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Indian Rebellion of 1857 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Sepoy Mutiny" redirects here. For other uses, see Sepoy Mutiny (disambiguation). Indian Rebellion of 1857 Indian Rebellion of 1857.jpg A 1912 map of Northern India, showing the centres of the rebellion. Date	10 May 1857 – 1 November 1858 (1 year and 6 months) Location India Result British victory

Suppression of revolt Formal end of the Mughal Empire End of Company rule in India Transfer of rule to the British Crown Territorial changes	British Raj created out of former East India Company territory (some land returned to native rulers, other land confiscated by the British crown) Belligerents Sepoy Mutineers Mughal Empire Oudh Forces of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa II Jagdishpur Gwalior factions Jodhpur factions Banda Various other Rajas, Nawabs, Zamindars, Thakurs, Chaudharys, Taluqdars, Sardars, and chieftains United Kingdom East India Company Rajputana Agency Patiala Kapurthala Rampur Jodhpur Nabha Nepal Commanders and leaders Bahadur Shah II Mirza Mughal Executed Mirza Khizr Sultan Executed Mirza Abu Bakr Executed Bakht Khan † Begum Hazrat Mahal Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah † Rani Lakshmibai † Tatya Tope Executed Nana Sahib Kunwar Singh † Rao Tula Ram[1][2] Victoria Earl Canning Maj. Gen. George Anson † Lt. Gen. Sir Patrick Grant Gen. Sir Colin Campbell Maj. Gen. Sir Hugh Rose Maj. Gen. Sir Henry Havelock †

Maj. Gen. Sir James Outram Brig. Sir Henry Lawrence † Brig. Sir James Neill † Brig. John Nicholson † Jung Bahadur Rana[3] Gen. Dhir Shamsher Rana[4] Raja Sir Randhir Singh Maharaja Sir Narinder Singh Nawab Sir Yusef Ali Khan Casualties and losses 6,000 British killed[5]

As many as 800,000 Indians and possibly more, both in the rebellion and in famines and epidemics of disease in its wake, by comparison of 1857 population estimates with Indian Census of 1871.[5] vte Indian Rebellion of 1857 Part of a series on the History of India Torana gateway at Sanchi hill Prehistoric Ancient Classical Early medieval Late medieval Early modern Modern Related articles vte The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown.[6][7] The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Delhi. It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India,[a][8][b][9] though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east.[c][10] The rebellion posed a considerable threat to British power in that region,[d][11] and was contained only with the rebels' defeat in Gwalior on 20 June 1858.[12] On 1 November 1858, the British granted amnesty to all rebels not involved in murder, though they did not declare the hostilities to have formally ended until 8 July 1859. Its name is contested, and it is variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and the First War of Independence.[e][13]

The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes,[14][15] as well as scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule.[f][16] Many Indians rose against the British; however, many also fought for the British, and the majority remained seemingly compliant to British rule.[g][16] Violence, which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty, was inflicted on both sides, on British officers, and civilians, including women and children, by the rebels, and on the rebels, and their supporters, including sometimes entire villages, by British reprisals; the cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation.[h][16]

After the outbreak of the mutiny in Meerut, the rebels quickly reached Delhi, whose 81-year-old Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was declared the Emperor of Hindustan. Soon, the rebels had captured large tracts of the North-Western Provinces and Awadh (Oudh). The East India Company's response came rapidly as well. With help from reinforcements, Kanpur was retaken by mid-July 1857, and Delhi by the end of September.[12] However, it then took the remainder of 1857 and the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be suppressed in Jhansi, Lucknow, and especially the Awadh countryside.[12] Other regions of Company-controlled India—Bengal province, the Bombay Presidency, and the Madras Presidency—remained largely calm.[i][9][12] In Assam, a plan to reinstate the Ahom kingdom taking advantage of the situation elsewhere in India was set up, but it died off with the hanging of Maniram Dewan and Piyali Barua,[17][18] and the subsequent forceful crushing of public reaction.[19][20] In the Punjab, the Sikh princes crucially helped the British by providing both soldiers and support.[j][9][12] The large princely states, Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana, did not join the rebellion, serving the British, in the Governor-General Lord Canning's words, as "breakwaters in a storm."[21]