User talk:Michaelguerena

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Hello, Michaelguerena, and welcome to Wikipedia! My name is Ian and I work with the Wiki Education Foundation; I help support students who are editing as part of a class assignment.

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Hi Michael
I'm Mindy. I'm in your group for this project. --Mliou (talk) 07:09, 21 February 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Disproportionate burdens of air pollution in California


The article Disproportionate burdens of air pollution in California has been proposed for deletion&#32;because of the following concern:
 * Content fork: appropriate article is Air pollution in the United States which has sections about impacts and California cities

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. – S. Rich (talk) 18:26, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

The health consequences of air pollution are distributed unequally amongst a given area's population, and often disproportionately impact certain groups of people over others. Much research has been devoted to discerning the determinants of increased exposure to pollutants. Three factors strongly correlated to increased risk include: race, socioeconomic status, and education. It has been hypothesized that the underlying cause of this inequality may involve a multitude of systematic injustices which dictate exposure to harm or access to healthy environmental conditions.[1] This concept is known as environmental justice.

People of color and/or lower socioeconomic status can be more vulnerable to the detrimental effects of air pollution.[1] Studies have revealed that people of color experience significant disparities in income distribution than their white counterparts.[2] Therefore, many communities of color reside in impoverished neighborhoods and face an unequal access to environmental health services and resources.[3]

Contents [hide] 1	Socioeconomic status 1.1	Socioeconomic Status and Air Pollution 1.1.1	The Impact of low Socioeconomic Status and Air Pollution on Health 1.2	Education Status and Air Pollution 1.3	Air Pollution and Low SES Communities in California 2	Race and ethnicity 2.1	Environmental racism 3	Environmental injustices and the Trump administration 3.1	Injustices affecting minority communities 3.2	Environmental Health Education 4	Recent research 4.1	Diabetes in Los Angeles County Latino children 4.2	Proximity of schools to vehicle traffic in Culver City 4.3	Fracking violations in Shafter school zones 4.4	Inequalities in cumulative environmental burdens among three urbanized counties in California 5	References Socioeconomic status[edit source] Socioeconomic Status (SES) is an individual's or group's sociological, educational, and economic status in society.[4] Low socioeconomic status can correlate to a greater risk of exposure to unsafe and unhealthy conditions. People of lower socioeconomic statuses have an unequal access to resources and safety measures while people of higher socioeconomic statuses have a greater access to health and safety resources/measures.[5]

Socioeconomic Status and Air Pollution[edit source] People of lower socioeconomic status typically have poor health thus the effects of air pollution can incur additional health risks and shorter lifespans on this population.[6] Communities of low socioeconomic statuses are frequently concentrated in areas near highways, busy roads, and refineries. Therefore, limiting one's exposure to air pollution in an impoverished environment is nearly impossible.[7]

The Impact of low Socioeconomic Status and Air Pollution on Health[edit source] Those of low socioeconomic status, impacted by air pollution, are more vulnerable to the short term and long term effects of air pollution.[8] Short term health effects of air pollution include bronchitis or pneumonia, frequent headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Long term health effects comprise lung cancer and respiratory diseases, heart disease, and damage to internal organs.[9]

Education Status and Air Pollution[edit source] Generally, the population with lower education levels are more likely to be exposed to the impact of air pollution. [10] In the United States, people with a high school degree have 6.2% higher estimated exposure to PM 2.5 compared to those with a college degree. In addition to PM 2.5, those with a high school degree or lower are estimated to have at least 10% more exposure to Al, Ca, Cl, EC, SI, TI, V, and Zn when compared to people with a college degree.[11]

Air Pollution and Low SES Communities in California[edit source] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's interactive online map - EJSCREEN - features the low socioeconomic communities across the country that are more vulnerable to air pollution and its associated health risks. As exhibited in this map, Southeast Los Angeles County neighborhoods, primarily impoverished areas in the San Joaquin Valley and Inland Empire, face a higher exposure to air pollution and environmental injustices.[12]

Race and ethnicity[edit source] Environmental racism[edit source] Environmental racism is the academic term that describes how certain environmental injustices can be viewed as discriminatory towards communities of racial minorities. The term highlights any disproportionate exposure to toxins or inaccessibility to ecological benefits such as water, clean air, and natural resources. Also, environmental racism is concerned with when government and large corporations target minority communities in order to commence environmentally damaging projects. They find that in these communities, there is often much less resistance and pressure to terminate these projects. When these projects are undertaken, nearby households and small businesses in these minority communities are negatively affected.

Environmental injustices and the Trump administration[edit source] Injustices affecting minority communities[edit source] Environmental racism can be defined as any practice of environmental injustice that disproportionately affects minority neighborhoods and communities. Not only is the California population incredibly racially diverse, but its climate policy is one of the most technologically important in the developed world. As of March 2017, the Trump Administration is expected to withdraw the federal waiver that gives the Environmental Protection Agency and California the power to efficiently monitor and regulate greenhouse-gas pollution from car tailpipes. Environmental agents and environmental rights activists foreshadow that this action will certainly spell trouble for California's important climate policy; as well as further worsen the disproportionate spread of negative environmental health problems to neighborhoods of color throughout counties in California statewide.[13]

Environmental Health Education[edit source] Environmental health education could be one of the most effective approaches to raise the public awareness of the environmental issues. Before 2017, the EPA have spent more than $8.7 million on environmental education increase public knowledge and awareness about the current environmental issues and the consequences.[14] They aim to promote the popularization of the necessary skills and knowledge for the public to make decisions and participate in activities that lead to the resolution of environmental challenges.[15]

As of March 2017, the EPA budget have been severely impacted the condition of environmental education.[16] The 2018 United States federal budget cut approximately $2.5 billion from the roughly 8 billion annual budget for EPA, and the budget for environmental education was cut from $8.7 million to $0.555 million, which is a reduction by 94%.[14]

Recent research[edit source] Diabetes in Los Angeles County Latino children[edit source] There is a wealth of research on disparities in the effects of air pollution over the past decade. Most recently, in 2017, research has found that diabetes in Latin(x) children living in Los Angeles has been linked to air quality.[17] A study led by the University of Southern California was the first of its kind to follow the health and residential air pollution levels of the same children for many years. The subjects of the study were overweight Latin(x) children, between the ages of eight and fifteen, residing in areas with excess particulate matter. The results demonstrated that the studied children possessed significantly increased risk factors for Type 2 diabetes by the time they turned eighteen, such as diminished efficiency in the insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas.[18]

Proximity of schools to vehicle traffic in Culver City[edit source] The spatial arrangement of Californian communities plays a large role in determining exposure to the concentrated air pollution of the state's southern regions. In one suburb of Los Angeles, El Marino Language School sits adjacent to the ten-lane Interstate 405. Students of schools like these, often elementary-aged and undergoing critical stages of development, are subject to dramatically increased levels of pollution from automobile emissions, including carcinogenic compounds. In addition, minority and low-income students have a higher prevalence of attendance in public schools of urban areas, such as the big cities in which busy roads and schools share territory.[19]

Fracking violations in Shafter school zones[edit source] Oil fracking, formally known as hydraulic fracturing, is a process that involves a high pressure injection of fluid into the ground to extract oil. The adverse environmental effects of this natural gas extraction are the subject of much study, the primary concerns of which surround the contamination of surrounding water and air sources. These risks result when underground drinking water and surface water are exposed to discharges of the chemically-infused fracking fluid due to faulty construction, disposal leaks, or other unintended byproducts like the release of hazardous volatile compounds into the air.[20]

In 2015, a study revealed that there were forty five fracking sites within 1.5 miles of one junior high in the town of Shafter, which is a member of California's top ten most polluted communities. The students of this community suffered from the state's decision to allow oil companies to continue hydraulic fracturing within close proximity of their schools. Parents observed severe and unexplainable health complications amongst their children, including asthma and epilepsy, that may have been correlated with air toxins from the nearby wells.[21]

Inequalities in cumulative environmental burdens among three urbanized counties in California[edit source] In 2012, this research used the method of cumulative environmental hazard inequality Index (CEHII), which is a model developed to environmental inequality in air pollution hazards., to analyze the environmental inequality in three counties in California: Alameda, San Diego and Los Angeles (Jason et al. 2012). The result indicated that color community bear greater air pollution including NO2, PM 2.5, PM 10, and heat stress compared to predominately white and more affluent community. Also, the research verified that poverty status is consistent with the trend of disproportion burden of the racial-ethic status. As a future direction of study, it plans to classify the inequality exists in African American, Hispanic, Asian, and other ethnic groups. Furthermore, the technique used in this research provided a way to assess environmental inequality and the results can be used to assist decision makers in efforts to address environmental inequality issues.[22]

References[edit source] ^ Jump up to: a b http://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/outdoor/air-pollution/disparities.html? Jump up ^ http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/12/racial-wealth-gaps-great-recession/ Jump up ^ https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/minorities.aspx Jump up ^ "Socioeconomic Status". http://www.apa.org. Retrieved 2017-03-07. External link in |website= (help) Jump up ^ "Health, Income, and Inequality". www.nber.org. Retrieved 2017-03-07. Jump up ^ Filleul, Laurent; Harrabi, Imed (2004-09-01). "Do socioeconomic conditions reflect a high exposure to air pollution or more sensitive health conditions?". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 58 (9): 802–802. ISSN 0143-005X. PMC 1732873Freely accessible. PMID 15310811. Jump up ^ News, Cheryl Katz, Environmental Health. "People in Poor Neighborhoods Breathe More Hazardous Particles". Scientific American. Retrieved 2017-03-07. Jump up ^ Laurent, Olivier; Bard, Denis; Filleul, Laurent; Segala, Claire (2017-03-23). "Effect of socioeconomic status on the relationship between atmospheric pollution and mortality". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 61 (8): 665–675. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.053611. ISSN 0143-005X. PMC 2652988Freely accessible. PMID 17630363. Jump up ^ Society, National Geographic (2011-04-04). "air pollution". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2017-03-23. Jump up ^ Bin Zou 1, Fen Peng 1, 2 , Neng Wan 3 , J. Gaines Wilson 4 , Ying Xiong 5 (2014). "Sulfur dioxide exposure and environmental justice: a multi-scale and source–specific perspective". Atmospheric Pollution Research 5: 491Ͳ499. Jump up ^ Bell,Michelle L.;Ebisu,Keita; (2012). "Environmental Inequality in Exposures to Airborne Particulate Matter Components in the United States". Environmental health perspectives. 12: 1699–1704. Jump up ^ EPA,OECA,IO,OEJ, US. "EJSCREEN: Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-07. Jump up ^ Meyer, Robinson. "Trump's Clean-Air War With California Will Affect Every American". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2017-03-07. ^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Rob (March 3, 2017). "Here are 42 of President Donald Trump's planned EPA budget cuts". Jump up ^ https://www.epa.gov/education/what-environmental-education. Missing or empty |title= (help) Jump up ^ "Trump plans to slash EPA's budget by $1 billion". Daily news. 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2017-03-16. Jump up ^ https://www.rt.com/usa/376769-diabetes-air-pollution-latino-children/ Jump up ^ "Air pollution linked to heightened risk of type 2 diabetes in obese Latino children". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 2017-03-06. Jump up ^ "The invisible hazard afflicting thousands of schools". Center for Public Integrity. 2017-02-17. Retrieved 2017-03-06. Jump up ^ EPA,OA,OEAEE,OWC, US. "Natural Gas Extraction - Hydraulic Fracturing". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-23. Jump up ^ "There are 45 fracked wells within 2 miles of my daughter's school". The Guardian. 2015-08-20. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-03-23. Jump up ^ Jason G. Su, Michael Jerrett, Rachel Morello-Frosch , Bill M. Jesdale , Amy D. Kyle (2012). "Inequalities in cumulative environmental burdens among three urbanized counties in California". Environment International. 40: 79–87.

July 2017
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