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Madison Bradshaw. Final Wiki articles

Community Supported Fisheries and Resilience
One of the biggest global markets that have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic is seafood. Prices have plummeted from pre-existing markets and fishermen have been forced to dock their boats. While the global demand for seafood may be at a current standstill, fishermen on a local level have looked to different alternatives to selling their catch now that larger retailers are not buying. Selling their daily catch using social media apps, websites, or word of mouth in local communities. Curbside pickup or delivery are being offered. Fresh seafood at reasonable prices can not be delivered right to your door. With the removal of the middle man, a more sustainable seafood supply chain could be created. This model creates systems that are known as Community-supported fisheries (CSF). To create this CSF there must be a network of relations established to create social capital. These steps would be to first establish a relationship of trust between fishermen. The second and third would be to put rules, sanctions, and norms in place that all fishermen must follow to ensure the continuation of ecological resilience. There must also be a system of reciprocity and exchange. This will allow for the future benefit of fishermen because of the variability of fish species in the market. The last thing that must happen to help establish this network is to better connect with other groups and organizations. Fishermen must broaden their skills so they can get in touch with their market base. Fishermen wishing to sell their catch directly to consumers often need to obtain an additional license or permit from the state authorizing them to engage in retail sales. The ability to obtain these permits and licensing along with potential issues of fisherman lacking the skills necessary to connect with the market are viewed as the potential flaws when creating successful and sustainable CSF. With the overgrowth of the pre-existing global market of seafood, a step back to create a more resilient and sustainable network of seafood distribution will be beneficial in the long run. The current COVID-19 outbreak has shown us that this is possible that purchasing fish at the local level can further create community-supported fisheries (CFS). The creation of these systems will create a fishing economy that is more resilient to future impacts from events like coronavirus. Also leading to more sustainable fishing practices to benefit future fish stocks.

Tragedy of the Common in fisheries
Garrett Harden's idea of the Tragedy of the commons is a frequent topic when discussing fish stocks. The concept of the tragedy of the commons has been found to be over-generalized in today’s society, but when discussing open ocean fisheries it holds validity. Hardin's theory of the tragedy of the commons says that a person will act in their own self-interest setting aside the greater common good. There have been flaws in this theory that examine the privatization of an area as a potential solution, but the open ocean is hard to make private. In attempts to make to combat the depletion of the common good, a way of privatizing the ocean can be put in place. Fish stocks within the 200-mile radius of a nation, knowns as the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), have the ability to put rules and regulations in place in attempts to better manage the fish stock. Intertrasferable quotas (ITQ), Total allowed catch (TAC), and individual fishing quotas (IFQ) are a mechanism that regulates the amount of fish a fisherman or vessel is allowed to capture. These quotas are allowed to be traded with other vessels. Regulations and restriction on fishing gear is also an effective way to maintain a safe fish population, as well as potentially decreasing bycatch. Technology on the modern fishing vessel tends to be too efficient. When Nations enforce these regulations in their waters they have a better chance of that fish stock maintaining a sustainable population. When attempting to manage fish stocks in the open ocean (area outside EEZ), it becomes more difficult. Fish are truly a common pooled resource. Available for all nations to take as they please. If someone else doesn’t catch the fish, someone else will. It is costly and difficult to enforce laws and restrictions such as ITQs, TAC, and IFQs mentioned above. The open oceans belong to all of us so in attempts to eliminate the "race to catch" with ownership incentives. Placing these regulatory mechanisms can be proven effective in better managing fishing environments but have been critiqued for creating economic and social imbalance for the fisherman. They allow for the uneven distribution of capital and power among fisheries. If this unsustainable behavior continues, and sustainable management put in place fish stocks will crash. It is thought that over 30% of our global ocean fish stocks have already been depleted.