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May 2012
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--LillInnoWise (talk) 21:20, 27 May 2012 (UTC)innowise technology TZ==                  Networking: A Brief Introduction ==

Introduction 1: the exchange of information or services among individuals, groups, or institutions; specifically: the cultivation of productive relationships for employment or business

2: the establishment or use of a computer network

A data network is a group of computers connected to one another by communication paths, as well as the standards that allow communication. A network can connect to other networks, allowing virtually worldwide communication between two endpoints. Many networks share information among one another, creating larger networks.

Many things are shared on a network. Corporate business is conducted nearly exclusively on the network. Networks allow users to share applications that are stored on servers in the network (e-mail applications, word-processing applications, databases, and many others). They allow communication between end users. Data can be shared between companies or individuals for business or personal purposes. Many websites provide opportunities that would have not existed if networks had never been developed. Not to mention the entire file sharing that is enabled by a network. The possibilities are endless, and you can be sure that someone is working on a new, cutting-edge service even as you read this sentence.

Typically, networks are identified by their size. They range from small local area networks (LANs) to larger wide area networks (WANs).4 Many networks remain isolated from others. They are there to perform tasks that fit the specific needs of the group or organization the network supports. These networks have in place networking standards that support the needs of their organization, without regard to anything outside of the network boundaries. This is due largely to the fact that upgrading (updating) the network can be a cost that the organization has not justified. If an organization does not need a high-speed LAN, why spend the money to upgrade to one? There are many other networks that have taken advantage of the tremendous technology breakthroughs in the past 25 years that enable these networks to share data securely. Vendors can connect to their clients’ LAN to exchange business data in an instant. Internet service providers (ISPs) provide the gateway to the Internet for their customers to share information. We discuss many networking advancements throughout this book.

Internet working

The ability to share information over dissimilar5 networks is known as internetworking. By using a set of standards, nodes in two (or more) data networks can share information reliably between one another. In a bridged network,6 the term does not really apply7 as the data is not shared with multiple segments and no internetworking protocol is required to transfer the data. Internetworking was designed for the specific purpose of providing an avenue for sharing data among different nodes on the network and among

4These are both discussed in depth in Chapter 2, ‘‘LANs, MANs, andWANs.’’ 5By dissimilar, we mean networks that are running with different node types and/or standards. 6A collection of networks that are interconnected at the data link layer using network bridges. 7Although there are some people out there who insist the term does apply.

Networking Nuts and Bolts

different system software and operating systems. Consider how data can be shared by the medical profession. Lab work can be returned more quickly, allowing for a more immediate diagnosis. Many hospitals are now allowing x-rays and other data to be viewed over a network. Remote offices are able to access this data in an instant, decreasing the time for a diagnosis to a level not even dreamed of 15 years ago. The possibilities are endless Networking terminology can be a bit tricky, but it’s really not              RANDOM BONUS DEFINITION as confusing as it may appear               network application — A process or at first. Following are some of              software program that runs on a node the more common terms9 used              within a network. to define networks of various purposes.

An internet An internet (lowercase i) is a group of distinct networks connected to one another via a gateway.11 ‘‘An internet’’ is often confused with ‘‘the Internet’’ , but an internet is not necessarily part of the Internet. Basically, any network that conforms to the standards defined in the TCP/IP protocol suite is an internet.

The Internet ‘‘A journey of a thousand sites begins with a single click.’’

The Internet is what most people think of when they hear the term (upperand lowercases aside). TheWeb, WWW, the Information Super Highway, and

8As a matter of fact, there is work ongoing that may allow a surgeon to log in from home and conduct an operation. Think how many lives can be saved because of this. 9As well as one that is outdated, but Jim just loves the word. 10Take a note of this number (not the section, the number). By the end of this book, you will know the significance of all 1‘s. 11As with many other networking terms, a gateway can mean many things. We are referring to a node capable of relaying user application information among networks employing different architectures and/or protocol suites. Following are a few other definitions for the term gateway (for those of you who are interested): (1) An internetworking node operating at the transport layer or above. (2) An old term for an IP router. (3) A marketing term for anything that connects anything to anything else.

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