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ERNEST RUTHERFORD

Ernest Rutherford was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances.''

=Childhood=

Ernest won a schoolarship
=Family= =Youth=

Rutherford's nickname
=Milestones (EXTRA)=

Childhood

At age ten at Foxhill School Ernest received his first science book. Amongst the many suggested experiments in it one, on using the speed of sound to determine the distance to a firing cannon, gave him the knowledge to surprise his family by estimating the distance to a lighting flash.

Perhaps it was also this book which inspired him to make a minature cannon out of a hat peg, a marble and blasting powder. The cannon exploded, luckily without causing injury. At Havelock Ernest was lucky to avoid the drowning fate of two of his brothers and lucky to be taught by a country school-teacher of above average ability.

Ernest won a schoolarship...

In 1887 Ernest, on his second attempt, won a Scholarship to Nelson College, until that time the only scholarship available to assist a Marlborough boy to attend secondary school. For the next three years Ernest boarded at Nelson College. In 1889 he was head boy (the Dux of the school, hence his nick-name `quacks'), played in the rugby team and, once again on his second attempt, won one of the ten scholarships available nationally to assist attendance at a college of the University of New Zealand.

Family

His background is rather unique, having been born in New Zealand, a country which, within a mere 50 years of formal European settlement of that remote British Colony, could admit him to its, already 20-year-old, university.

Ernest Rutherford was born at Spring Grove in rural Nelson on August 30th 1871, the second son and fourth child of twelve born to James and Martha Rutherford. Scottish James had arrived in New Zealand in 1843 as a four-year old. James became a wheelwright and engineer, and later a flax-miller. As a boy Ernest was surrounded by hard-working people with technical skills. Map of main locations in New Zealand.

Martha Rutherford (née Thompson) was born in England and arrived in New Plymouth in 1855 as a thirteen-year old. She was evacuated to Nelson in 1860 during the Taranaki Land War. Had it not been for that war James and Martha would never have met. Martha became a teacher at the Spring Grove school where her efforts were always praised by the provincial school inspector. So Ernest Rutherford and his siblings received a good education because of parents who appreciated education: his father because he hadn't had much and his mother because she had.

Ern led the life typical of a child growing up in rural New Zealand. Family chores, such as milking cows and gathering firewood, ate up time after school. On Saturdays the boys were free for swimming in the creek, and birdsnesting to raise money for catapult rubber and kite strings. The family shifted according to the father's work; in 1876 to Foxhill for farming and railway construction, in 1883 to Havelock in the Marlborough Sounds for flax-milling, and finally in 1888 to Taranaki for flaxmilling.

Youth

Let's make a review... Ernest R. attended state schools when he was a child and he graduated when he was 16. After that, he studied at Nelson College and he won a schoolarship to study at Canterbury College, University of New Zealand. He was exposed to a liberal education there. Young Rutherford stayed on at Canterbury College for a further year, teaching and studying as well.

Studies...

His studies that year included a study on the properties of iron in high-frequency alternating magnetic fields. he did two years of research on electrical techonology.

Soon, twenty-four year-old Ernest received an invitation from Cambridge which brought him off to England. He arrived at Cambridge in 1985. The purpose of this invitation was for Ernest to get a postgraduate degree at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge.

Rutherford's nickname...

During his studies there, he was a resident at Trinity College. Rutherford also began to work at the Laboratory and he created a nickname for himself. It was "J.J." Thompson. He worked on electromagneti waves and he briefly held the world record for the distance over which electromagnetic waves could be detected. During the investigation of radioactivity he devised or conceived the names ALPHA, BETA and GAMMA rays in order to classify some forms of rays.

Apart from that, he "invented" Nuclear Physics because the investigations he did were not into a specific area of science either Physics or Chemistry.

Milestones

1871 Born at Spring Grove (now Brightwater), Nelson Province, New Zealand, 30th Aug 1871.

1877 Family moves to Foxhill, Nelson Province. 1877-83 Attended Foxhill School, Nelson Province.

1883 Family moves to Havelock, Marlborough Sounds.

1883-6 Attended Havelock School. 1883 Baby brother Percy died of whooping cough.

1886 Brothers Herbert and Charles drown in the Marlborough Sounds.

1887 Won a Marlborough Scholarship to Nelson College.

1887-9 Attended Nelson College.

1889 Won a University of New Zealand Junior Scholarship.

1890-4 Attended Canterbury College, University of New Zealand, in Christchurch.

1892 Joined the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, now the Canterbury Branch of the Royal Society of New Zealand.

1892 Completed BA.

1893 First original research on the high frequency magnetisation of iron. Developed a timing device which could switch circuits in less than one hundred thousandth of a second.

1893 Completed MA with double First Class Honours; in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, and in Physical Science.

1894 Completed BSc in Chemistry and Geology. Extended his research to higher frequencies using discharging Leyden jars and a Hertzian oscillator. Developed a magnetic detector of very short current pulses.

1894 His first research paper published.

1895 Awarded an Exhibition of 1851 scholarship to go anywhere in the world to carry out research of importance to New Zealand's industries. 1895-8 Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University.

1895 Measured the high frequency dielectric properties of materials. Used his magnetic detector as part of a frequency meter. 1896 Jan. Roentgen publicly announces the discovery of X-rays.

February Ern sets the world record for the distance over which "wireless" waves were detected. March Becquerel announces the discovery of radioactivity. April Ern is invited to work with JJ Thomson on electrical conduction in gases.

1897 JJ Thomson announces the discovery of the electron, the first object lighter than an atom.

1898 Ern discovers rays from radioactive materials are of two main types, which he names alpha and beta.

1898-07 McGill University. 1899 Demonstrates the principle which is the basis of the modern smoke detector.

1899 Discovers a radioactive gas, later to be named radon.

1900 Marries Mary Georgina Newton in Christchurch, New Zealand. 1900 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

1901 DSc from the University of New Zealand. Now Dr Rutherford. 1901 Daughter Eileen born.

1902 Announces formally that "radioactivity is a manifestation of sub-atomic change". 1903 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society of London. 1904 Awarded the Rumford Medal, his first major science prize.

1905 Reconciles geologists and physicists determinations of the age of the Earth.

1905 Family visit to New Zealand. 1907-19 Manchester University.

1908 Invents the Rutherford-Geiger detector of single ionizing particles.

1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 1910 Sister Alice dies.

1911 Ern announces the nuclear model of the atom. 1914 Knighted. Now Sir Ernest Rutherford.

1914 Visits New Zealand. Canterbury College given approval to build a physics department.

1914-18 First World War.

1915-17 Pioneer work on acoustic methods of detecting submarines.

1916 Ern and W H Bragg patent apparatus for determining the direction of submarine sound. 1916 States publicly that he hoped mankind should not discover how to extract the energy from the nucleus until man was living at peace with his neighbour.

1917 Leads the allied delegation to America to transfer anti-submarine knowledge. 1917 Becomes the world's first successful alchemist, changing nitrogen into oxygen ie he splits the atom.

1919-37 Director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University. 1919 Elected an inaugural Fellow of the New Zealand Institute, now the Royal Society of New Zealand.

1920 Predicts the existence of the neutron.

1924 Edward Appleton and Miles Barnett (of New Zealand) prove the existence of the ionosphere. Appleton receives the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physics. 1925-30 President of the Royal Society of London. 1925 Order of Merit.

1925 Visits Australia and New Zealand. The New Zealand DSIR is formed in 1926.

1928 Father dies.

1929-37 Chairman of the Advisory Council of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

1930 Daughter Eileen dies two days before Christmas. 1931 Raised to the Peerage at New Year, now Ernest, Lord Rutherford of Nelson. 1931-33 President of the Institute of Physics. 1932 Cockcroft and Walton use an accelerator to split the atom. Chadwick discoveres the neutron. Each received a Nobel Prize. 1933-37 President of the Academic Assistance Council.

1934 Ern and Oliphant discover H3 (tritium) and He3.

1935 Mother dies.

1935 Opens the LMS Railway Research Labs at Derby. 1937 Died 19th Oct 1937. Ashes interred in Westminister Abbey.

m0nique