" for public scrutiny of the papers because, he promised at a press conference, "absolutely no money had been misused." Ignoring the inconvenient fact that the Cherokee courts had given him six months to comply with its request for financial documents, Byrd said, "I think Ralph Keen should have given me the opportunity to handle that situation myself...all he had to do was call me." As those events were playing out, Cherokee Marshal Service Director Pat Ragsdale was investigating irregularities in the documents gathered from the chiefs office. It seemed clear to Ragsdale that Byrd had illegally diverted Cherokee Nation funds, including some from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, beyond the CNO without proper authorization. Ragsdale informed the FBI, since federal money was involved. After reviewing Ragsdale's information, the FBI launched an investigation on March 6, 1997.

Central Bureau of Investigation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Industry, Impartiality and Integrity Agency overview Formed	01 April 1963

Headquarters	New Delhi, India

Agency Executive	Vijay Shankar, Director

Parent agency	Prime Minister's Office, GoI

Child Agency	Interpol India branch

Website http://www.cbi.gov.in/

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is India's premier investigating agency, responsible for a wide variety of criminal and national security matters. It was established on 01 April 1963 and evolved from the Special Police Establishment founded in 1941. The Central Bureau of Investigation is controlled by the Department of Personnel of the Union Government headed by a Minister of State who reports to the Prime Minister, although it is administratively part of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs headed by a Cabinet Minister. While analogous in structure to the FBI, the CBI's powers and function are severely limited to specific crimes based on Acts. The CBI is the official Interpol unit for India.The current director of CBI is Vijay Shankar (since December 10, 2005). [1] Contents [hide] •	1 Introduction o	1.1 Founder Director •	2 CBI takes shape •	3 Role and Functions •	4 Structure of CBI •	5 Jurisdiction Powers, privileges and liabilities o	5.1 Jurisdiction of CBI vis-a-vis State Police •	6 Former Directors •	7 Controversies o	7.1 Bofors issue o	7.2 ISRO spy ring case o	7.3 Hawala scandal o	7.4 Priyadarshini Mattoo murder case o	7.5 Nithari Killings o	7.6 Dawood Ibrahim case o	7.7 Sister Abhaya murder case •	8 CBI Academy •	9 CBI & Recent Controversies •	10 References •	11 External links •	12 See also

[edit] Introduction The Central Bureau of Investigation traces its origin to the Special Police Establishment (SPE) which was set up in 1941 by the Government of India. The functions of the SPE then were to investigate cases of bribery and corruption in transactions with the War & Supply Deptt. Of India during World War II. Superintendent of the SPE was vested with the War Department. Even after the end of the War, the need for a Central Government agency to investigate cases of bribery and corruption by Central Government employees was felt. The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act was therefore brought into force in 1946. This Act transferred the superintendence of the SPE to the Home Department and its functions were enlarged to cover all departments of the Govt. of India. The jurisdiction of the SPE extended to all the Union Territories and could be extended also to the States with the consent of the State Government concerned. [edit] Founder Director DP Kohli the founder Director of CBI The founder director of the CBI was D.P. Kohli who held office from 1st April, 1963 to 31st May, 1968. Before this, he was Inspector-General of Police of the Special Police Establishment from 1955 to 1963. Before that he held responsible positions in police in Madhya Bharat, Uttar Pradesh and Govt. of India. He was Police Chief in Madhya Bharat before joining the SPE. Kohli was awarded 'Padma Bhushan' in 1967 for his distinguished services. Kohli was a visionary who saw in the Special Police Establishment the potential of growing into the national investigative agency. He nurtured the organisation during his long stint as Inspector General and as Director and laid the solid foundation on which the organisation grew over the decades to become what it is today. [edit] CBI takes shape As the CBI, over the years, established a reputation of being India's premier investigative agency with adequate resources to deal with complicated cases, demands were made on it to take up investigation of more cases of conventional crime such as murder, kidnapping, terrorism, etc. Apart from this, the Supreme court and even the various High Courts of the country also started entrusting such cases for investigation to the CBI on petitions filed by aggrieved parties. Taking into account the fact that several cases falling under this category were being taken up for investigation by the CBI, it was found expedient to entrust such cases to the Branches having local jurisdiction. It was therefore decided in 1987 to constitute two investigation divisions in the CBI, namely, Anti-Corruption Division and Special Crimes Division, the latter dealing with cases of conventional crime, besides economic offences. The CBI is a central subject under the Constitution of India, meaning that it reports to the Indian Government and not to the individual states. [edit] Role and Functions Indian Intelligence Agencies

Internal Security Intelligence Bureau. Joint Intelligence Committee. Central Bureau of Investigation. All India Radio monitoring service. External Intelligence Research and Analysis Wing. Aviation Research Centre. National Technical Facilities Organisation. The Radio Research Center Electronics and Technical Services. Defence Defence Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Millitary Intelligence. Directorate of Naval Intelligence. Directorate of Air Intelligence Image Processing and Analysis Centre. Directorate of Signals Intelligence. Joint Cipher Bureau. Economic Intelligence Directorate of Revenue Intelligence. Economic Intelligence Council. Central Economic Intelligence Bureau. v • d • e

The CBI is the premier investigating police agency in India. It is an elite force playing a major role in preservation of values in public life and in ensuring the health of the national economy. It is also the nodal police agency in India which coordinates investigation on behalf of Interpol Member countries. The services of its investigating officers are sought for all major investigations in the country. CBI as an organisation is held in high esteem by the Supreme Court, the High Courts, the Parliament and the public. The CBI has to investigate major crimes in the country having interstate and international ramifications. It is also involved in collection of criminal intelligence pertaining to three of its main areas of operation, viz., Anti-Corruption, Economic Crimes and Special Crimes. CBI investigations have a major impact on the political and economic life of the nation. The following broad categories of criminal cases are handled by the CBI: •	Cases of corruption and fraud committed by public servants of all Central Govt. Departments, Central Public Sector Undertakings and Central Financial Institutions. •	Economic crimes, including bank frauds, financial frauds, Import Export & Foreign Exchange violations, large-scale smuggling of narcotics, antiques, cultural property and smuggling of other contraband items etc. •	Special Crimes, such as cases of terrorism, bomb blasts, sensational homicides, kidnapping for ransom and crimes committed by the mafia/the underworld. [edit] Structure of CBI Further information: CBI Organizational Chart The CBI is headed by a Director. The other important ranks in the CBI are Special Director, Additional Director, Joint Director, Deputy Inspector General of Police,Sr. Superintendent of Police, Superintendent of Police, Additional Superintendent of Police, Dy. Superintendent of Police, Inspector, Sub-Inspector, Assistant Sub-Inspector, Head Constable and Constable.[2] [edit] Jurisdiction Powers, privileges and liabilities The legal powers of investigation of CBI are derived from the DSPE Act 1946. This Act confers concurrent and coextensive powers, duties, privileges and liabilities on the members of Delhi Special Police Establishment (CBI) with Police Officers of the Union Territories. The Central Government may extend to any area, besides Union Territories, the powers and jurisdiction of members of the CBI for investigation subject to the consent of the Government of the concerned State Govt. While exercising such powers, members of the CBI of or above the rank of Sub Inspector shall be deemed to be officers incharge of Police Stations of respective jurisdictions. The CBI can investigate only such of the offences as are notified by the Central Government under the DSPE Act. [edit] Jurisdiction of CBI vis-a-vis State Police Law and Order is a State subject and the basic jurisdiction to investigate crime lies with State Police. Besides, due to limited resources, CBI would not be able to investigate crimes of all kind. CBI may investigate: •	Cases which are essentially against Central Govt. employees or concerning affairs of the Central Govt.and the employees of the Central Public Sector Underatkings and Public Sector Banks. •	Cases in which the financial interests of the Central Government are involved. •	Cases relating to the breaches of Central Laws with the enforcement of which the Government of India is mainly concerned. •	Big cases of fraud, cheating, embezzlement and the like relating to companies in which large funds are involved and similar other cases when committed by organised gangs or professional criminals having ramifications in several States. •	Cases having interstate and international ramifications and involving several official agencies where, from all angles, it is considered necessary that a single investigating agency should be incharge of the investigation. [edit] Former Directors Late D P Kohli 01/04/63 - 31/05/68	F V Arul 31/05/68 - 06/05/71	D Sen 06/05/71 - 29/03/77	S N Mathur 29/03/77 - 02/05/77	C V Narsimhan 02/05/77 - 25/11/77 John Lobo 25/11/77 - 30/06/79	R D Singh 30/06/79 - 24/01/80	J S Bawa 24/01/80 - 28/02/85	M G Katre 28/02/85 - 31/10/89	A P Mukherjee 31/10/89 - 11/01/90 R Sekhar 11/01/90 - 14/12/90	Vijay Karan 14/12/90 - 01/06/92	S K Datta 01/06/92 - 31/07/93	K Vijaya Rama Rao 31/07/93 - 31/07/96	Joginder Singh 31/07/96 - 30/06/97 R C Sharma 30/06/97 - 31/01/98	D R Karthikeyan 31/01/98 - 31/03/98	T N Mishra 31/03/98 - 04/01/99	R K Raghavan 04/01/99 - 30/04/01	P C Sharma 30/04/01 - 06/12/03 U S Misra 06/12/03-06/12/05	J K Dutt 06/12/05-12/12/05	Vijay Shanker 12/12/05-Present [edit] Controversies Normally, cases assigned to the CBI are sensitive and of national importance. It is a usual practice for the respective state police departments, to initially register any case coming under its jurisdiction, and if necessary, through mediation by the central government, the cases may be transferred to the CBI. The CBI handles many high profile cases, and is never far from controversy. [edit] Bofors issue In January 2006, it was found that CBI had quietly unfrozen bank accounts of Italian businessman Ottavio Quattrocchi, one of the prime accused in the Bofors scandal of 1986 which had tainted the Rajiv Gandhi government.[3] The Central Bureau of Investigation has been responsible for the inquiry into the Bofors Case. Associates of the late prime minister Rajiv Gandhi were linked to alleged pay-offs made in the mid-1980s by the Swedish arms form AB Bofors, with $40 million in kickbacks moved from Britain and Panama to secret Swiss banks. The $1,300 million arms purchase of 410 howitzer field guns involved in the sale were reported to be inferior to those offered by a French competitor. [edit] ISRO spy ring case In 1994 two scientists with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and two Indian businessmen were arrested for allegedly conspiring to sell space secrets to two Maldivian women, who were originally described by newspapers as agents of Pakistani intelligence, for money and sex. The CBI investigation did not reveal the existence of a spy ring, and by early 1995 it was clear that the case was more a product of inexperience and over exuberation on the part of the police and Intelligence Bureau. [edit] Hawala scandal In 1991 an arrest linked to Kashmiri "Mujahideen"(freedom fighters) led to a raid on hawala brokers, revealing evidence of large-scale payments to national politicians. The prosecution that followed was partly prompted by a public interest petition (see Vineet Narain), and yet the court cases of the Hawala scandal eventually all collapsed without convictions. The CBI's role was again criticised. In concluding the Vineet Narain case, the Supreme Court of India directed that the Central Vigilance Commission should be given a supervisory role over the CBI.[4] [edit] Priyadarshini Mattoo murder case The CBI has been under a cloud owing to its handling of the Priyadarshini Mattoo case, in which the alleged murderer of a 22-year old law student was acquitted for what the case judge called "deliberate inaction" by the investigating team. The accused was the son of a high ranking officer in the Indian Police Service, due to which the case had been shifted from the regular police force to the CBI. However, the 1999 judgment commented on how "the influence of the father of the accused has been there". Embarrassed by the judgment, the-then CBI Director, R K Raghavan, requested two Special Directors, P C Sharma and G H Achari, to study the judgement. Subsequently the CBI appealed the verdict in Delhi High court in 2000, after which the High Court issued a bailable warrant against the accused. The case again shot into limelight in 2006 after much media coverage and public bashing (this was mainly due to a similar acquittal in another high profile case though not handled by the CBI). The CBI filed an application for early hearing in July 2006. The High Court subsequently found Santosh Kumar Singh guilty of rape and murder and awarded death sentence for the same in October 2006. [edit] Nithari Killings The CBI was given the responsibility of investigating the murders of dozens of children in the Nithari village near Noida, UP. This was after the local police was found to be incompetent and lethargic in their investigations. The serial killings were in the Indian and international media for weeks since decomposing bodies were found outside the house of the accused Moninder Singh. [edit] Dawood Ibrahim case In August 2007, the CBI asked its Pakistani counterpart, the Federal Investigation Agency, for its comments on recent media reports about the detention of Dawood Ibrahim by authorities in Karachi. [edit] Sister Abhaya murder case Sister Abhaya murder case concerns a nun, who was found dead in a water well in Saint Pius X convent hostel in Kottayam, Kerala on 27 March 1992. Altogether there were five CBI inquiries into the murder case so far without any tangible results. However, the CBI is convinced and the court has accepted that she was raped and murdered. [edit] CBI Academy CBI Academy at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, started functioning in 1996. The Academy is situated towards east of Delhi, in Ghaziabad District of Uttar Pradesh[5] at a distance of around 40 km from New Delhi Railway Station and about 65 km from Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi. It is spread over of 26.5 acres (107,000 m²) of lush green fields and plantations with a covered area consisting of the Administrative, Academic, Hostel and Residential Blocks. Prior to that a small Training Centre was functional at Lok Nayak Bhawan, New Delhi only for conducting short term in-service courses. CBI then, was dependent on State Police Training Institutions and NPA, Hyderabad for training basic courses of Dy.SsP, SIs and constables. The Academy now caters to the training needs of all ranks of CBI. Training facilities for certain specialised courses are also made available to the officials of State Police, Central Police Organisations (CPO), Vigilance organisations of public sector undertakings, banks and government departments and Indian Armed Forces. [edit] CBI & Recent Controversies This section does not cite any references or sources. Please improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can (December 2007).

In spite of its fame for being India's premier investigating agency, the CBI has recently come under heavy criticism for allowing itself to be debased by political influence. Such criticism includes the handling of the Mayawati case, and the controversial appointment of the current CBI director Vijay Shankar. It is widely believed that Mr. Shankar has taken it easy on some key political partners and the UPA government itself in exchange for his appointment as director CBI. Management Quality Of The Leadership : The Central Bureau Of Investigation is a highly fragmented collection of Officers with a strong bias towards the Officers on deputation.It has a sizeable cadre of Officers recruited directly.This cadre of Officers is the repository of the Investigative skills that the Organisation is known for.The Recruitment Rules of the Organisation are so framed that no Officer of this cadre can ever occupy a position of leadership or that od Director of the Organisation. Sh K. Madhavan,S Sen, who guided the Investigations in the Harshd Mehta and ISRO spy ring cases respetively superannuated as Joint Directors.The leadership is dominated by the IPS cadre of Officers on deputation who ensure that they retain all the senior level posts for their cadre.This vested group of Officers has perpetuated a culture of vilification and systematis decimation of the Direct Officers cadre as it controls the decision making processes and frames the Rules for all the Human Resources.All controversial cases are mismanaged by this group of IPS Officers.The deterioration of professionalism in this Organisation is a product of this group of vested Interests whose only concern is to stay in the Organisation for the Maximum Period of time by any means. They are under constant political pressures, which makes them to be very inefficient at their job. The professionalism of these officers is lost due to the corrupt political system prevailing in Indian Government. It finally ends up as them being the puppets for the top ranked politicians. [edit] References 1.	^ Vijay Shankar to take charge as CBI Director. The Hindu. 2.	^ http://cbi.nic.in/OrgnChart/orgchart.htm 3.	^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/india/cbi.htm 4.	^ Vineet Narain Case, Directions of the Court accessed at [1] November 2, 2006 5.	^ http://www.cbiacademy.gov.in/ [edit] External links •	Official site •	Latest in Indian legal news [edit] See also Sethurama Iyer CBI - A Malayalam movie directed by K Madhu and starring Mammootty as a CBI investigative officer. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" Categories: Articles needing additional references from December 2007 | Cleanup from December 2007 | All pages needing cleanup | Counter-terrorism | Indian national agencies | Indian intelligence agencies | Law enforcement agencies of India

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