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Name of the institution: Kenyatta National Hospital

Location of Kenyatta National Hospital. Off Mbagathi Rd, Milimani, Nairobi, Kenya, Telephone +254-20-2726300 Fax +254-20-2725272 Website www.knh.or.ke Tags KNH, Hospital Address: P.O. Box 20723, Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: 254 20 2726 300 - 19 Fax: 254 20 2725 272

Historical background to Kenyatta National Hospital Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi is the oldest hospital in Kenya. Founded in 1901 with a bed capacity of 40 as the Native Civil hospital, it was renamed the King George VI in 1952. At that time the settler community was served by the nearby European Hospital (now Nairobi Hospital). It was renamed Kenyatta National Hospital -- after Jomo Kenyatta -- following independence from the British. It is currently the largest referral and teaching hospital in the country. Kenyatta National Hospital has a capacity of 1800 beds and has over 6000 staff members. It covers an area of 45.7 hectares. The University of Nairobi Medical School, and several government agencies are located on the campus. KNH has turned 106 years and it had its Centenary Celebration in 2001. The Hospital was built to fulfill the role of being a National Referral and Teaching Hospital, as well as to provide medical research environment. Established in 1901 with a bed capacity of 40, KNH became a State Corporation in 1987 with a Board of Management and is at the apex of the referral system in the Health Sector in Kenya. It covers an area of 45.7 hectares and. Within the KNH complex there is the College of Health Sciences (University of Nairobi); the Kenya Medical Training College; Kenya Medical Research Institute and National Laboratory Service (Ministry of Health). KNH has 50 wards, 22out-patient clinics, 24 theatres (16 specialized) and Accident & Emergency Department. Out of the total bed capacity of 1800, 209 beds are for the Private Wing. There is a Doctors Plaza consisting of 60 suites for various consultant specialties. The hospital offers a wide range of diagnostic services such as Laboratories, Radiology/Imaging and Endoscopy among other specialized services. Sometime, the average bed occupancy rate goes to 300%. In addition, at any given day the Hospital hosts in its wards between 2500 and 3000 patients. On average the Hospital caters for over 80,000 in-patients and over 500,000 out-patients annually. As a national referral facility, the Hospital offers the following services among others •	Accident and Emergency Services •	Laboratory and Mausoleum Care Services •	HIV/AIDS -Comprehensive Care Services •	Medical specialties e.g. Diabetes, Lung diseases, heart diseases, asthma •	Medicine and Poisons Information Management •	Nutrition and Patient Support •	Obstetrics and Gynecology including VVF/RVF repair •	Occupational Therapy •	Pediatric - including new born care •	Pharmaceutical Care •	Physiotherapy •	Radiotherapy and cancer treatment •	Specialized Care- ICU, HDU, Renal, Burns (Reconstructive Surgery) •	Surgical - including orthopedic, Cardiothoracic, neuro, paediatric, plastic, ENT, eye, dental and msaxillofacial. KNH is a an organization made up of many departments including •	Cancer treatment •	Physiotheraphy •	Dentistry •	Anaesthesis •	Dermatology •	Accident and emergencies •	Pharmacy •	Nutrition •	Public health •	Occupation therapy •	Medical records •	Radiology •	Obstetric •	Orthopedics •	Surgery •	Ophthalmology •	Pediatrics •	Nursing.

Organization structure of medical records department The department in which this paper is based is the medical records department. The department is a discipline in the clinical services. It is mainly concerned with “Medical Records Management and Health Care Information provision ". The main objective of the department is to create and maintain Medical Records for the patients and produce it when and as required by the clinician for the treatment of the patient. Such patient records include diagnostic and rehabilitative service provision. Currently, the department has a workforce of 227 employees deployed to all service areas in the entire hospital. The workforce comprises of Medical Records Officers, Medical Records Assistants and Clerical Officers. The department serve all health delivery points including, specialized clinic (Clinic Preparation), wards and outpatient areas such as Casualty (Accident and Emergency) and Paediatrics Emergency Unit.

The following are the core functions of the department 	Initiation of patient Medical Record for immediate and future clinical care of the patient. (Documenting the care and services provided to the patient). 	Planning patient care, documenting communication between the clinicians and any other health professional contributing to the patient's care (appointments of patients, day care cases etc). 	Storage and retrieval of patients Medical Records. (Security). 	Facilitating Training and Research (Medical students and other researchers) 	Processing of patients records for medical legal reports (assisting in protecting the legal interest of the patient and the health care providers responsible for the patient's care) 	Facilitate the registration and control of medico-legal reports (insurance and workman compensation). Acquisition and distribution of Medical forms 	Clinical data collection, analysis, reporting and dissemination for planning and policy formulation (internal hospital auditing and quality assurance) 	Retention and disposal of patient obsolete Medical Records. 	Facilitate the Registration of Births and Deaths (Births and deaths that occur in the hospital) 	Protect the safety of medical records to ensure that confidentiality is maintained. 	Process patient admission and discharge documents. 	Assess records for completeness, accuracy and compliance with set regulations. 	Compile and maintain patients' medical records to document condition and treatment and to provide data for research and care improvement efforts. 	Release health information to persons or agencies according to hospital regulations 	Plan, develop, maintain and operate a variety of health record indexes and storage and retrieval systems to collect, classify, store and analyze information. 	Transcribe medical reports and hospital legal proceedings involving patient’s records. 	Identify, compile and code patient data, using standard classification systems i.e. ICD/WHO 	Train medical records staff and other hospital staff in medical records practice. 	Prepare statistical reports, narrative reports and graphic presentations of information for use by hospital staff, researchers, and other authorized users. 	Compile medical care and census data for statistical reports on diseases treated, surgery performed, and use of hospital beds for daily hospital activity analysis. 	Develop in-service educational materials and provide continued professional training.

Assimilation of management of information system. KNH have embarked on the process Improving information management practices is a key focus. This is being driven by a range of factors, including a need to improve the efficiency of business processes, the demands of compliance regulations and the desire to deliver new services. In many cases, ‘information management’ has meant deploying new technology solutions, such as content or document management systems, data warehousing or portal applications. These projects have a poor track record of success, and most organizations are still struggling to deliver an integrated information management environment. Effective information management is not easy. There are many systems to integrate, a huge range of business needs to meet, and complex organizational (and cultural) issues to address. From the outset, it must be emphasized that information management is not about technology. Rather, it is about the organizational, cultural and strategic factors that must be considered to improve the management of information within organizations. Enterprise Content Management (ECM) or computerized patient record) This is a formalized means of organizing and storing an organization's documents, and other content, that relate to the organization's processes. The term encompasses strategies, methods, and tools used throughout the lifecycle of the content (record). This is an evolving concept defined as a systematic collection of electronic health information about individual patients or populations. It is a record in digital format that is capable of being shared across different health care settings, by being embedded in network-connected enterprise-wide information systems. Such records may include a whole range of data in comprehensive or summary form, including demographics, medical history, medication and allergies, immunization status, laboratory test results, radiology images, vital signs, personal stats like age and weight, and billing information. The Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM) International, the worldwide association for enterprise content management, defined the term Enterprise Content Management in 2000. AIIM has refined the abbreviation ECM several times to reflect the expanding scope and importance of information management: Late 2005 Enterprise content management is the technologies used to Capture, Manage, Store, Preserve, and Deliver content and documents related to organizational processes.

Early 2006 Enterprise content management is the technologies used to Capture, Manage, Store, Preserve, and Deliver content and documents related to organizational processes. ECM tools and strategies allow the management of an organization's unstructured information, wherever that information exists.

Early 2008 Enterprise Content Management (ECM) is the strategies, methods and tools used to capture, manage, store, preserve, and deliver content and documents related to organizational processes. ECM tools and strategies allow the management of an organization's unstructured information, wherever that information exists.

Early 2010 Enterprise Content Management (ECM) is the strategies, methods and tools used to capture, manage, store, preserve, and deliver content and documents related to organizational processes. ECM covers the management of information within the entire scope of an enterprise whether that information is in the form of a paper document, an electronic file, a database print stream, or even an email.

How ECM operates. ECM is an umbrella term covering document management, web content management, search, collaboration, records management, digital asset management (DAM), work-flow management, capture and scanning. ECM is primarily aimed at managing the life-cycle of information from initial publication or creation all the way through archival and eventually disposal. ECM applications are delivered in three ways: on-premise software (installed on the organization’s own network), Software as a Service (SaaS) (web access to information that is stored on the software manufacturer’s system), or a hybrid solution composed of both on-premise and SaaS components. ECM aims to make the management of corporate information easier through simplifying storage, security, version control, process routing, and retention. The benefits to an organization include improved efficiency, better control, and reduced costs. 	Medical records department in collaboration with ICT department are in the process of putting measures in place to ensure that all the records created or received by the hospital are digitized. Constituents from both the public and private sectors are encouraging health care providers to migrate from paper-based medical records to a system that stores health information electronically and employs computer-aided decision support systems. The interest in electronic health records software has grown with the recognition that a stronger information technology (IT) infrastructure is integral to more effectively address national concerns, such as the need to improve the safety and quality of health care, the issue of rising healthcare costs, and, to some extent, dealing with national disasters, bioterrorism, or other matters of homeland security.

The purpose of using electronic health records software is not to create a paperless office per se, but to make important patient information and medical records readily available and useable, and to enable healthcare providers to maintain data that is more easily analyzed and reported. There are a number of reasons to implement Electronic Health Records software in your practice, including:

1.Enhancing the quality of patient care 2.Increasing the productivity of your practice 3.Automating aspects of the coding of patient encounters 4.Providing necessary backup documentation for insurance company claims inquiries 5.Facilitating decision support, clinical trials, and medical research 	Many physicians and practice staff are just beginning to learn about how Electronic Medical Record software can work for them. Many of the clients in the medical community have indicated their concerns regarding medical records management. Global, a leading document/information management solutions provider, offers a full range of services including medical records (hardcopy, microfilm, microfiche, X-ray) conversion to digital images, data capture, secure medical records management, secure storage and retrieval. The digital records are easier to update, search, manage, and store.

There is a legal requirement for healthcare providers to keep medical archive files for a number of years. The cost associated with allocating space for these records is becoming an increasing problem. The privacy and protection of patient records have to be considered. Government legislation has compounded the problem by asking healthcare organizations to work toward complete electronic patient records. The definition of "Electronic Medical Record" (EMR) is important in understanding the scope of EMR capabilities and the potential positive and negative impacts on physicians. While there are some advantages to the EMR, most of the benefits to healthcare organizations involve managing the improvement of the quality of care, practice cost reduction in a managed care environment, and improved provider efficiency that are found in a more comprehensive computer-based patient medical record system. Digitized patient records provide a range of benefits because they are:

• Very fast and able to support or increase current physician production • Require a reasonably short training time • Able to provide increased mobility • Able to provide system functionality in the physicians’ office • Able to provide back-up for the billing system • Able to eliminate lost records • Reliable • Affordable

Substituting the EMR for a paper chart can be accomplished with limited changes in workflow, but clinical practice workflow has to change in order to gain these benefits. Examples of significant workflow changes are: • Nurses can process pharmacy calls for refills when the call comes in without pulling a paper chart by looking up the patients electronic record on the workstation next to the phone and either authorize the refill based on documentation and protocols in the record, or send an e-mail message with a hot link to the patient’s record to the doctor for review and approval.

• Clinical orders for lab work, tests, and evaluations are processed electronically, as documented, directly to the provider who will be filling the order; who then knows that the patient needs to have the order processed and has full access to the documentation which describes the patient’s condition and results from previous tests; instead of basing the test on a cryptic note.

• Documentation is always available, instead of being delayed by the transcription process or sitting on someone’s desk waiting to be handwritten or signed.

• In advanced systems that link clinical documentation to billing, validation of documentation completeness for billing codes selected can be accommodated.

Benefits of Digitization

The cost of electronic healthcare record systems includes a significant initial capital investment and significant ongoing resources to maintain and upgrade the hardware, software, training, and development/implementation of best practice protocols. Benefit savings in the following areas can offset these costs: • Records are accessible from multiple sites electronically. • Multiple providers can access a single record simultaneously. • There is increased productivity/patient throughput with workflow changes. • Decision support is always available. • Immediate access to patient medical records reduces the risk of adverse drug interaction and lowers cost. • Immediate access to patient medical records reduces the need for redundant testing. • EMR allows for better disease management, proactive intervention, and medication management • It assures compliance by linking documentation and billing. • There is a significant reduction in medical records staff needed to pull and file charts and transcription staff. • It eliminates the need for paper medical records. • It provides for the development of best practice protocols and improved quality of care with the clinical database.

Challenges Facing the Implementation of Electronic Medical Records

The move from hard copy data to electronic data has exploded over night. Though retrieval of data electronically has benefits the down fall is loading all that data by human efforts. Mistakes can be made through transposing numbers or names, misspelled names and changes of address often takes place. Finding competent and willing people whom have the patience and eye for detail is another challenge. After all the implementations the next hurdle will be maintaining the security of all the records. In the end weathering the storm of entering all that data, I believe the benefits will exceed the risk to transfer hard copy information to an Electronic Medical Records System. The benefits will be ease and access to records and for the environmentalist the huge decrease in consumption of wood that it takes to make paper. There would be no postage transfer just the ease of secure web portals. There is a lot of ease in retrieving electronic records. The only challenge is the programmer’s ability to submit information securely with easy access and understanding the electronic retrieval system as most customers would be senior citizens. Certainly moving towards electronic data systems is more efficient but the major down fall is efficient vs decrease in human employment. With electronic data one person could do the work of ten thus increasing downsizing in corporate and government agencies. For certain health care systems and maintenance will be around but change is inevitable in how we will access information. For most law firms it is practice to continue with the storage of hard copy files, transpose to microfiche and back up files as probably with banking institutions. The case with medical records is that there is more than just a social security and birth date that needs to be protected. Medical records often give an individual as well as a family life history of challenges that are related to health and finances which surely is a private matter. Thieves and hackers have made a profession to identify weak areas in technology to retrieve sacred and valuable information. There is even the disgruntled employee with main goal of shutting major systems down to slow progress and productivity. Lack of clear strategic direction for the overall technology environment- a n organization like KNH to have a well operational management of information systems, there is need for establishment of well defined goals and objectives of the project. To this effect many organizations tend to structure a short time framework which with time becomes obsolete and unable to meet the requirement as generation of records increases.

The Way forward for Electronic Medical Records (EMR) at KNH. For years, medical records are stored within the doctor’s office filing cabinet, registries racks, filing shelves and on top of staff desks. This meant that as long as you kept visiting the same health practioner for your entire life, and never changed, you’d be fine. But, when you visited a different one, you’d have to get a whole new set of medical records, or have your old ones sent over from your previous doctor. So, the implementation electronic medical record is one of the simplest ways to keep everybody recent about somebody’s specific medical history. With EMR, your medical records can continuously be accessible irrespective of that doctor you go to. When you have all your past information in stored electronically, doctors and nurses will search through the database simply for your past conditions, medications that you’re on, and even allergies. Since electronic medical records are easier to access and keep organized there’s less probability that little things like an illness that you had a while ago or a lot of recent complaint will be overlooked. Electronic medical records permit the doctor to determine what medicines you are taking and keep you from over-medicating on your prescriptions. A number of the EMR software has inputs thus that your doctors and nurses can create positive your medications do not react poorly with every alternative as well. It’s very simple and convenient to enquire your electronic health records with you from one doctor to another. But, there are some legitimate concern concerning the employment of EMR. One error in record keeping might lead to huge issues as a result of the info gets unfold with great speed. Thus proper training for all who work with EMR is of the utmost importance. This includes the personalization of the electronic records, diligence regarding the software’s default settings, and selecting the medical encoding by human means rather than a laptop whenever possible. If these methods are followed then there ought to be no major problems. EMR is relatively cheap to implement and will enable physicians to actually save a heap of money over the use of paper records. The use of electronic health records makes the apply of medication move along faster and easier for all concerned. The solution seems obvious for those who haven’t nonetheless implemented EMR.

THE KENYA POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LIBRARY HISTORY
THE KENYA POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LIBRARY MISSION To produce reading materials particularly in accordance with the curriculum of the various disciplines to help the students to grasp knowledge for examination purposes besides their general mental development. The library is the polytechnics central learning resource which aims to satisfy the information needs of all users. The Kenya polytechnic library which is situated in a central position of the institution main campus was opened in 1980. It occupies an area of 1061m square and is made up of the basement, ground floor and first floor. The library provides reading materials particularly in accordance with the curricula of the various disciplines to help students to grasp knowledge for examination purposes, besides their mental development. The library is computerized and is linked to the institutions management information system POLYMIS network (LAN). This has helped the library maintain a high level of efficiency in offering services scince services like charging and discharging books is achieved promptly. The library also introduced bindery services section where books and newspapers are bound at very reasonable prices. GROWTH When the library was opened in 1980 it was intended to accommodate two hundred and forty users (240) but currently it has squashed several chairs and tables to accommodate 425 users. This is still very inadequate for the student’s population. The number of users at the peak hours demonstrates convincingly that there is need for more space. The library collection has also improved greatly, only that every year increasing numbers of books are published and the library has to spend a lot of money to purchase new titles on the diverse subject areas required by the students. The library collection is made up of about 40,000 text books other documents include periodicals, newspapers, government publications such as laws of Kenya, Kenya gazette, and development plans among others. The shelving capacity stand at above 50,000 books and serials the library has a user constituency of about 4000 users with 3000 borrowing books. STAFF There is a total of twenty-seven staff that is always on hand to help the users obtain full benefit from the collection. This they do by not only answering enquiries but also educating the students to make the best possible use of the bewildering range of resources. There is also inter-library borrowing services offered through special arrangement made inconjunction with local academic libraries. The library is divided into two shifts, morning and evening shifts. One set of employees join the rest at 3:00pm. Up to 8:00pm. FUTURE PROJECTS The library hopes in the near future to experiment some expansion for additional space, this could be the expansion upwards by three floors as recommended by a contracted architecht to be able to accommodate about 2500 users. The library also hopes to set up an ICT center. The proposed project would enable the library to play a role of central and critical importance to the scholarly life of the college and secure the kind of reputation that will strengthen the Kenya polytechnic library’s role as preferred destination for many of the students, lecturers and researchers.

CONCEPT AND RATIONALE OF INFORMATION REPACKANGING
CONCEPT AND RATIONALE OF INFORMATION REPACKANGING Introduction Library services used to focus on means rather than ends. This caused confusion and reduced satisfaction for users. Being in information age, information overload can occur and with several alternative sources of information, many library users may turn their backs on the library hence the need for information repackaging.

To add value to a product, the information provider must understand the types of information access problems most frequently encountered. Based on this knowledge, packaging can add value of service that is not readily available elsewhere. Person-to-person communication is one important form of repackaging.

Definition of terms: Information repackaging is a process of adding value to information services. It involves presentation of information in more understandable, readable, acceptable, and usable forms. This is the line with the shift from documents to their contents and from collection to the users. Librarians have long been involved in repackaging information for their clients and that of the measurement of library effectiveness and the extent to which its collection has been put to use.

Information repackaging can also be seen as part of a process of information consolidation. The process begins with the selection of information and the evaluation of content. Restructuring (condensation, rewriting, etc.) repackaging then follows. Information consolidation is part of library marketing, in identifying user needs and identifying closing gaps.

Also involves assessing most demanded information from users who visit/call the information centres and from feedback gathered during field visits. The required information is then researched, evaluated and repackaged (i.e. into booklets, leaflets, posters or books) to suit users needs. Monageng (1987) notes that, information must be interpreted and converted into a form that the user can understand and assimilate

Bunch (1984) describes information repackaging as a form of information service which emphasizes on the following steps; selecting the appropriate materials, re-processing the information in a form that can be readily understood by the user, packaging information, and then arranging all these materials in a way that is appropriate to the user.

Information repackaging is a service that provides managers with information already processed and tailored to fit their decision-making needs. Repackaging consists of the knowledge management processes of adding value to information to facilitate physical and conceptual access to information

The physical level of repackaging includes restructuring the symbol, code, channel, and media systems of information sources, while the conceptual level entails analysis, editing, interpreting, translating, and synthesizing information from several sources to create a new document. Unlike traditional information services that are evaluated largely by the provision of relevant sources, repackaging services are evaluated by the degree to which the client's need is satisfactorily resolved. Repackaging services may entail a series of interactions between the manager and the information professional, and may lead to development of several document

According to S, Rittu Repackaging of information is rearrangement of physical media in which information has been presented, which is tailored to the requirements of a specific clientele. In other words, information repackaging refers to the presentation of information in more understandable, readable, acceptable, attractive and usable forms. Repackaging services are the results of attempts to cope up with the information explosion and the competition for fast, reliable, convenient and efficient information support for corporate decision-making. The physical level of repackaging includes restructuring the symbol, code, channel and media systems of information sources. Conceptual level entails analysis, editing, interpreting and synthesizing information from several sources to create a new document. Repackaging services may entail a series of interactions between the manager and the information professional, and may lead to development of several documents.

Repackaging Activities Repackaging activities include the following: •	Newsletters •	Policy reports •	Bulletins or journal containing technical papers on subject interests •	Literature reviews •	Progress reports Factors for determining appropriate repackaging activities. Systematically determining the repackaging activities most suited to the information needs of user communities becomes especially significant for information centers with limited budget, resources and manpower capacity to handle elaborate and comprehensive repackaging programmes.

Repackaging activities are selected based on the following factors: •	Professions, major functions such as policy-making, planning and administration, and subject interest of user communities. •	Function of a particular information centre •	Availability of trained personnel •	Reproduction facilities •	Administrative policies •	Budget Packaging is the bundling of products and services to address specific needs. It can be done by: •	Reformatting and synthesizing raw information; •	Combining expertise or consulting on a subject with access to relevant information sources; •	Providing training or assistance to a user in accessing an information product.

Requirements for repackaging information are: •	The materials should be collected and organized efficiently. •	There should be the capacity to analyze their content and create new information packages from them. •	The new products should be disseminated freely. Forms of information repackaging The following are attempts to provide information in a usable format. •	Abstracting – This is the process of summarizing of all publications in a library. The main objective is to reduce the amount of time spent in information gathering and selection. Abstract provide clients a comprehensive idea of the content of documents, enabling them to determine the document’s relevance to their needs. •	 Indexing helps users of information materials find and retrieve required and selected information more easily without wasting librarian and user’s time. •	Selection Dissemination of Information provides anticipatory service in the sense that the most useful information is identified based on pre-determined needs of users. •	Translation services •	Bibliographies is a systematic list of books in an information centre and serves as a guide to available literature on a subject. •	Special bulletins, •	Current Awareness Services alerts users/clients to the availability of latest publications in an information centre.

Functions The repackaging of information serves the following functions:- •	As a saving tool Repackaging of information helps reduce the amount of time the user may use otherwise they would spend a lot of time on laborious perusal. •	As a selective and systematic sorter of information

Users should be provided not just with more information but more importantly with better and usable information, selected on the basis of their needs and presented in a language and format most useful to users

•	For more information transmission and delivery. Users are ensured wider access, to useful information originally contained only in limited copies of publications available in information centres. •	As a translation tool An increasing number of good materials are being prepared in various national languages and local dialects. These would have to be translated into a more commonly used language to ensure to ensure wider access

•	Acts as opportunity for practical application of results.

Users are provided an opportunity to correlate the world of practice with the wealth of information emanating from research studies, experiments and actions projects through explicit policy and practical implication and recommendations.

Reasons for repackaging information Information repacking assists information centers in their goal of facilitating the appropriate dissemination and use of information, it also: •	Customize information to user needs •	facilitate dissemination, organization, and for communication •	Simplify i.e. an annotated bibliography is like a map in the world of information overload. •	Facilitate interactivity between user, knowledge base, and technology. Importance of information repackaging •	It ensures currency, accuracy, pertinence, comprehensiveness, ease of comprehension and convenience of use. •	In the information age, information overload can occur thus information repackaging saves time, labor, and costs to the user. •	 It is also a systematic process of adding value to information services, which include but not limited to information analysis, synthesis, editing, translating and transmitting its symbolic and media formats. Methodology for information packaging In designing the repackaging method, it is very essential to have specific information about the target audience to collect, process and apply the required information and desgn and repackage of information accordingly. The methodology followed includes •	Preparation of the first brief which contain selected information. •	Analysis of the brief with reference to the target clients, the content, the budget of the information carrier as well as the life cycle of the carrier. •	Design criteria for the information media which should be such that it attracts the users of the information being repackaged. •	Selection of the information media. It should be designed with several shapes and size. •	Production of the information media and should be well designed before producing it. •	Feedback system planning. It is important to design a feedback system to judge the success of the repackaged information.

CONCLUSION Information repackaging is a way of improving library services, particularly in this era of electronic information. Librarians must give critical thought to this phenomenon with the intent of implementing it in routine library services to users. The effort is considerable, but the long-term benefits outweigh the disadvantage of not providing it. Information repackaging can go a long way in providing information that can lead to sustainable use of information materials in a library.

THE METHODS OF REPACKAGING INFORMATION
THE METHODS OF REPACKAGING INFORMATION DEFINITION OF TERMS Repackaging: Repackaging of information is re arrangement of physical media in which information has been presented, which is tailored to the requirements of a specific clientele. In other words, repackaging of information refers to the presentation of information in more understandable, readable, acceptable and useable forms. According to Saracevic W. (1981) information repackaging is the act of packaging again or re-newing in a more attractive package. Information repackaging is to package information again or to transform it from one form to another ABSTRACT This term paper introduces methods of repackaging information materials. It defines the paper and goes on to give a very detailed account of the methods used in repackaging, which includes the definitions, the types, just to mention a few. A conclusion is also given plus the reference of the sources used. INTRODUCTION Libraries and  other  information  centers   are  charged  with   the  enviable  function of  dispensing  knowledge  to  both  ignorant  and  the   informed   alike. Its main function is to acquire organize and disseminate information to the clientele. However, the rate of dynamism in which the clientele needs are changing threatens  the survival of the information centers. Modern clientele  needs  are  taking  a  more  different  dimensions since  most  services  and  products   are  technologically  dependant  hence  unpredictable. Technology is  phasing  out the  traditional methods,  service delivery  leaving  library    and  other  information  centre   with  no  other  options  but  to  update   service  provision  methods  and  techniques. Driven by the  need for wider  access  to  information, relevancy ,accuracy, and  comprehensiveness  of  the  information  they  must  go an  extra mile in  understanding  the   clientele  unique  needs,  and  provide  nascent ,  accurate , current  and  comprehensive  information  in the   most   appropriate  method  and through  the  right  formats. Information professionals  should   be  able  to  identify, select ,evaluate ,retrieve and  transfer  information  to the clientele. This implies that  information  professional  must   be  competent ,innovative  and  creative  if  they  are  to  remain relevant and  competitive in modern   information  society. Jo Bryson(2006) ”Managing Information Services” :  transformational  approach by  understanding   varied  needs  of  the  clientele”. Information officers should   have a clear   picture  of management skills that will  help  the  centre  to  advance  its  desired  future   outcomes ,as the  environment in which information services operates is undergoing a transformational change. Parker et al(2005:176) in future  of  libraries states that, as  libraries  struggle  with  the  fallout  of   the  digital  age ,they   must  find  a  creative  way  to  remain  relevant   to  the  21century   customers, who  have  the  ability  and  means  of  finding   vast  amount  of information  without  setting  foot  in  a brick  and  mortar library. The freely  accessible information on the web in conjunction with escalating cost of library materials, threatens   the traditional mission of libraries to create and sustain large self   sufficient collections for their clients.

Chris lee and Daniele Lima (2006:94) “Marketing works” argues that, it is difficult  to  get  customers to switch to  your  products or  services from  another  provider, therefore you  must  offer  something over and above what  is currently being offered. In other  words  you must  add  value  by  fulfilling  any outstanding  unmet  needs,  because  customers  may not always be conscious of  their  needs  and its not  until  they  see  something   else  new  being  offered  by  another  business  that  they  perceive  the  additional  value  of  their offerings. One can agree  with   lee and  Daniele  in the  sense  that  even  as information  professionals  believe  that  they   have  reached  the  height  of  their  provision of  services, they  should  not  stop  improving their  services  and  should  always  remain  innovative  and  creative  in  order  to  attract,  maintain and  sustain their  productivity  levels. They should always  employ  competitive  intelligence  in order to  identify  potential  risk,  that  may  affects  their  provision of  information  services and  be  able to  mitigate  the  threat  before it becomes a disaster and  wipe them out  of the  business.

AIMS AND REASONS FOR REPACKAGING •	To enhance the acceptance and use of information products and the assimilation and recall of their content •	To customize information to user needs. •	To facilitate organization, dissemination and knowledge communication •	To simplify information. •	To facilitate interactivity between user, technology and knowledge base •	Make information accessible.

FUNCTIONS OF REPACKAGING •	Acts as a saving tool – customer have little use for information over and above their requirements. The repackaging of information helps reduce the amount of time customer groups may otherwise have to spend on laborious perusal •	Acts as a systematic and selective sorter of useful information- customer should be provided not just with more information but more importantly with better and usable information, selected on the basis of their needs and presented in a language and a format most useful to them. •	Acts as a means of more extensive information transmission and delivery- customer are ensured wider access to useful information originally contained only in limited copies of publications available in libraries and documentation centres. •	Acts as a translation tool- an increasing number of good materials are being prepared in various national languages and local dialects. These would have to be translated into a more commonly used language to ensure wide use. •	Acts as an opportunity for the practical application of research results- customers are provided an opportunity to correlate the world of practice with the wealth of information emanating from research studies, experiment and action project through explicit policy and practical implications and recommendations.

•	Acts as a means for the prompt delivery of relevant information- clienteles are kept updated on latest available information, a facility that is particularly made significant by the currently rapid generation of new information which may sometimes invalidate information preceding.

METHODS OF INFORMATION REPACKAGING Information repackaging is not a new phenomenon but due to a shift to the digital era, new methods of information repackaging have come up. Consequently, information overload is evident in the 21st century again due to the digital access in terms of the internet. Information is only of a click way or rather at our finger tips hence, job security for information intermediaries is at risk if they don’t conform and repackage themselves with the relevant skills in order to remain relevant. There are various methods of information repackaging:

INDEXING According to Lancaster F (2003), indexing is the act of describing a document to indicate what a document is all about or to summarize its content. Indexes are constructed on different levels: In terms of documents such as library and documents within a field of knowledge. The depth of indexing describes the thoroughness of the indexing process within references to exhaustibility and specificity. The index includes the author, subject and country of origin of the publication. e.g. the subject index will help the subject coverage of the population’s education materials which have not yet been extensively analyzed.

Indexing as a method of repackaging is a systematic guide to the text of any reading matter or to the content of any reading matter or to the content of collecting documentary materials which comprises of a series of entries with headings arranged in alphabetical or other chosen order with the reference to show where each item is located. An index is a list arranged systematically providing enough details about each item so that it can be identified and traced. The index may be published separately or form part of the work.

Advantages of Indexing •	Saves time because they indicate what one should need. •	Serve as rapid survey of retrospective literature. •	Overcomes language known to the user. •	Classified listings brings which otherwise may be scattered in other sources. •	Saves storage space for instance thousands of documents can be digitally stored or microfilmed into a minute microform/reel. This cuts down cost implications.

Steps in indexing •	Identify the documents to be indexed. •	Give the document a unique identification number. •	Do the context analysis of the document to determine the focus. •	Identify the index able key words from the title. •	Take the first significant from the title and place it in the central fifth position to the context of a document located on the right or left of the page such that each significant word appears in the centre of the column or page. A stop list of all insignificant words excludes all the terms that cannot be indexed. •	Do likewise with all the other significant words from the title of the documents and from the other documents identified in other processes.

Types of Indexes General Indexes General indexes are a good place to start if your topic is popular, current, or if you only need basic information. One drawback of general indexes is that due to the nature of the magazines they include, you may find some less reliable and less informational articles. Specialized Indexes Specialized indexes are good to use if you need more informational or technical articles, or if you cannot find the type of information you need in general indexes. The articles you find are generally more reliable because these indexes tend to include more scholarly journals. There is a specialized index in every discipline and on almost any topic you can imagine. Some are broad like the Social Science Abstracts which provides indexing for core periodicals in anthropology, economics, geography, law and criminology, political science, social work, sociology, and international relations. Others are narrower like ERIC which covers educational information. And some get as specific as the Child Abuse and Neglect index.

ABSTRACTING According to Gline J et al(2000) An abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference, proceedings, or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject of discipline. It is used to ascertain the papers purpose. An abstract always appear at the beginning of a manuscript.

Types of abstracts Descriptive abstracts A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Essentially, the descriptive abstract describes the work being abstracted. Some people consider it an outline of the work, rather than a summary. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short—100 words or less Informative abstracts The majority of abstracts are informative. While they still do not critique or evaluate a work, they do more than describe it. A good informative abstract acts as a surrogate for the work itself. That is, the writer presents and explains all the main arguments and the important results and evidence in the complete article/paper/book. An informative abstract includes the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract (purpose, methods, scope) but also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author. Titular abstract Also known as title only abstract is the author’s title used without amplification to describe the contents of a document. Most of them are title oriented rather than finding oriented. Indicative abstract Effective tool for providing current awareness services where the original document is readily available. Mini abstract or Micro- abstract This is a highly condensed indicative abstract which provides only a line or two about a document.

BIBLIOGRAPHY A bibliography is a list containing details about sources of information on a specific topic. In a bibliography, writers and researchers list sources such as books, newspapers, websites, and articles from academic journals. Writers may include the author, title, publication date and publisher of the source. Research paper writers usually place the bibliography at the end of the paper. In certain cases, researchers refer to bibliographies as "references" or "works cited." The title depends on the style format of the writing. Types of bibliographies Enumerative bibliography A writer of an enumerative bibliography lists references according to some specific arrangement. Students writing research papers use this type of bibliography most often. These academic writers arrange enumerative bibliographies by author, subject, date or some other scheme. The items they list share a common theme, such as topic, language or time period. The writer of the bibliography gives enough information about the source to direct readers to this source. The writer would not include descriptive information, such as details about physical qualities of the book, in an enumerative bibliography. A card catalog, a list of references in a research paper, or the works cited in the back of a history book is all examples of enumerative bibliographies. Analytical bibliography A writer of analytical bibliographies uses them to critically study books. The writer of an analytical bibliography may include information about printers and booksellers, descriptions of paper and binding, or discussions of issues that unfolded as the book evolved from a manuscript to published book. Three types of analytical bibliographies include descriptive, historical, and textual. A descriptive bibliography closely examines the physical nature of the book. A historical bibliography discusses the context in which the book was produces. A textual bibliography compares the published work to the author's original manuscript. Annotated bibliography In this type of bibliography, a writer creates an alphabetical list of sources. The writer of an annotated bibliography outlines the type of research done on a certain topic. The writer annotates, or adds notes about, the sources. Therefore, in addition to information about the research sources, the writer comments on the source. The writer may summarize. This means she gives information about the content of each reference. The writer may assess. This means she will evaluate the usefulness of the source. The writer may also reflect. This means she will give her perspective on the usefulness of the text to her particular research.

CURRENT AWARENESS SERVICES Bangalone P(2000) Current awareness services is the system for notifying users on a periodic basis of acquisition by a central file or library of information which is usually literature and which should be of interest to the users. The current awareness services are tools you can use to keep up to date with the latest professional literature in your field of interest. Current awareness service is a service which provides the recipient with information on the latest developments within the subject areas in which he or she has a specific interest or need to know” provides the basis for the evaluation of what should be covered, who should require the service, from where the information is to be sourced and the regular and reliable supply of the information. The emphasis on the latter two is as important as the service in itself.

Purpose of current awareness services •	The purpose of current awareness services to inform the users about new acquisitions in their information centers boards and shelves used to display these acquisitions in order to draw attention to recent additions. Other libraries produce complete or selective lists for circulation to patrons. Some libraries have adopted a practice of selective dissemination of information. •	Alert users to new books or journal material received in the library •	Alert users to the recent literature in a given subject •	Provide non-bibliographic information, such as news on meetings, training courses and other events of interest to users. •	CAS is provided through routing of journals and circulation of new arrival lists to users.

Type of current awareness services

•	Citation alert services •	This enables you to track new articles that cite an article you have chosen by sending you an e-mail every time the article has been cited •	Table of Contents Alerts: As new issues of a journal are added to a database, an email message containing the full table of contents will be sent to you. If the alert is provided through an electronic journal publisher, the message will usually include hyperlinks to each article in the issue. •	Automated Searches: After developing a search statement for your subject(s) of interest in a database, you will save the search to an account you create and issue a command so it is rerun at set intervals (e.g., once a week). Your search will be run as new material is added to the database, and if new items are retrieved, the results will automatically be sent to you by email.

TRANSLATION The word translation derives from the Latin translation which itself comes from”Trans” and “Jero” Together meaning to carry across” or “to bring across.”

Translation is the transmittal of written text from one language into another. Although the terms translation and interpretation are often used interchangeably, by strict definition, translation refers to the written language, and interpretation to the spoken word. Translation is the action of interpretation of the meaning of a text, and subsequent production of an equivalent text, also called a translation, that communicates the same message in another language.

Best practice of translation 1.	 Test behaviors of the interface before starting translating 2.	Several small dates are more efficient than only a big one 3.	Give some clues on basic vocabulary 4.	Always keep in mind consistency or terminology i.e. a simple, precise and explicit vocabulary will result in an efficient and thus good translation 5.	Don’t hesitate to ask other i.e. developers, translators, users, if you don’t understand a word/sentence or if you think the original string is not good. Too complex, not precise enough).

Polishing translations/Translation Tips In order for one to achieve a good micro typography (at a word or character level) One should do the following things during translation:-

1.	 Use proper quotes depending on your local rules 2.	Use proper kind of dashes with proper amount of whitespace around them. 3.	Use non-breakable space where appropriate 4.	Write numbers correctly 5.	Use correct spellings, grammar and punctuation for the highest quality translation.

Types of translation Due to the continuing evolvement of the translation industry there are certain terms used to define specialist translation. The following are the most common translation terms:- Administrative translation This is the translation of administrative texts. This refers to common texts used within business and organizations that are used in day to day management. It can also cover texts with similar functions in government.

Commercial Translation This covers any sort of documents used in the business world such as correspondences, company accounts, tenders documents, reports e.t.c.This type of translation requires specialist translators with knowledge of terminology used in the business world. Company Translation This is the translation of anything to do with computers such as software, manuals, help files e.t.c. Economic translation This is similar to commercial or business translation, this is simply a more specific term used for the translation of documents relating to the field of economics. These types of translations are usually a lot more academic in nature. Financial Translation This is the translation of texts of financial nature. Anything from banking to asset management to stocks and bonds could be covered. General Translation This is the simplest of all translations. In general translation the language used is not of high level and to a certain extent could be of a lay man’s terms. There is no specific or technical terminology used. Most translations fall under this category. Legal Translation This is the translation of legal documents such as statutes, contracts and treaties. A legal translation needs specialists this is so because law is a culture- dependent and requires a translator with an excellent understanding of both the source and targets culture. When translating a text within the field of law translator should keep the following in mind:- The legal system of the source text should be structured in a way that suits that culture and target test is to be read by someone who is familiar with legal system and its language. Literary Translation This is translation of literature such as novels, poems and plays. The translation of this work is considered by many of the highest form of translation as it involves so much more than simple translations. Here a translator must be capable of translating feelings, cultural nuances, humor and other subtle elements of a piece.

Technical translation This translation refers to fields such as IT, manuals and instruments. This kind of translations is delicate, as they contain a high amount of terminology that only a specialist translator could deal with.

Medical Translation This are translations in medical fields they include manuals foe medical equipment to medical.

Translating Tools 1.	 Babel fish 2.	Free translation icon 3.	Google language tools 4.	Health translation Directory 5.	Language guide. Org. 6.	World lings online translator.

Significance of translation sources 1.	 It helps to convey paper messages to the client 2.	The internet site with effective translation would provide your online business an additional edge over- others 3.	Language in not just for speaking, providers and ideas. Is crucial device that can be utilized to convey scope and prospective of a business to people globally. 4.	Business will acquire excessive success if it has proper kind of translation services and conveys the message in numerous languages to the customers all over the world.

REPROGRAPHY Reprography is the reproduction of graphic through mechanical or electrical means such as photograph or xerography. Reprography is commonly used in catalogs and archives as well s architectural engineering and construction industries.

Reproduction can be made from the same size or smaller- 1 larger hard copy originals. Print can also be computer generated from (Computer aided design and drafting) files or from growing variety of desktop publishing and design software packages.

Items produced by reprography includes:- 1.	Architectural/engineering blue prints and renchings 2.	Indoor and outdoor signage, Backlit, displays, trade shows, graphics, legal and medical exhibits.

Why information centers need reprography There is need for the information centre to transform fragile, heavy, deteriorating and highly valuable materials so that they can serve the users for a long time in a comfort way. Copying of information materials such as records and archives help preserve materials in two ways:- 1.	 Making one or more copies multiples access to information embodied within a book or documents. 2.	Copying limits the use of the original work saving it from wear and tear.

The methods of reproduction of reprography includes 1.	 Microfilming 2.	Photocopying 3.	Digitization Steps in developing a reprography 1.	 Conduct conservation multiple access assessment. This is to evaluate the physical state and security of all holdings in the institution. 2.	Make decision about purpose and scope of a reprography programme. Here a cost and needs assessment should be conducted. 3.	Identify appropriate materials for copying if the materials are unique archival records, government records, then the institution can decide priorities internally based on the possible uses of the materials, its conditions and so on. If the materials are like books, new papers, maps, reports, it is important to consult other institutions both nationally and internationally.

AUDIO-VISUALS This includes the CD (Compact Disc Read Only Memory). This is designed to store computer data in form of a text and graphics as well as hitec stereo sounds. A CD ROM drive reads information that has been recorded onto the CD Rom, a disc that stores large amount of data. This could be anything from publications to databases, video or audio files. A CD is used as one way of repackaging information because a whole story book can be acted and information stored on a CD for people to watch the story. Also information on journals can be supplied on CD-ROM. Advantages of CD •	It enables one to store important information i.e. thesis, book information into a suitable format which can allow one to read/or watch. •	It is easy to search information on the CD •	It provides many search approaches or access point to the information. •	It is easy to repackage information from a CD to textual form. •	It reduces storage capacity of information materials •	Easy to transport information from one point to the next Disadvantages •	Disk degrades with time •	It sis machine and power dependant •	It’s expensive to buy machines e.g. CD readers •	Training on the use of machine needed MICROGRAPHY This is an information system that utilizes micro images to record documents on film for preservation, file integrity, security and legal purposes.

The microfilm technology uses camera, lens, film and subject. The subject is captured on film which brings a much smaller image than actual subject. The film is then developed so that it becomes visible this image produced is always negative in character

CONCLUSION Information repackaging is a way of improving services offered in information centers, particularly in this era of electronic information and information over load. Information intermediaries must give critical thought to this phenomenon with the intent of implementing it in routine information center services to users or clientele. The effort is considerable, but the long-term benefits outweigh the disadvantage of not providing it, plus theirs the risk of information creators repackaging their works themselves.