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HORSES The horse (Equus caballus) is a odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began to domesticate horses around 4500 BC, with domestication of the horse believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC. By 2000 BC the use of domesticated horses had spread throughout the Eurasian continent. While most horses today are domesticated and live in close proximity to humans, there are still endangered populations of the Przewalski's horse, the only remaining true wild horse that has no domesticated ancestors, as well as more common feral horses, such as the American Mustang, which live in the wild but are descended from domesticated ancestors. Horses are described with a large number of specific terms that describe everything from their anatomy to their life stages, colors, white markings, breeds, locomotion and behavior. They have a wide range of sizes, and are anatomically designed as a herbivore with the ability to use speed to escape predators. Horses have a well-developed sense of balance and a strong fight-or-flight instinct. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is a unique trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and laying down. Female horses, called mares, carry their young for approximately 11 months and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most horses begin training under saddle or in harness between the ages of two and four, reaching full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years. Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods," such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "warmbloods," developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often creating specially-developed breeds, particularly in Europe. There are over 300 breeds of horses in the world today, developed for many different uses. Some regions in the world are known for a specialty in development of a particular breed or set of breeds, such as harness horses in Russia or draft and pony breeds in Great Britain. Horses and humans have extensive interactions today, not only in a wide variety of sports competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits, but also working activities such as police, draft work, entertainment, assisted learning and therapy, and modern warfare. Many products are also made from horse meat, milk, hide, hair and bone, as well as pharmaceuticals made from the urine of pregnant mares. Domesticated horses require specialized care to stay healthy, including proper provision of food, water and shelter, but also additional care from specialists such as veterinarians and horseshoers, or farriers. There is a wide variety of riding and driving techniques for managing horses, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control. Contents [hide] 1 Biology 1.1 Age 1.2 Size 1.3 Colors and markings 1.4 Reproduction and development 1.5 Anatomy 1.5.1 Skeletal system 1.5.2 Digestion 1.5.3 Teeth 1.5.4 Hooves 1.5.5 Senses 2 Gaits 3 Behavior 3.1 Sleep patterns 3.2 Temperament 3.2.1 "Hot" bloods 3.2.2 "Cold" bloods 3.2.3 Warmbloods 4 Breeds 4.1 Origin of breeds 4.2 Purebreds and registries 4.3 Regional specialization 5 Evolution 6 Domestication and surviving wild species 6.1 The "Four Foundations" theory 6.2 Wild species surviving into modern times 6.2.1 Feral populations 6.3 Other modern equids 7 Interaction with humans 7.1 Sport 7.2 Work 7.3 Entertainment and culture 7.4 Assisted learning and therapy 7.5 Warfare 7.6 Products 8 Care 9 Riding and driving 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References Biology

Main article: Equine anatomy

Parts of a horse (click to enlarge). Horse anatomy is described by a large number of horse specific terms, as illustrated by the chart to the right. Specific terms also describe horses of various ages, colors and breeds. Age Depending on breed, management and environment, the domestic horse today has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. It is uncommon, but a few horses live into their 40s, and, occasionally, beyond. The oldest verifiable record was "Old Billy," a horse that lived in the 19th century to the age of 62.[1] In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's oldest then-living pony, died at age 56.[2] Regardless of a horse's actual birthdate, for most competition purposes, horses are considered a year older on January 1 of each year in the northern hemisphere[3][4] and August 1 in the southern hemisphere.[5] The exception is endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the horse's actual calendar age.[6] A very rough estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth.[4] The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages: Foal: a horse of either sex less than one year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling.[7] Most domesticated foals are weaned at 5 to 7 months of age, although foals can be weaned at 4 months with no adverse effects.[8] Yearling: a horse of either sex that is between one and two years old.[9] Colt: a male horse under the age of four.[10] A common terminology error is to call any young horse a "colt," when the term actually only refers to young male horses. Filly: a female horse under the age of four.[7] Mare: a female horse four years old and older.[11] Stallion: a non-castrated male horse four years old and older.[12] Some people, particularly in the UK, refer to a stallion as a "horse."[13] A Ridgling or "Rig" is a stallion which has an undescended testicle. If both testicles are not descended, the horse may appear to be a gelding, but will still behave like a stallion.[14] Gelding: a castrated male horse of any age,[7] though for convenience sake, many people also refer to a young gelding under the age of four as a "colt." In horse racing, the definitions of colt, filly, mare, and stallion or horse may differ from those given above. In the United Kingdom, Thoroughbred horse racing defines a colt as a male horse less than five years old, and a filly as a female horse less than five years old.[15] In the USA, both Thoroughbred racing and harness racing defines colts and fillies as four years old and younger.[16] Size The English-speaking world measures the height of horses in hands, abbreviated "h" or "hh," for "hands high," and is measured at the highest point of an animal's withers, where the neck meets the back. One hand is 4 inches (10 cm). Intermediate heights are defined by hands and inches, rounding to the lower measurement in hands, followed by a decimal point and the number of additional inches between 1 and 3. Thus a horse described as "15.2 hh," is 15 hands, 2 inches, or 62 inches (160 cm) in height.[17]

Size varies greatly among horse breeds, as with this full-sized horse and a miniature horse. The size of horses varies by breed, but can also be influenced by nutrition. The general rule for cutoff in height between what is considered a horse and a pony at maturity is 14.2 hands (58 inches (150 cm)) as measured at the withers. An animal 14.2h or over is usually considered a horse and one less than 14.2h is a pony.[18] However, there are exceptions to the general rule. Some smaller horse breeds who typically produce individual horses both under and over 14.2h are considered "horses" regardless of height.[19] Likewise, some pony breeds, such as the Welsh pony, share some features of horses and individual animals may occasionally mature at over 14.2h, but are still considered ponies.[20] The difference between a horse and pony is not simply a height difference, but also a difference in phenotype or appearance. There are noticeable differences in conformation and temperament. Ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails and overall coat. They also have proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, shorter and thicker necks, and short heads with broad foreheads. They often have calmer temperaments than horses and also a high level of equine intelligence that may or may not be used to cooperate with human handlers.[18] Light riding horses such as Arabians, Morgans, or Quarter Horses usually range in height from 14.0 to 16.0 hands (56 to 64 inches (140 to 160 cm)) and can weigh from 850 to 1,200 pounds (390 to 540 kg). Larger riding horses such as Thoroughbreds, American Saddlebreds or Warmbloods usually start at about 15.2 hands (62 inches (160 cm)) and often are as tall as 17 hands (68 inches (170 cm)), weighing from 1,100 to 1,500 pounds (500 to 680 kg). Heavy or draft horses such as the Clydesdale, Belgian, Percheron, and Shire are usually at least 16.0 to 18.0 hands (64 to 72 inches (160 to 180 cm)) high and can weigh from about 1,500 to 2,000 pounds (680 to 910 kg). While ponies technically are not to be taller than 14.2h (147 cm), they may be much smaller, down to the Shetland pony at around 10 hands (40 inches (100 cm)),[21] and the Falabella which can be no taller than 30 inches (76 cm), the size of a medium-sized dog. However, while many miniature horse breeds are small as or smaller than a Shetland pony, because they are bred to have a horse phenotype (appearance), many breeders and registries classify them as very small horses rather than ponies.[22] The largest horse in recorded history was probably a Shire horse named Sampson, who lived during the late 1800s. He stood 21.2½ hands high (86.5 inches (220 cm)), and his peak weight was estimated at 3,360 pounds (1,520 kg).[23] The current record holder for the world's smallest horse is Thumbelina, a fully mature miniature horse affected by dwarfism. She is 17 inches (43 cm) tall and weighs 60 pounds (27 kg).[24] Colors and markings Main articles: Equine coat color, Equine coat color genetics, and Horse markings

Bay (left) and chestnut (sometimes called "sorrel") are two of the most common horse coat colors, seen in almost all breeds. Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors, most have distinctive markings, and a specialized vocabulary has evolved to describe them. Often, one will refer to a horse in the field by its coat color first rather than by breed or by sex.[25] In spite of the adage that "a good horse is never a bad color,"[26] flashy or unusual colors are sometimes very popular, as are horses with particularly attractive markings. Horses of the same color may be distinguished from one another by their markings.[27] The genetics of many horse coat colors has been mapped, although research continues to be conducted on the identification of specific genes and mutations that result in specific color traits.[28] Essentially, all horse colors begin with a genetic base of "red" (chestnut) or "black," with the addition of alleles for suppression of color, dilution of color, spotting, graying, or other effects acting upon the base colors in various combinations and varying degrees of dominance or recessivity that create the dozens of possible shades of horses.[29] Horses that are light in color are often misnamed as being "white" horses. A horse that looks pure white is, in most cases, actually a middle-aged or older gray. Grays have black skin underneath their white hair coat (with the exception of small amounts of pink skin under white markings). This is how a gray horse can be distinguished from a white horse. The only horses properly called white are those with pink skin under a white hair coat, a fairly rare occurrence.[30] There are no truly albino horses, with pink skin and red eyes. True albinism is a lethal gene in horses.[31] Reproduction and development Main article: Horse breeding

Mares and foals. Pregnancy lasts for approximately 335-340 days[32] and usually results in one foal. Twins are rare. Colts are carried on average about 4 days longer than fillies.[33] Horses are a precocial species, and foals are born capable of standing and running within a short time following birth.[34] Horses, particularly colts, may sometimes be physically capable of reproduction at approximately 18 months but in practice are rarely allowed to breed until a minimum age of 3 years, especially females.[32] Horses four years old are considered mature, though the skeleton usually finishes developing at the age of six, and the precise time of completion of development also depends on the horse's size (therefore a connection to breed exists), gender, and the quality of care provided by its owner. Also, if the horse is larger, its bones are larger; therefore, not only do the bones take longer to actually form bone tissue (bones are made of cartilage in earlier stages of bone formation), but the epiphyseal plates (plates that fuse a bone into one piece by connecting the bone shaft to the bone ends) are also larger and take longer to convert from cartilage to bone as well. These plates convert after the other parts of the bones do but are crucial to development.[35] Depending on maturity, breed and the tasks expected, young horses are usually put under saddle and trained to be ridden between the ages of two and four.[36] Although Thoroughbred race horses are put on the track at as young as two years old in some countries,[37] horses specifically bred for sports such as dressage are generally not entered into top-level competition until a minimum age of four years old, because their bones and muscles are not solidly developed, nor is their advanced training complete.[38] For endurance riding competition, horses may not compete until they are a full 60 calendar months (5 years) old.[6] Anatomy Main article: Equine anatomy Skeletal system Main article: Skeletal system of the horse

The skeletal system of a modern horse. Horses have, on average, a skeleton of 205 bones.[39] A significant difference in the bones contained in the horse skeleton, as compared to that of a human, is the lack of a collarbone. A horse's front limb system is attached to the spinal column by a powerful set of muscles, tendons and ligaments that attach the shoulder blade to the torso. The horse's legs and hooves are also unique, interesting structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually the carpal bones that correspond to the human wrist. Similarly, the hock, contains the bones equivalent to those in the human ankle and heel. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the fetlock (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal sesamoid bones between the cannon bones (a single equivalent to the human metacarpal or metatarsal bones) and the proximal phalanges, located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human. A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin and hair, bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the hoof (see section hooves, below).[40] Digestion Main articles: Horse anatomy#Digestive system and Equine nutrition Horses are herbivores with a digestive system adapted to a forage diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed regularly throughout the day, and so they have a relatively small stomach but very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients. A 1,000 pounds (450 kg) horse will eat 15 to 25 pounds (6.8 to 11 kg) of food per day and, under normal use, drink 10 US gallons (38 L) to 12 US gallons (45 L) of water. Horses are not ruminants, so they have only one stomach, like humans, but unlike humans, they can also digest cellulose from grasses due to the presence of a "hind gut" called the cecum, or "water gut," that food goes through before reaching the large intestine. Unlike humans, horses cannot vomit, so digestion problems can quickly spell trouble, with colic a leading cause of death.[41] Teeth Main article: Horse teeth

The incisors of a horse. Horses are adapted to grazing. In an adult horse, there are 12 incisors (six upper and six lower), adapted to biting off the grass or other vegetation, at the front of the mouth. There are 24 teeth adapted for chewing, the premolars and molars, at the back of the mouth. Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of canine teeth that are called "tushes." Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small vestigial teeth in front of the molars, known as "wolf" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere with the bit. There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the bars (gums) of the horse's mouth when the horse is bridled.[42] The incisors show a distinct wear and growth pattern as the horse ages, as well as change in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet. The teeth continue to erupt throughout life as they are worn down by grazing, and while the diet and veterinary care of the horse can affect the rate of tooth wear, a very rough estimate of the age of a horse can be made by looking at its teeth.[4] Hooves Main article: Horse hoof See also: Horseshoe and Farrier The critical importance of the feet and legs is summed up by the traditional adage, "no foot, no horse."[43] The horse hoof begins with the distal phalanges, the equivalent of the human fingertip or tip of the toe, surrounded by cartilage and other specialized, blood-rich soft tissues such as the laminae, with the exterior hoof wall and horn of the sole made essentially of the same material as a human fingernail.[44] The end result is that a horse, weighing on average 1,100 pounds (500 kg),[45] travels on the same bones as a human on tiptoe.[46] For the protection of the hoof under certain conditions, some horses have horseshoes placed on their feet by a professional farrier. The hoof continually grows, just like a large fingernail, and needs to be trimmed (and horseshoes reset, if used) every five to eight weeks.[47] Senses

A horse's eye The senses of a horse are generally superior to those of a human. As prey animals, they must be aware of their surroundings at all times.[48] They have very large eyes (among land animals only the ostrich has a larger eye), and the side positioning of the eyes gives the horse a wide field of vision of about 350°.[49] Horses have excellent day and night vision, but studies indicate that they have two-color, or dichromatic vision; their color vision is somewhat like red-green color blindness in humans. This means that certain colors, especially red and related colors, appear more green.[50] See also: Equine vision Their hearing is good,[48] and the pinna of each ear can rotate up to 180°, giving the potential for 360° hearing without having to move the head.[51] Their sense of smell, while much better than that of humans, is not their strongest asset; they rely to a greater extent on vision.[48] Horses have a great sense of balance, due partly to their ability to feel their footing and partly to highly developed proprioceptive abilities (the unconscious sense of where the body and limbs are at all times).[52] A horse's sense of touch is well developed. The most sensitive areas are around the eyes, ears and nose. Via touch, horses perceive and respond immediately to changes in their environment,[53] sensing contact as subtle as an insect landing anywhere on the body.[54] Horses have an advanced sense of taste that allows them to sort through grains and grasses to choose what they would most like to eat,[55] and their prehensile lips can easily sort even the smallest grains. Horses generally will not eat poisonous plants. However, there are exceptions and horses will occasionally eat toxic amounts of poisonous plants even when there is adequate healthy food.[56] See also: Equine vision, Muscular system of the horse, Respiratory system of the horse, and Circulatory system of the horse Gaits

The gallop Main articles: Horse gait, Trot (horse gait), Canter, and Ambling All horses move naturally with four basic gaits: the four-beat walk, the two-beat trot or jog, and the leaping gaits known as the canter or lope (a three-beat gait), and the gallop.[57] Besides these basic gaits, some horses perform a two-beat pace, instead of the trot.[58] In addition, there are several four-beat "ambling" gaits that are approximately the speed of a trot or pace, though smoother to ride. These include the lateral slow gait, rack, running walk, and tölt as well as the diagonal fox trot.[59] Ambling gaits are often genetic traits in specific breeds, often referred to as gaited horses.[60] In most cases, gaited horses replace the standard trot, a 2-beat gait, with one of the four beat gaits.[61] Behavior

Main articles: Horse behavior and Stable vices Horses are prey animals with a well-developed fight-or-flight instinct. Their first response to threat is to startle and usually flee, although they are known to stand their ground and defend themselves or their offspring in cases where flight is not possible, or when their young are threatened. They also tend to be curious; when startled, they will often hesitate an instant to ascertain the cause of their fright, and may not always flee from something that they perceive as non-threatening. Through selective breeding, some breeds of horses are quite docile, particularly certain large draft horses. However, most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors.[62] Horses are herd animals, with a clear hierarchy of rank, led by a dominant animal (usually a mare). Horses are also social creatures who are able to form companionship attachments to their own species and to other animals, including humans. They communicate in various ways, including vocalizations such as nickering or whinnying, mutual grooming, and body language. Many horses will become difficult to manage if they are isolated. However, through proper training, it is possible to teach any horse to accept a human as a type of companion, and thus be comfortable away from other horses.[63] When confined with insufficient companionship, exercise or stimulation, horses may develop stable vices, an assortment of bad habits, mostly psychological in origin, that include wood chewing, wall kicking, "weaving" (rocking back and forth) and other problems.[64] Sleep patterns See also: Horse sleep patterns and Sleep in non-humans

When horses lie down to sleep, others in the herd remain standing, awake or in a light doze, in order to keep watch. Horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. In an adaptation from life in the wild, horses are able to enter light sleep by using a "stay apparatus" in their legs, allowing them to doze without collapsing. [65] Horses sleep better when in groups because some animals will sleep while others stand guard to watch for predators. A horse kept entirely alone will not sleep well because its instincts are to keep a constant eye out for danger.[66] Unlike humans, horses do not sleep in a solid, unbroken period of time, but through many short periods of rest. Horses may spend anywhere from four to fifteen hours a day in standing rest, and from a few minutes to several hours lying down. Total sleep time in a day may range from several minutes to a couple of hours.[66] Most of this sleep occurs in many short intervals of about 15 minutes each.[67] Horses must lie down to reach REM sleep. They only have to lie down for an hour or two every few days to meet their minimum REM sleep requirements.[66] However, if a horse is never allowed to lie down, after several days it will become sleep-deprived, and in rare cases may suddenly collapse as it involuntarily slips into REM sleep while still standing.[68] This condition differs from narcolepsy, though horses may also suffer from that disorder.[69] Temperament See also: Horse behavior Horses are mammals, and as such are all "warm-blooded" creatures, as opposed to reptiles, which are cold-blooded. However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context of equine description, used to describe temperament, not body temperature. For example, the "hot-bloods", such as race horses, exhibit more sensitivity and energy, while the "cold-bloods," such as most draft breeds, are quieter, calmer creatures.[70]

Thoroughbred race horses are a "hot blooded" breed "Hot" bloods The "hot blooded" breeds include "oriental" breeds such as the Akhal-Teke, Barb, Arabian horse and the now-extinct Turkoman horse, as well as the Thoroughbred, a breed developed from the older oriental breeds. These five breeds are the only breeds given the classification of "hot blooded" today. The original hot bloods were brought to Europe from the Middle East and Northern Africa when European breeders wished to infuse characteristic traits into their best racing and light cavalry horses.[70] Hot bloods have a level of intelligence that allows them to be athletic, versatile, and learn quickly. They are bred for agility and speed and are generally considered spirited and bold.[70] They tend to be thin-skinned, long-legged and slim in build; more physically refined than other types.[71] "Cold" bloods Main article: Draft horse

The Brabant is an example of a "cold blooded" draft breed. Muscular and heavy draft horses are known as "cold bloods," as they have been bred not only for strength, but also to have the calm, steady, patient temperament needed to pull a plow or a heavy carriage full of people. They are sometimes nicknamed "gentle giants" because of their placid dispositions. The "cold-blooded" group includes many pony breeds.[72] There are well over a dozen well-known draft breeds, and many more rarer breeds developed in various regions of the world that were adapted to local conditions. Some breeds are lighter and livelier, developed to pull carriages or to plow large fields in drier climates. Others are slower and more powerful, bred to plow fields with heavy, clay-based soils. One of the most common draft breeds is the Belgian. The largest is the Shire. Clydesdales, with their common coloration of a bay or black coat, with white legs and long-haired, "feathered" fetlocks, are one of the most easily recognized.[70]

A modern "Warmblood" horse is large, but agile and athletic Warmbloods Main article: Warmblood The term "warmblood" has two different meanings today; the more common modern meaning refers to a specific subset of horse breeds, and the other, older meaning refers simply to horses of a moderate temperament. The term "warm blood," up through approximately the 1970s, originally referred to any cross of "cold blooded" draft horses on "hot blooded" Thoroughbreds or Arabians. Examples included breeds such as the Irish Draught horse or the Cleveland Bay, and sometimes also referred to the "Baroque horses" used for classical dressage, such as the Lipizzan or Andalusian. Sometimes the term was even used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the Morgan horse.[70] Today the term "warmblood" usually refers to a group of sport horse breeds that have dominated the Olympic Games and World Equestrian Games in Dressage and Show Jumping since the 1960s. The "Warmblood" breeds began when European carriage and war horses were crossed with Arabians or Thoroughbreds, producing a tall riding horse with more refinement than a draft horse, but greater size and more phlegmatic temperament than a lighter breed.[73] Certain pony breeds with warmblood characteristics have been developed for smaller riders.[74]

Horses are the kind of animals
Horses are the kind of animals                                                                                                                                                                                                         The term "warmblood" has two different meanings today; the more common modern meaning refers to a specific subset of horse breeds, and the other, older meaning refers simply to horses of a moderate temperament. The term "warm blood," up through approximately the 1970s, originally referred to any cross of "cold blooded" draft horses on "hot blooded" Thoroughbreds or Arabians. Examples included breeds such as the Irish Draught horse or the Cleveland Bay, and sometimes also referred to the "Baroque horses" used for classical dressage, such as the Lipizzan or Andalusian. Sometimes the term was even used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the Morgan horse.[70] The term "warmblood" has two different meanings today; the more common modern meaning refers to a specific subset of horse breeds, and the other, older meaning refers simply to horses of a moderate temperament. The term "warm blood," up through approximately the 1970s, originally referred to any cross of "cold blooded" draft horses on "hot blooded" Thoroughbreds or Arabians. Examples included breeds such as the Irish Draught horse or the Cleveland Bay, and sometimes also referred to the "Baroque horses" used for classical dressage, such as the Lipizzan or Andalusian. Sometimes the term was even used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the Morgan horse.[70] Today the term "warmblood" usually refers to a group of sport horse breeds that have dominated the Olympic Games and World Equestrian Games in Dressage and Show Jumping since the 1960s. The "Warmblood" breeds began when European carriage and war horses were crossed with Arabians or Thoroughbreds, producing a tall riding horse with more refinement than a draft horse, but greater size and more phlegmatic temperament than a lighter breed.[73] Certain pony breeds with warmblood characteristics have been developed for smaller riders.[74] Today the term "warmblood" usually refers to a group of sport horse breeds that have dominated the Olympic Games and World Equestrian Games in Dressage and Show Jumping since the 1960s. The "Warmblood" breeds began when European carriage and war horses were crossed with Arabians or Thoroughbreds, producing a tall riding horse with more refinement than a draft horse, but greater size and more phlegmatic temperament than a lighter breed.[73] Certain pony breeds with warmblood characteristics have been developed for smaller riders.[74]