User talk:Mkfadani19/sandbox

Proposed additions to the Child abuse page.

Addition of subsection 2.5 labeled "Online abuse"

Online abuse Online abuse of children can occur through a variety of forms such as cyberbullying, sexual abuse, grooming, etc. The connecting characteristic is that it is all done via the web. [1] The perpetrators of online abuse can be either anonymous or be carried out by someone in the victim's life. [2]

Cyberbullying With advances in technology and greater use of the internet in day-to-day processes such as working, communicating, or leisure activities, there exists a greater risk for cyberbullying. Cyberbullying occurs when one individual or group distributes negative, false, or otherwise harmful content about an individual or group using personal and/or private information that can cause humiliation or distress.[3] Cyberbullying can happen on any device that is able to connect to the internet (desktop, mobile devices, gaming devices, and more).[4] [5]

Cyberbullying is a common occurrence in the modern era. Studies have shown that more than 50% of adolescents and teens have been the targets of cyberbullying. A roughly equal number admit to having engaged in cyberbullying themselves. Over 25% of those victims reported repeated cyberbullying. People are also concerned with the extent to which cyberbullying is hidden. Far more that 50% of cyberbullying victims report having hidden the issue from their parents when it occurs. [6]

Cyberbullying is very common among children and young adults from 10-18 years old and is often attributed to "bullying via the internet".[7] Victims of cyberbullying (also known as cyber victims) often feel negatively about themselves after being bullied. It is also common for cyberbullying to have negative effects on cyber victims' social well-being.[8] Another consequence of cyberbullying is that the cyber victim may fear for their own safety.[9] Further research conducted by the Patchin & Hinduja (2010) found that those involved with cyberbullying, as perpetrators, victims, or both, have significantly lower self-esteem than those who have little to no exposure to cyberbullying.[10] Kowalski & Limber (2013) also found that bullies and victims had the most negative scores on most measures of psychological health, physical, health, and academic performance.[11]

Currently, there are no federal laws protecting people from cyberbullying. Federal laws require public schools to regulate threats outside of the schools. For a school to take action, however, there must be a 'disruption to the educational process' or a 'true' threat to one (or more) of the students. [12]

Sexual Abuse Online sexual abuse is a relatively modern trend, in which perpetrators abuse modern forms of technology such as live stream web cameras, cell phones, or social media to coerce targeted victims into inappropriate sex acts. [13] Online sexual abuse differs from other forms of sexual abuse in that it can be perpetrated stealthily on a global scale, making it difficult for the offender to be caught. While not exclusively, children are often the targets of online sexual predators who will often bully, emotionally manipulate, blackmail, or befriend willing communicators on the web in order to obtain their abusive desires.[14] Online sexual abuse may vary from personal interactions between a victim and offender to a more mechanized process, in which children are sexually exploited, for the perpetrators profit, over the internet.[15]

Detection and deterrence of online sexual abuse is difficult because of the internet's anonymous nature; however, stopping and detecting an online predator's criminal activity is the task of various government organizations like the Federal Bureau of Investigation.The FBI's Violent Crimes Against Children Program was specifically created, "...to provide a rapid, proactive, and comprehensive counter to all threats of abuse and exploitation of children when those crimes fall under the jurisdiction of the FBI." [16] The FBI accomplishes quick response times by having agents scouring the internet in search of perpetrators; they ask for information in forums and chat-rooms and look for the telltale signs of abusive behavior in the children they interact with. Online sexual predators, however, are often hard to distinguish because they show a misleading representation of themselves to avoid incriminating evidence.[17]

A variety of laws are in place to deter online criminal activity pertaining to sexual abuse. The Federal Criminal Code and Rules outlines a variety of rules and regulations regarding sexual abuse under Title 18 of the United States Code. Section 1462 titled Importation or transportation of obscene matters, outlines what would be considered transporting obscene material over the internet. Child pornography violates this law, among others, because under this code, "Any obscene, lewd, lascivious, or filthy book, pamphlet, picture, motion-picture film, paper, letter, writing, print, or other matter of indecent character;" may be subject to fine or imprisonment of up to five years. [18] Online sexual offenders who target children may also fall under the jurisdiction of Section 2243 Sexual abuse of a minor or ward or Section 2251 Sexual exploitation of children under which they could be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. These sections are outlined as, "...aggravated sexual abuse, sexual abuse, abusive sexual contact involving a minor or ward, or sex trafficking of children, or the production, possession, receipt, mailing, sale, distribution, shipment, or transportations of child pornography...not less than 30 years or for life [or can carry] any term years or for life."[19] As noted, any sexual abuse of children, whether online or in person, is subject to strict punishment by law.

Grooming Child grooming is a phenomenon that can occur on- or off- line. Online grooming is the elicitation of trust via the internet in order to identify and exploit a child's vulnerabilities. [20] The creation of this trust is intended to provide the groomer with personal information that can later be used. Grooming typically entails the luring of a child into trust in order to elicit sexual acts. (Missing citation)

Grooming can occur in a variety of ways. Most commonly, chat rooms or social networks are used to make initial contact with possible victims. Groomers may also use photo sharing apps, dating apps, or online gaming sites to find their victims. [21] Frequently, groomers make a fake profile in order to create a persona more likely to be trusted by their possible victims. After establishing an online relationship, the groomer turns conversations to more personal matters, frequently sexual topics. Groomers may then exchange sexual conversations with their victims, send naked photos or videos, encourage sexual acts on webcam, or persuade the victim to meet in person for sexual acts. [22] Groomers are not exclusively strangers. Groomers can be family friends or individuals who have met the child before but who use the internet in order to strengthen that relationship for future exploitation of the child. They can also be an individual of any sex, gender, or age. Grooming is considered a complicated matter, and groomers may use many tactics. Groomers may use compliments or make promises to the child in order to elicit behavior. Groomers may also assert control over this child to exploit natural sexual curiosity. [23]

Grooming and online abuse of children is an issue of growing concern. Grooming victims are frequently young teens, with the majority victims being between the ages of 13 and 15. [24] Furthermore, 1 in 7 children have been sexually solicited online, 56% of whom were asked for a sexual picture. [25]

In the United States, grooming is considered a federal offense. One law states "(a) Whoever knowingly persuades, induces, entices, or coerces any individual to travel in interstate or foreign commerce, or in any Territory or Possession of the United States, to engage in prostitution, or in any sexual activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense, or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both. (b) Whoever, using the mail or any facility or means of interstate or foreign commerce, or within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States knowingly persuades, induces, entices, or coerces any individual who has not attained the age of 18 years, to engage in prostitution or any sexual activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense, or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title and imprisoned not less than 10 years or for life." [26]

"Online abuse". NSPCC. National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. "Online abuse". NSPCC. National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. "What is Cyberbullying". stopbullying.gov. US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 12 February 2018. Ibid. Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 147-154. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x "Cyber Bullying Statistics". Bullying Statistics. Text "http://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/cyber-bullying-statistics.html" ignored (help); Vandebosch, H., & Cleemput, K. V. (2008). Defining Cyberbullying: A Qualitative Research into the Perceptions of Youngsters. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(4), 499-503. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0042 Dianne L. Hoff, Sidney N. Mitchell, (2009) "Cyberbullying: causes, effects, and remedies", Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 47 Issue: 5, pp.652-665, https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981107 Permanent link to this document:https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981107 Downloaded on: 16 February 2018, At: 14:44 (PT) Chandrashekhar, A. M., Muktha, G. S., & Anjana, D. K. (2016). Cyberbullying and cyberstalking. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR), 3(1), 147-168. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511843846.008 Patchin, J. W. and Hinduja, S. (2010), Cyberbullying and Self-Esteem*. Journal of School Health, 80: 614–621. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00548.x Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, Physical, and Academic Correlates of Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1). doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018 Donegan, R. "Bullying and Cyberbullying: History, Statistics, Law, Prevention and Analysis". The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications. 3 (1). doi:10.15417/1881. "Child sexual exploitation". NSPCC. "Online abuse". NSPCC. National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Retrieved 12 February 2018. "Online Sexual Exploitation of Children: An Alarming Trend". U.S. Department of State. The Office of Website Management, Bureau of Public Affairs. Retrieved 12 February 2018. "Violent Crimes Against Children/Online Predators". FBI.gov. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 16 February 2018. "Violent Crimes Against Children/Online Predators". FBI.gov. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 16 February 2018. "TITLE 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE" (PDF). www.gpo.gov. Government Publishing Office. Retrieved 16 February 2018. "TITLE 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE" (PDF). www.gpo.gov. Government Publishing Office. Retrieved 16 February 2018. "Child Sexual Abuse & Grooming | Pandora's Project". www.pandys.org. "Online Grooming". childline. NSPCC Weston House. Retrieved 12 February 2018. "Online Grooming". childline. NSPCC Weston House. Retrieved 12 February 2018. "Everything You Need to Know about Online Grooming". NObullying.com. NOBULLYING>COM. Retrieved 12 February 2018. "Everything You Need to Know about Online Grooming". NObullying.com. NOBULLYING>COM. Retrieved 12 February 2018. "Everything You Need to Know about Online Grooming". NObullying.com. NOBULLYING>COM. Retrieved 12 February 2018. "Child Grooming Law and Legal Definition". US Legal. Text "https://definitions.uslegal.com/c/child-grooming/" ignored (help);

Peer Review - Yesenia
Over all, the sections that has been added is very informational and are provided in a simple manner, except for the last paragraph that falls under online sexual abuse. However, I believe that it is due to the legal language used to explain repercussions, etc., so if possible try editing to flow better. Additionally, the first section detailing Online Child Abuse in general can be clearer on the definition of online child abuse. Look back at the Neglect section for an example or your own Child Grooming section did a good job on being clear.

The section on cyberbullying flowed over really well, especially when transitioning into the statistics on cyberbullying. It would be beneficial for readers to understand what 'true' can mean when "For a school to take action, however, there must be a 'disruption to the educational process' or a 'true' threat to one (or more) of the students" is said (it is vague and the '' don't help).

When defining the forms of online sexual abuse, it might be best to provide a an example to further understand the difference between the personal interactions and the mechanical process.

My last advice is to consider creating a different section or adding a sub heading for the effects that online abuse has. Some of the effects are already in the draft, but just specifying that the effects is what is being talked about in that section might make things clear. Or perhaps they can be added to the overall section on effects that comes after online child abuse is talking about on the page. Yalmazan (talk) 17:20, 26 February 2018 (UTC)