User talk:Montanabw/Horse welfare sandbox

Machine translate from French Wikipedia: Original article: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bien-être_du_cheval

To all sandbox participants
The goal here is to translate the main sections of this French article into usable English. Some things may not be applicable to En wiki, but the goal here is to translate what is, not to create the en.wiki article yet. So whatever anyone wants to tackle, go for it. Anything already human translated that can be translated better, go for it! As I've gone through the (poor) machine translation (I don't speak French) I put [sic] at points in the "human translation" section where I don't get what the right word should be. I used hidden text to highlight any content issues but am not changing them here, yet. Just translating for now. {[yo|Tsaag Valren}} Look at my hidden text, it highlights potential problems in your article on fr. wiki that you might want to fix. Montanabw (talk) 04:50, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

Internationalization
(don't hesitate to corrige my orthograph) It's always very difficult to have an article fully-internationalized. I'm quite sure there's a lot of stuff about horse welfare in german. But I don't speak this language. And it's so difficult to find some reliable sources about horse condition in countries like China, Moyen-Orient, etc. --Tsaag Valren (talk) 21:53, 3 February 2015 (UTC)


 * My thinking for China, etc., that, rather like Horses in Warfare, where we once had an editor start a huge fight over whether horses were used in warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa outside of South Africa, we can't discuss what we can't source. (and the answer was "not much" - horses aren't very useful in a jungle...sigh). I'm not too worried about Germany vs. France because the FEI and EU rules help create at least the appearance of unity. Also, the content for viewpoints in the USA needs a lot of work, so my opinion is that we do what we can source and people can add more later as sources are found.  Montanabw (talk)  04:46, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Scientific sources priority
Hello all. I began (or begun ?) to source the fr-page with this book, but there's a lot of sources in the fr-article coming from the equestrian press. I think it's better to remplace (replace ?) with scientific ones when it's possible. --Tsaag Valren (talk) 21:53, 3 February 2015 (UTC)


 * I'd say that we aren't writing a medical or veterinary article here so WP:RS applies. I'd rather use a book than comb through dozens of research articles, though when research articles are found, it's nice to link them too. But I'd rather see the material in the article with an OK source than not in the article due to the absence of a perfect source.  Just IMHO. Sometimes books that accurately summarize studies are better than the studies themselves -- we have to be careful to avoid WP:SYNTH and cautious in our use of WP:PRIMARY material that is too new to be subject to much discussion. As we say, let's not make the perfect the enemy of the good.  Montanabw (talk)  04:46, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Ok --Tsaag Valren (talk) 10:32, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

Something else
Others artists or people of XIXe century show a real empathy for horses. A very known passage of Friedrich Nietzsche's life is the 3rd of january 1889, while he was ill and retired in Turin. Voyant un cheval d'attelage couché à terre et frappé par son meneur, il accourt vers l'animal, enlace son encolure et se met à gémir et hurler de désespoir. Nietzsche sombre ensuite dans une folie dont il ne se remet jamais. Story of « horse of Turin » nourrit l'imaginaire de nombreux artistes et de commentateurs. Il représente symboliquement un rejet de la théorie de l'animal-machine. This can be a geste de compassion du philosophe, qui s'identifie à l'animal battu à mort. .

too hard to translate :/ --Tsaag Valren (talk) 15:32, 4 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Cool! Found this. Led me to The Turin Horse. See    Montanabw (talk)  23:32, 5 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Hmmm. Am I close here: "Seeing a horse lying on the ground and beaten by its master, he ran towards the animal, wrapped his arms around its neck and started to moan and scream in despair. Nietzsche then sinks into madness from which he never recovers. The story of  "the horse of Turin" feeds the imagination of many artists and commentators. It symbolically represents a rejection of the theory of the "animal machine" (]Bête machine). This can be a philosopher's gesture of compassion, who identifies with the animal being beaten to death.


 * Thank you :) I linked Animal-machine (fr) with bête machine (en) in Wkdata, btw. Perhaps we could put this article online now ? --Tsaag Valren (talk) 23:11, 6 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Let me look it over. Some parts are not accurate for the USA (PETA and SHARK are WP:FRINGE groups here, regarded a extreme).  But close, yes.   Montanabw (talk)  03:05, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Raw Machine translation
Welfare of the horse Main article: Animal Welfare.

Horse rescued by a protection group while he was starving. The welfare of the horse means the conditions of life and acceptable use for this species domesticated as opposed to setting any voluntary or involuntary suffering, whether through beatings, mutilation, neglect or ill treatment suitable. Debates about the welfare and abuse in the horse are recent. In the nineteenth century, when the horse died at work is commonplace, a first wave of awareness is born with the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the publication of the novel Black Beauty in England. France is following suit with the creation of the French League for the Protection of the horse and Grammont law in 1850. Similar concerns affecting the United States. The debate intensifies and extends throughout the West in the next century regarding the use of the horse during the wars, the end of his presence in the city, its sports training, the hippophagie or its conditions of livestock and detention. The United States ratify the 1970 Horse protection act to stop the soring and gingering. In the early twenty-first century broke new controversies, especially around the training Rollkur, the endurance and circulation of horse-drawn vehicles.

The notion of well-being is complex as regards the horse. Long considered incapable of feeling pain in the Western world, this animal is very quiet and it shows only few signs of its eventual discomfort, which makes its detection particularly difficult. Sociable, the horse needs to spend and spend most of their time feeding in nature. He suffers prolonged confinement in stable, isolates and unable to graze.

The International Equestrian Federation now prohibits obstacles Horse Dam and Rollkur. Several countries, including Switzerland, have passed laws to protect horses. The docking, too long transport and artificial aids in equestrian sports competitions or horse are subject to bans or national or European limitations. Transport to slaughterhouses are regulated. In the context of increased research welfare for the horse, new practices such as the natural horsemanship, setting "barefoot" even refusal of riding developed. They suggest a major concern for the welfare of the horse in the future.

History [ edit | edit the code ] Engraving of a horse right, by two dogs attacked This Themselves Encouraged by two men left. Scene Horse-baiting from an engraving of Joseph Strutt in the fourteenth century : this English entertainment is to fight a horse against one or more other animals, usually dogs. The domestication of the horse allowed the man to use this animal for a variety of tasks: plowing, transport, war ... the very use of the horse, from one point of view antispéciste, is the implementation of species in slavery and the workers work. The horse may become useless even slaughter and processing food source for humans. Pierre Enoff believes that overall, this is closer to a drive that imposes conditions of life "prison" to the horse, as a symbiosis between humans and animals. Italian anthropologist Sergio Dalla Bernardina explains this horse by the desire of a part of the human population to be "Master" and "bully living beings": "Those who love total submission prefer dogs or horses. Followers of the light submission choose cats ". Volunteers injuries, mutilations and horses kills (witness the sacrifices, the hippophagie the horse-baiting and organization of stallions fighting ) are well documented in many parts of the world. Horses are commonly killed on the battlefield, marked with iron , cut from ear to be recognized more quickly , spurred  , or caudectomisés (amputated tail) from the seventeenth century  , to prevent the tail trapping between their harnesses.

The consideration of a concept of well-being of the horse is recent in history. Religious and philosophical conception of animals in the Western world has long denied them any pain sensitivity (and therefore the ability to feel a malaise), according to the theory of machine pet stated by René Descartes in the seventeenth century. However, the civilization of Islam testifies at a time of great respect for the horse, granting it (among others) the opportunity to spend the night in the tent of his master. In the early twenty-first century, the horse is widely recognized by biologists (and the scientific world in general) as a "sentient". This change accompanies that of any Western society, entrance from the middle of the twentieth century in a benevolent movement against pets, with a growing recognition of their individuality. A common mistake is the belief that advances in respect for the well-being of the horse from the ethical and scientific considerations. In reality, these advances have been almost exclusively obtained by the demands of activists and the general public.

nineteenth century [ edit | edit the code ] Related article: Horse in the nineteenth century. England [ edit | edit the code ] Related article: Black Beauty. The first movement awareness to the cause of the horses born in England in the late eighteenth century. A law prohibits willfully beat the horse is proposed in the 1820s, but not adopted. The Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was founded in 1824 in London, in response to this animal suffering. Its logo is an angel came to punish a man strikes his horse.

The novel Black Beauty, published in 1877 in Victorian England, is known as the first book that focuses on the welfare of the horse. Its originality is to defer to several horses who recount their daily suffering, as an autobiography. It results in a high awareness for this cause horses. The author Anna Sewell is very ahead of its time in terms of animal welfare, the novel takes sides against the reins in tow, the blinkers and tail docking. According Amélie Tsaag Valren he "somehow prefigures the disappearance of the horse in town. Anna Sewell shows that animal flesh and blood, who feels pain and sorrow, has no place in the urban environment and the industrial society of London ". This novel caused controversy by England to its output. It is that over time it becomes a bestseller. Anna Sewell, died five months after its publication, says his goal was to improve the plight of horses in this country. The result is beyond his expectation, since the output of the novel in the United States in a pervasive suffering equine context allows debate to settle in this country. Multiple translations of the novel have even led to debates in Europe.

United States [ change | edit the code ] A carriage pulled by a horse That opens her mouth wide and semble to-have frozen in place American print published in 1880, advising control carriage horses restive by the application of electric shocks. US documents relate several cases of exploitation of the horse leading to abuse, especially in omnibus companies and trams. These horse-drawn vehicles are often overloaded, horses towing an implement them are beaten and subjected to hard labor.

Early definitions of a notion of abuse of horses are moving on their deprivation of food and care, and hitting the. The Court New York is a pioneer, publishing a law that punishes those who deliberately kill or torture an animal (including horses) 1829. The state court of New Jersey addresses the case of a man who beat his horse died in 1858, but found nothing illegal to hit his own horse in spite of the problem with such a public spectacle. In 1860, the State of Pennsylvania condemn those who beat a horse to a fine of two hundred dollars, double what risk a mother who beat her child under seven years. The horse theft and mutilation of animals belonging to others are severely punished, reflecting mainly financial incentives and 'societal'. Beat his horse without reason is considered "evil" and immoral, but the pain felt by the animal is not taken into account. The punishment of those who abuse their own horses is not immediately on the agenda, the law can not be applied if proof is provided that the horse was beaten with real "bad intentions". The notion of " torture "of animals was introduced into US law in the late nineteenth century, for the case of a man who used acid on the hoofs of his horses. The trend is also felt by lawsuits involving omnibus leaders accused of over-exploiting the horses.

In France [ edit | edit the code ] Etching a horse suspended Vertically, straw entre les legacy. Descent of a horse in a mine in France. In the early nineteenth century, abuse is very common, especially for draft horses at the time of the July Monarchy. The side frustrates carters, quick to use the whip and scream their horses, leaves behind the phrase "swear like a trooper." When a horse falls into his harness, Carter tries often to do stand up and kicked in the stomach. Often horses die of exhaustion at work, in the street. Multiple witnesses, including a poem by Victor Hugo wrote in 1838 demonstrate the pervasiveness of this public abuse work horses. The development of savage capitalism grows to cruel treatment, especially when the horse unable to work is sent to the knacker. Considered useless, these horses sometimes wait for days before being shot and dying as a result of hunger and thirst. This contrast between the condition of the working horses and the horses of the middle class and the wealthy classes causes discomfort in French society. In 1845, the Humane Society was born to protect horses from abuse. Jacques-Philippe Delmas de Grammont, a former officer of cavalry , created the French League for the Protection of the horse in 1850 and makes vote the law bearing his name that year, prohibiting the deliberate abuse of animals. A debate however agitated France at the end of the century regarding the bullfighting (including hernias horse), contrary to the law Grammont.

Other countries [ edit | edit the code ] Tolstoy published in 1885 the new Le Cheval, leaving the floor to a piebald horse named Surveyor. He relates in particular its castration, debuting in harness, harnessed and ability to race until his death, bled by the knacker.

xx century [ edit | edit the code ] Related article: Horse in the twentieth century. Ernest Hemingway, Death in the Afternoon (1932) [...] I can not see a horse fall into the street without feeling this show the urgent need to help the animal.

There are more changes in the perception of well-being of the horse since the second half of the twentieth century than in any past history. According to Jean-Pierre Digard, sensitivity to the treatment of horses pass respect to a true love , bringing with it a new problem. While abuse were usually the result of people who physically exploited horses in the past, the twentieth century saw the birth of abuse ignorance of the animal's needs, anyone can own a particular horse for leisure S. Jean-Pierre Digard also think that the feminization of the equestrian world contributes significantly to the development of the phenomenon.

Anti-docking movements [ edit | edit the code ] Opposition to the docking born in the United States at the beginning of the century, when automobiles replaced horses for transportation. The first US state laws are created to ban, arguing that it is a cruel practice and become useless, which prevents the horse to hunt insects with his tail. It is progressively banned or severely discouraged in many countries. France to limit the possibilities of use in 1996, at the instigation of Brigitte Bardot. Philippe Vasseur then approves a "series of actions to enforce a code of conduct towards animals".

Anti-slaughter movement and anti-hippophagie [ edit | edit the code ] Related article: Wild and free-roaming horses and burros act 1971. The hippophagie becomes the target of criticism from growing. While in the 1910s, this consumption is common for French , it decreases in the second half of the century. A food taboo also affects horse meat in the Anglo-Saxon world.

In England, the movement of "Horse welfare" his first big emerging activist Ada Cole at the beginning of the century. Moved by the plight of the British working horses, exploited their whole lives before being exported to Belgium and slaughtered for their meat, it created in 1927 the International League for the Protection of Horses. It succeeds in passing the ban on the export of live horses for meat British ten years later. The organization she founded, since renamed World Horse Welfare, continued his horse protection campaigns worldwide. In 1947 the British Horse Society created in the UK includes the protection of the horse ("welfare") among its tasks. The great figure of the defense equine mid-century, however, is the US Velma Bronn Johnston, called "Wild Horse Annie". Born in 1912, she began to campaign in 1950 to end the movement and slaughter of mustangs and wild donkeys under pressure from settlers. According to his testimony, this commitment comes the day when she found out on the road, a truck mustangs dripping blood on the way to the slaughterhouse. In 1959, its action pushes the US government to issue a federal law that prohibited the slaughter of mustangs on state-owned lands. Considering this lack of victory, Velma Bronn Johnston manages to adopt the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act in 1971 by Richard Nixon, which prohibits mistreatment of mustangs.

Conversely, the Australia takes no special law in favor of its local wild horses introduced in the late eighteenth century century to meet the needs of the settlers, nor donkeys. From the 1980s until 2013, the slaughter of these animals for helicopters sparks outrage many animal advocates. Meat Brumbies then used to make the dog mash,. Long live bled, horses slaughtered for meat in the West are now stunned with a captive bolt pistol to to save their suffering. Brigitte Bardot, however, reveals the conditions of transport of Polish horses for slaughter to the public in 1983, causing a stir. The equestrian centers, which house the majority of riders, hiding from the 1990s reformed sending horses to slaughterhouses for fear of losing customers. The first rescue centers for abused or threatened equine resale to the slaughter are created at the same time. The hippophagie down 60% between 1980 and 2001 in France.

Regulation of bullfighting in Spain [ edit | edit the code ] In Spain, the frequent horse étripements in arenas bullfighting grow Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1928 to impose the protective flank the peto. Therefore, the opposition to bullfighting is greatly reduced. In 1932, Ernest Hemingway writes in Death in the Afternoon the indefensible side of these horses murder from the perspective of his contemporaries, although their finds himself a comic side.

Horse protection act 1970 [ edit | edit the code ]

Branding of a horse in the United States in 1938. Main article: Horse protection act 1970. In the US, the 'Animal Humane Association was created in 1940 to oppose the many horses died during the film shooting Western. A movement of opinion (mainly supported by lawyers) denounces the cruelty of multiple practices on horses: use of severe jaw, excessive use of the whip, drives with electric shocks , cuts of the language in reining and more generally the attitude macho of a large sector of the horse industry, that it is normal to hit a horse to establish a relationship of dominance and show "who is the master". This movement led to the vote of Horse protection act 1970, to ban soring (compression clogs in a compensated wedge) and gingering (introduction of irritating substances into the vagina or anus, to give the horses a feisty attitude). Between the 1950s and 2010s, a dozen horse protection associations are created in the US

Other controversies [ edit | edit the code ] Towards the end of the century, new controversies appear against practices such as obstacles dam horse (of striking the legs of a horse crossing an obstacle for him to get up earlier the next hop), the marking iron red (banned in several countries of the European Union), the harnessing of trotters and journey of endurance riding. Several US organizations are trying to ban cross-proof Atlanta Olympics in 1996, citing the danger of fixed obstacles for horses. The development of natural horsemanship is inseparable from this growing sensitivity to the horse at the end of the twentieth century. Early practitioners from the middle of the western US. They develop this approach with reaction to the traditional practices of cowboys who "break horses", to offer an alternative to western riding. The pioneers are Tom Dorrance and Ray Hunt. Since the 1980s, this trend has gradually in the equestrian landscape and know that vehicle is codified. The hit movie of Robert Redford, The Horse Whisperer (1998) popularized the principles of natural horsemanship to a wide audience.

xxi century [ edit | edit the code ] a brown and black horse in the middle of a road, a big piece of wood hanging on one leg. Horse wearing a hindrance in Galicia. In the twenty-first century, the concern for the protection of the horse is still present in Western society, and increasingly internationalized. Some professional riders are singled out or convicted for abuse. The American show jumping rider Michal Morrissey scoop € 5,000 fine and three month suspension for having given 13 to whip his horse on a competition in Florida in 2010. The rider dressage Austrian Ulrike Prunthalier was sentenced to a fine of € 4,000 in 2012 to have led his horses with pebbles under the noseband and electric shocks.

Existing laws for the protection of the horse in France in 2014 are considered by INRA as concerned about the well-being of the animal. The same year, the video of a horse beaten in Saudi Arabia creates a strong reaction in the country where the animal is pampered. The prospective considering the increased concern for the welfare of the horse throughout the twenty-first century, which could lead to the gradual ban on horse racing , a stricter regulation of riding as learning riding center and development of companionship with the horse, at least in France and in Western countries ,  ,.

Rollkur [ edit | edit the code ] Main article: Rollkur. The controversial Rollkur begins in 2005 with the release of a German newspaper article denouncing the Dutch training methods in dressage, including that of placing the horse with his nose in the chest with the help of reins. It causes a violent debate in the world of equestrian sports, going to the death threats riders surprised to train their horses Rollkur, and competition organizers allowed them to do so. The International Equestrian Federation eventually created a distinction between Rollkur itself and relaxation in a position "low and round" without use of force, in 2010. Despite this official ban, no reprimand and no sanctions were sent to coaches and dressage riders known to practice Rollkur.

Controversy over the closure of US slaughterhouses [ edit | edit the code ] A violent debate stirs the US, around the closure of slaughter horses. First supported and promoted in 2005, it has gradually canceled since 2013. The original idea was to protect the horses from a cruel death, but in reality, the closure of abattoirs on American soil resulted by sending massive horses that nobody wants ("unwanted horses") to the US border, where they earn the neighboring countries. According to US sources, the number of dropouts and cruelty to horses increased,. The Los Angeles Times reported a greater number of interventions for abused horses in California, where horse slaughter was banned earlier than in other states , however, contradicted information by the University of California Davis , who claims not to have observed increase in abuse. Unwanted horses from the US territory are sent to Mexico, to Canada and Brazil to be slaughtered, traveling over enormous distances and in hellish conditions to achieve the slaughterhouses, which means for them a high level of stress. Reopening US slaughterhouses has been advocated in 2013 for protection reasons.

Infuriated by the threats of the horse protection associations, a horse slaughterhouse worker in New Mexico has released a video in which he shot his own horse with a bullet. The slaughter of his own horse being legal in this country, it has had no conviction. This animal called "Justice" is now celebrated as the martyr of the equine slaughter. This act has exacerbated the controversy surrounding the slaughter in this country.

Traffic horse-drawn carriages [ edit | edit the code ] Hitch brown horse emaciated. Horse-drawn vehicle in Saharanpur, India. Much controversy broke out in 2013 and 2014 regarding the use of horse-drawn urban or highways. In New York, the ban on carriage of Central Park , symbols of the city for a century, is proposed by the mayor for protection reasons. However, the survey shows a possible collusion with real estate. Israel is the first country to completely ban horse-drawn carriages traffic on the roads and in the streets of its cities in 2014, to fight against abuse which experienced by horses and donkeys. The only exception is the tourist carriages. This action is accompanied by a peace march that brings together 4,000 supporters to animal rights.

The death of carriage horses doomed to tourist visits in the streets of Cartagena, Colombia, is denounced as an abuse , like the detention conditions of carriage horses at Mumbai in India.

Signs and sources of discomfort in the horse [ edit | edit the code ]

Emaciated horse put to work during the great famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine. To facilitate a definition of the concept of "well-being of the horse", the INRA advises to refer to the "five freedoms" defined by the Farm Animal Welfare Council in 1979 :

absence of hunger, thirst and malnutrition; Freedom from discomfort; absence of physical pain, illness and injury; opportunity to express normal behavior of the species; absence of fear and anxiety. The first three criteria are quite simple to recognize and enforce, but this is rarely the case for the last two. Unlike other domestic animals such as dogs, horses expresses very few external signs of malaise in particular, it does not scream. The fouaillements nuisance tail reflect his discomfort, but they can also be a way for him to hunt insects. The lameness is easy to detect, refusing to lift a limb or let it be touched may indicate pain. In general, a horse sweats profusely, agitated, lies down and rolls on the ground or trembling certainly experiencing suffering. The look towards the belly is especially a sign of colic. The expression of the head with ears laid back as a valuable information.The psychological pain manifested among others by a profound lack of concern over the environment, and other symptoms quite similar to those of depression. A sudden drop in performance, stiffness in the work indicate a physical problem hidden PF 16.

If too thin horse is clearly suffering, the state of overweight, more difficult to identify, generate as much physical problems including a high risk of laminitis 20. Similarly, a thin horse may not be abused, the old age home involving an increased susceptibility to disease and difficulty gaining weight 21. The condition of the shoes is also a clue. A horse whose hooves are very long (including returned slipper) or split neglect and suffering.

Different cases problematic for the welfare of the horse

Injury resulting from part of polo

Obesity

Fouaillement tail and attempt to escape the jaws

Painful attachment

Emotional factors are suspected to cause discomfort. If horses show no signs of discomfort as they are viewed in the eyes or not, a study suggests they perceive the emotional state of man, and are influenced by it. Their heart rate increases in the presence of a person who claims to have fear or dislike horses, while it is normal in the presence of a person who claims to love the animal or be neutral to its presence S 29.

Debated practices [ edit | edit the code ] Many questions arise about the conditions of life that man requires the domestic horse. They often turn away from the life of the species at large. The horse is a social animal in nature, which supports badly isolation. It is up depressed and stop eating if their contact needs are not met SPA 5. However, the horse can experience ill-being without human not had the intention of many cases resulting from ignorance or negligence. Man also tend to think that the horse should be permanently available 22. A deficit in the living conditions offered to horses often leads to problems of human-horse relationship S 30.

Physical intervention [ edit | edit the code ] The horse can undergo various physical interventions, including castration, the docking (tail section), the branding or cutting the whiskers. The attack on the physical integrity of a horse raises ethical questions as that in terms of well-being. As in other animal species, the whiskers of the horse are tactile organs (located around the nose and mouth) that help to perceive the environment outside its field of vision. Banned by Switzerland and Germany, created a real shave their discomfort by reducing the perception of the animal, which can lead the example banging 23.

Castration [ edit | edit the code ] Related Articles: Castration and Gelding. Castration is practiced primarily for the convenience of humans, since it usually makes the male horse softer and easier to handle 24 and reduces the risk of conflict between males, while allowing to control the gene pool of rearing 25. According to Päivi Nussbaumer, veterinarian at the Swiss Institute of equine medicine (ISME), "surgical castration is demanding, painful and can lead to severe complications" 26.

Forged, soring and other interventions on the foot [ edit | edit the code ]

Image to X-ray showing the foot of a Tennessee Walking Horse victim soring. Related Articles: Hinges and Soring. The case of manufacture is special. Originally, it was a measure of protection of the equine foot against the wear and tear on the different types of hard floors. However, its usefulness is questioned by a growing number of riders who feel that putting "barefoot" more consistent with the nature of the horse PF 17. According to Pierre Enoff, the horse did not really need a fitting, it's frustrating locomotion and sensory perception by forcing it to rely solely on the hoof walls, unable to use his sole nor assess the difficult terrain 27. The dominant position of professionals of the horse world, including farriers, is to see in the fitting protective act for the shoe. Similarly, setting barefoot too fast can be harmful to a horse that has long lived if his foot rail unprepared PF 17.

The practice of soring in Tennessee in the United States is denounced against unambiguously as an abuse, by different veterinarians and specialists of the horse. Prohibited by the Horse Protection act 1970, it is chock heavily weighted and fixed to compress the front feet, forcing the horse to move in an artificial way.

Branding [ edit | edit the code ] Related article: Branded. Branding is less common than in the past. In France and Germany, its main purpose is the marketing and promotion of the animals. The purpose of identification, proof of ownership of lost or stolen animals, became obsolete with the generalization of the microchip. The use of branding to identify animals and guard against theft is considered unreliable. According to a study conducted at the University of Göttingen (2013), buyers are willing to pay about 12% more for a horse marked PF 18. The branding causes severe pain and may be seen as an act cruelty, a "suffering in the name of tradition and marketing." The red iron causes skin exposure to heat 700 degrees. The sharp iron horse keeps a higher body temperature of 4 ° C on the day of its marking, and 2 to 4 ° C the following six days. The body part that was marked presents the typical lesions of a burning third degree with necrotic flesh PF 18.

Interventions on the tail [ edit | edit the code ] Big horse seen from behind which the cut tail has the appearance of a round ball of fur Draft horse Ardennes Belgian caudectomisé. Related Articles: Tail Docking and tail of the horse. There are many interventions on the tail of the horse, mainly for aesthetic reasons (the practical reasons having disappeared with the horse-drawn to scale). According to Sandra Tozzini, these practices are ethically reprehensible to the "criminal" and all generate suffering "without purpose" S 31. Cut tail or artificially raise often drives the horse to have more action noted in his gaits S 32.

The docking (or caudotomie) is the most common interventions on the tail. Removal of the last vertebrae coccyx by cutting, it has a shorter tail or a round stump. Tail docking almost exclusively concerns the draft horses and hitch S 2. Clean the Anglo-Saxon world, niquetage (English nickering ) is a shut-down of the muscles of the tail, which results in the face. The animal must wear a device called " tail set "after the operation for that muscle atrophy is complete. This device is unpleasant and prevents it from going outdoors S 33. The tail block (" tail blocking ") is performed by injecting alcohol into the nerve that controls movement of this Appendix, preventing the horse to move his tail. This practice less invasive than previous unlawfully used for contests where the tail movement, discomfort horse testimony is a disqualifying reason S 34. The block of the tail can cause complications such as ataxia S 35. L 'introduction of alcohol, spices or other irritating substances into the anus or vagina, called gingering is used to force the horse to maintain its high tail and give the impression of a frisky animal 28.

Terms of breeding [ edit | edit the code ]

Covering in-hand Related Articles: Horse Reproduction and mare's milk. Breeding conditions of domestic horse show obvious differences with the wild, either reproductive, education foal or the use of other questionable practices and techniques. Riding in hand, reproduction method that involves impairment of a mare in heat before applying to the standard is treated as a " rape organized. " The lack of foreplay can panicking mare 29.

The withdrawal of the foal usually occurs much later released in a farm, where he was separated from his mother at the age of six months 30. Although the six-month foal has passed the milk of its mother in a forage diet, age of separation is considered too early to ensure he has learned enough from his mother. This can lead the foal develop later stable defects or other problems. One way to avoid it is to wean foals group, and keep within that group one or more adult horses other than their mother, so that foals can continue to learn the social codes of their own species PF 19. The mare's milk production also poses an ethical question, the presence of the foal being necessary to the flow of milk in the mare. Take milk means it will not be consumed by the colt, and induces a strong chance that it is sold at the abattoir (as deficient) SPA 6.

Some owners of young foals manipulate them excessively, leading the foal to consider the human as a member of its own species, and can cause serious behavioral problems 31. The use of obstruction is known for some extensive farms in semi-freedom, to prevent some horses too far. In addition to forcing them to move in step, the obstruction causes pain.

The selection criteria of certain breeds grow to give birth to horses that suffer from their morphology. This is the case of Quarter Horses and Paint Horses for Halter selected as hefty as possible on members purposes, which hurts the horse in the feet in addition to promoting the proliferation of a genetic disease of the muscles. Moreover, these horses are often supplemented with steroids and confined in small spaces, to keep their excessive musculature PF 20.

Detention conditions [ edit | edit the code ] Horses detention conditions have changed little in developed countries. In the wild, these animals move every day 10 to 15 km and spend most of their lives to graze on fresh grass 32.

Box and stall [ edit | edit the code ]

Horses in their boxes in Hungary. Related Articles: Stable and Stable Vices. It usually remains locked up in stables, in a booth or stall when humans do not use. The size of the box is reduced (3 to 4 meters apart for 2.50 m high), one of the stall is even more so. The horse has very little room to move. This confinement stable, often reinforced by the presence of grids, also deprives him of contacts with other dogs. His food is thrown on the floor, where it is sometimes forced to urinate and defecate 32. According to the definition of well-being of the horse advocated by INRA and Farm animal welfare council, life in box stalls or prevents the horse to express normal behavior of its kind, it is therefore a form maltreatment S 27. Other scholars like Peter Enoff (which compares the horse box to a goldfish in a glass of water 32 ) and Laetitia Bataille (which compares the official term "equine detention" vocabulary prison ) PF 21 also believe that the box layout generates suffering. The evils of extended box stall or life are at the origin of stable vices. These domestic horse behavior problems often come from isolation and lack of exercise. Their expression can be varied 33. The French Institute of the horse and riding advises to never leave the horse alone or pre or to the stable 34. In the case of a formal or box stall, Swiss law requires that the horse is out at least two hours every day 35. Finally, these living conditions generate aggression: they are more distant from the conditions offered in the wild, most relationship problems between horses increase PF 22.

Pre [ edit | edit the code ] Life in the meadow on a surface allowing the horse to move and graze freely, however, is not an absolute guarantee of well-being. It remains dependent on humans for their care. The case of horses escaped from their pre straying may result from external malicious, but also of poor consideration of needs (lack of food, water freezing in the trough in winter near a scary element ...) that drives him to escape. The ramblings are causing many serious accidents, especially in collisions with vehicles PF 23. The use of barbed wire is also a source of accidents. The horse must, in any case, have a shelter to protect from the elements and protection against the wind. To better meet the horse's needs while facilitating its maintenance, the Germans created the concept of "active team," which is based on new technologies. The horses are housed in groups, automatically fed according to their needs, and have unlimited access to resting and relaxing 34.

Transportation [ edit | edit the code ] The transport of horses is inherently contrary to the five freedoms because of the limited space available, the lack of access to food and water. Studies also show a marked increase in the stress of the horse during the transport, in particular at the beginning. This stress decreases with the experiments, but still present. In addition, the movements of the van transporting force the horse to regularly correct its position, which can severely stress in the long run. The lack of water is a real problem, all the horses sweating a lot during transportation. Stops to allow him to drink are essential to his well-being, access to hay is a not insignificant 36.

Producing mares Premarin [ edit | edit the code ] Related article: Premarin. Some horses are dedicated to the production of drugs or vaccines. Production of conjugated estrogens sold under the name Premarin (for pregnant mare urine designating the main ingredient, the urine of pregnant mares) has been widely criticized (including by PETA and Animal Liberation Front ) as an abuse. Approximately 100,000 pregnant mares are kept locked in stalls, foals are killed shortly after birth to the mare is again setting gestation SPA 7,  8 SPA. These mares are kept in a permanent state of thirst to produce urine more concentrated, and living with a probe which causes itching. According to some accounts, they are frequently beaten and abort because of these living conditions. Despite repeated petitions to the lab, the continued production of Premarin likely (2014) under the same conditions as the market is very buoyant 37. In this controversy addition suspicions about the carcinogenicity of estrogen, hormones and by-products from these mares in women 38.

Conditions of work [ edit | edit the code ] Hitch with a little horse stood its members, ears back. Hitch horse suffering, probably suffering from laminitis. Other questions arise around how men put the horse to work. The riding well-conducted is like a sports training, it allows the horse to gain flexibility and muscle PF 24. The wrong way to go, however, cause pain back due to the weight of the rider weighing on the vertebrae chest and back. The position with high and hollow neck (when the rider keeps his hands high and tight reins) is particularly deleterious PF 25 These problems are compounded by the. Overweight some jumpers with regard to the constitution of the horse: according to studies, the rider's weight should not exceed 20-29% (included material) of the horse. However, some breeds are more promising than others, especially the traits and features half- PF 26. The operation of some horses for equestrian tourism mounted or harnessed, among other Camargue, generates considerable suffering for lack of rest or Care 27 PF.

A petition is brought into Russia by Nevzorov Haute Ecole requesting a total ban of equestrian and horse sports, arguing that this practice is against nature for the horse, causing him great pain in the mouth (up to 300 kg of pressure per square inch) and damaged his neurological system. It follows a long investigation into the practical professional riders with photographs taken and realization of autopsies high horse with physical damage to the horse riding 39. While the subject was taboo until at least 2015 PF 28, a growing number of riders do not ride (or more) on horseback, believing that this is a source of discomfort for the animal PF 1. The sociologist Jerome michalon believes that "this trend is in line with the company" PF 1. Laetitia Bataille, however, described as "extremist" the idea that all forms of riding would be an abuse PF 29.

Material impact [ edit | edit the code ] Head of a brown horse with eyes rolling back in ears, tongue out of the mouth. Polo mare enrênée Related Articles: Mors, whip , reins and bridle. Horse riding involves the use of a wide variety of material: artificial aid such reins and whip, and tack ( saddle and bridle with two bits, or without). Misuse of this material makes riding uncomfortable or even painful for the horse. The nosebands are often too tight, while the official recommendation is to insert two fingers between it and the head PF 30,  PF 31. The jaws, which can affect the tongue or teeth of the horse according to the position of his head, created pressure that becomes a real pain when the reins are tightened 40. Become chronic, the pain escalates into neuralgia which radiates the horse's head up his ears and his nose. To avoid this problem, some riders are working their horse without bit PF 32. The saddle should fit snugly to the morphology of the animal to avoid pain, but this is not always the case. A study in Brazil showed that over 50% of stools are not adapted to the horse that carries them, 40% of them being placed too far forward on the backs PF 33.

In horses victims of a hard hand, tongue turns blue under the action of the bit and bridle, a "very painful" phenomenon that can cause "irreversible lingual lesions" 34 PF. The rider can also be misused the spurs and whip.

In equestrian sports [ edit | edit the code ] In the middle of horse racing, the growth of young foal is stimulated by a specific diet 41. These foals are put to work at the age of eighteen months and those who do not adapt to the races are reformed. Reformed, which are an important part of slaughter for horse meat, frequently develop health and behavioral problems 42.

Harness trotters According to the Australian scientist Paul McGreevy, the use of the whip for the horse races is "the form of the most public and most televised violence in the world today". It raises more ethical problem because of the pain inflicted on an animal generally exhausted by the effort PF 8. His study demonstrates that the use (frequent) of shots whip does not translate into better performance in horses race, race horse breeds are already genetically selected to run as fast as possible S 36. In addition, blows in the last 200 meters race often affect the horse in the sensitive part of the abdomen, leaving a mark clearly visible. The "pain-whip" invented in England is revealed in the facts as painful as other PF 8.

The discreet use of electric shocks on the horse race seems widespread since 1974, with hundreds of cases discovered. This cruel technology aimed to make them run faster is obviously prohibited officially AP 5.

In equestrian sports [ edit | edit the code ] Dark brown horse with coiled neck and muzzle close to the chest. Dressage horse mounted under the vertical, an uncomfortable position S 37. Main articles: Rollkur, Horse Dam obstacles and doping. The sports riding raises the issue of respect for physical and mental limits of the horse. All equestrian sports training require pushed and can be affected by the doping. Horses react poorly to the incessant repetition of the same exercise. Sports riders also tend to employ coercive mechanical means, including reins and severe jaw to push the horse in the attitude that they are looking at the link to get the animal itself to the term a dressage patient PF 35. Some sports horse training methods are denounced even banned for their cruelty. This is the case of Rollkur (hyperflexion of the neck) in dressage, banned by the International Equestrian Federation if it is obtained by force or maintained more than ten minutes. The dam at the barrier, which consists of hitting the horse's legs to the passage of an obstacle for him to get up earlier, was officially banned in competition and in training. It would still commonly used discreetly. The use of the whip in show jumping competition does not result in better performance, according to a study conducted in 2013 in the UK 36 PF.

The competitions of endurance are often at the heart of scandals involving the death of frames during or after the competition PF 37, and a large number of doping cases PF 38. These problems are likely the result of a cultural conflict between Western riders and those the Middle East PF 39.

When filming and performances [ edit | edit the code ] The use of horses during the filming of television series or film frequently causes of animal abuse problems, as pointed out an investigation of the Hollywood refer in 2013. These cases can also occur during the filming of prestigious films such as The Hobbit Peter Jackson which saw the death of three horses in New Zealand. The Animal Humane Association recommends replacing horses as much as possible by the digital imaging. However, in France, there is no official regulations for the safety of horses on film sets PF 6.

Rodeo and uses as fighting animal [ edit | edit the code ] A rider is about to stick a spade in the neck of a bull. A rejoneador at a Rejón corrida. Related Articles: Rodeo, Picador , Corrida Rejón , stallions Fighting , Horse-baiting and Horses in warfare. Historically, the use of horses as a fighting animal was very common, both in the context of the war than for rituals and entertainment such as horse-baiting. The stallions fighting organized persist in South-East Asia (Southern China and the Philippines). Result in numerous injuries. Some blows exchanged are splashing horses' eyes from their sockets. Stallions can even pull the ears of their rivals. Most animals end covered with bites SPA 9,  43  ,  PA 6. A "progress" has been achieved, however, in 2014, to the extent that the Chinese fighting stallions wounded are not systematically killed and consumed on-site cooking BBQ but treatment for their wounds PF 40.

The rodeo is accused of various interventions to increase the aggressiveness of the horse before the track entrance. Of electric shock are commonly used, leading to the death of an animal in 2012 PA 7. The growing controversy around events like the Calgary Stampede and Rodeo Houston led to a total ban rodeos in parts of the Americas S 4. The bullfight involves the participation of a rider, the picador, the frame is protected by a flank , with one or two blindfolded. The Rejón corrida done only on horseback and without protective flank. Accidents can still occur, during which horses were punctured by the bull PF 41. Writing Horse magazine denounces the code of silence that reigns about the number of horses killed in bullfights. The anti-bullfighting alliance estimates that number to twenty horses per year PF 42.

Slaughter and horse meat [ edit | edit the code ] Related Articles: horse meat, horse meat , Brumby and Mustang. A typical Asian woman cutting a big bloody carcass area along the coast with a long knife, the speed of the action being suggested by the blur of the photo. Cutting and preparation of carcasses of horses in Mongolia. The consumption of horse meat is a question of ethics, before asking that of animal suffering. This ethical aspect is invoked by protection associations such as SPA, which states that reformed horses are slaughtered for their meat after serving human activities: "First loved and carefully tended, whatever its merits, the brave horse will not experience a peaceful retreat: the first failure, it becomes butcher's meat, and will be led to the slaughter overnight SPA 10 ". The horses intended for human consumption are rarely slaughtered at the place where they are stationed. The question of welfare occurs during transport to the abattoir and slaughter itself.

EC Regulation 1/2005 imposes rules throughout the EU, including the obligation to feed and water the animals, prohibiting transport a sick or injured animal and using double-decker trucks. The transport conditions are regularly denounced by animal welfare groups, despite the claims of industry professionals rarely comply with regulations 44. European Regulation EC 853/2004 is supposed to ensure the horse prior stunning to prevent suffering. Professionals horsemeat say their industry is committed to animal welfare during slaughter. However, the horses of the slaughtering conditions are frequently denounced by associations, both in France than in Belgium, the Netherlands and especially in the Americas 45. They found and filmed numerous abuses during investigations, such as animals regaining consciousness before bleeding, which leads them to a very great suffering.

Eric Baratay and Jean-Pierre Digard explain the rejection of horse meat in developed countries by a change in status of the horse became close to the pet S 38,  S 39. In the US, the horse is associated with heroic and prestigious cultural baggage which dissociates consumables animals in the public mind S 4.

Associations and protective measures in force [ edit | edit the code ] There are many combinations of animal protection or expertise in the horse. Among the most active in France include Brigitte Bardot Foundation, (which militates against horse meat), the foundation 30 million friends, the French League for the Protection of the horse (the oldest), the hosting Equine Centre abused or One Voice PF 43. Internationally, World Horse Welfare is under the patronage of Princess Anne.

Some countries or states are very invested in protecting the horse. This is the case of Switzerland, the latest version of the Ordinance on the Protection of Animals in force since 1 st January 2014 prohibits many interventions on the horse, and requires detention conditions which respect their welfare including to allow him contact with other dogs, regular movements and outputs minimum two hours each day 35. The California made ​​the slaughter of horses and their transport to illegal logging, also banning rodeos. Residents of Massachusetts made ​​much to demand an end to the slaughter in 2004 S 4. The International Equestrian Federation prohibits obstacles Horse Dam and Rollkur if obtained "by force." The French federation riding has limited the number of shots whip authorized jumping three in 1990 S 21. The course jumping and eventing are increasingly regulated internationally. The number of daily journey jumping horse is limited and any fall is eliminatory S 40. Conversely, many countries have no law to protect the horses and animals in general. This is the case of China.

Practice	Country or organization that prohibited or restricted (date)	Country or organization allowing full Docking (Other interventions on the tail generally enjoy a legal vacuum ) S 41 Germany 4 Austria (2004) 4 Belgium (2001) 4 Denmark (1991) 4 United Kingdom (1949) 4 Ireland (1965) 4 Norway (1974) 4 Switzerland 35 Tail docking is not specifically prohibited in France, but it prevents the participation of animals in competitions and horse riding, as well as any activity sponsored by the State since 1996 4. In the absence of federal law, 12 US states prohibit (California, South Carolina, Connecticut, Columbia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio and Washington) S 42, as well as five regions of Australia S 43. Canada S 43 Branding Total ban: Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Scotland PF 18. Limitation: France (mandatory labeling deleted from the classic cycle in 2005) PF 18 Germany ( Local anesthesia compulsory from 2019) PF 18 Névrectomies and insensibilisations skin in competition International Equestrian Federation Switzerland 35 Dam to the obstacle International Equestrian Federation (2008) S 44 United States ( United States Equestrian Federation, permitted only with a stick of bamboo until 2008, been banned since) S 44 Switzerland (2014) 35 Rollkur / Hyperflexion International Equestrian Federation (on any international competition if kept in force and / or more than ten minutes, February 2010) Switzerland (total ban, in January 2014) 35,  PF 44 Hot whip International Equestrian Federation, 3 in jumping competitions obstacles PF 8 French Equestrian Federation, 3 jumping competition (1990) and prohibition aim for the head. 7 strokes authorized horse race PF 45 Shaving whiskers Switzerland 35 Germany 23 Soring and other binding devices hooves United States (1970) Switzerland 35 Electrical Instruments Switzerland 35 Detention with a closing wire France (if establishment open to the public) 46 Switzerland (2010) 47 Slaughter without stunning France (1974) European Union (2004) 48 Country hippophages practicing the Muslim ritual slaughter : Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan , Turkmenistan (in theory) 49. Slaughter United States (2007-2013) PF 46. All others, including the UK PA 8 and the United States since 2013 PF 46 Reviews [ edit | edit the code ] Wearing bust of a grizzled man sitting wearing glasses, shirt and vest in a relaxed break. The anthropologist Jean-Pierre Digard is very critical of the movement of the horse protection The ethnologist Jean-Pierre Digard is very critical of the Horse Protection Actions since the end of the xx th century. He believes that "these criticisms increasingly severe systematically made ​​by some protectionist movements" (which he calls "animalitaires" S 17 ) and "complacently relayed and amplified by a part of the equestrian press " S 21 are likely to lead the prohibition of equestrian sports and riding, and the extinction of the horse itself for lack of use S 24. This review is however not shared PF 47, teaching a more ethical riding constituting a barrier to the threat of extinction of the horse for lack of use. In addition, the development of cloning will soon resurrect extinct species and breeds PF 48.

The anthropomorphism and horse against ignorance are real obstacles to proper consideration of animal welfare, many people wrongly believed to be the "good" horse S 27. An example is the proliferation of " horse rescues internet . " Calls for donations are used to buy horses destined for slaughter, but the people who then host may not have the knowledge or financial means to ensure their well-being in the long term. These animals are then condemned to a "slow death" PF 49. Another is the "false good idea" to ban horse slaughter, which generated more animal suffering in the end, when it was supposed the prevents PF 12. Similarly, the fashion of natural horsemanship (treeless saddle without jaws mouth, barefoot ...) sometimes leads to inappropriate use of the equipment, or remove it then it would be necessary PF 50.

References [ edit | edit the code ] Note [ edit | edit the code ] ↑ Original version: To break horses. ↑ In the past, horse-drawn traffic bans were frequently motivated by motorist safety. His justification for the welfare of the horse is a novelty. References [ edit | edit the code ] ↑ Enoff 2014, p. 13-23 ↑ Among others, an edict issued in 1756 in Britain ordered to cut or carve out an ear to the Breton bidets top quality. View Antoine-Auguste (commander) Saint-Gal de Pons, Origins of Breton horse. Haras de Langonnet. Deposits from Lamballe and Hennebont. The deposit goes from Guingamp, Quimper, Celjoarion 1931 ( read online [ archive ] ) , p. 37 ↑ The cruelty of the Middle Ages spurs has likely given the popular expression "ride to spur cutting edge" in French. See: Brigitte Prévot and Bernard Ribémont, The Horse in France in the Middle Ages: its place in the medieval world; his medicine, the example of a veterinarian treated the xiv th century, Cirurgie horses , vol. 10 Medievalia, Caen, Paradigm, 1994, 522 p. ( ISBN 9782868780720 , online presentation [ archive ] ) , p. 155-156 ↑ a, b , c , d , e , f , g , h and i Diane Lefebvre (PhD), Caudotomie Belgian draft horse , Council of Welfare Belgian animal, June 2006 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ Reeve and Biggs 2011, p. "The Birth of Equine Welfare" (eBook) ↑ a and b Reeve and Biggs 2011, p. Welfare efforts in Britain ↑ a and b ( in ) Margo DeMello, Speaking for Animals: Animal Autobiographical Writing, Routledge, 2012 ( ISBN 0415808995 and 9780415808996 ) , Introduction; 224 ↑ ( in ) Merriam-Webster Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature 1995 ( ISBN 0877790426 and 9780877790426 ), input "Black Beauty" ↑ a and b Ernest Hemingway (trans. René Daumal), Death in the Afternoon, Gallimard, 2012 ( ISBN 2072447712 and 9782072447716 ) , p. 1-6 ↑ Pascal Dibie, The Passion of the eyes: Test against the cold science , Métailié Editions, coll. "Crossings", 1998, 186 p. ( ISBN 9782864242895 ), p. 141. ↑ ( in ) " Our Mission " [ archive ], The British Horse Society ↑ a and b Reeve and Biggs 2011, p. 'efforts Welfare in America "(eBook) ↑ Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier, history of bullfighting in the eighteenth to the twenty-first century Europe , Knowledge and Skills, 2005, 382 p. ( ISBN 9782753900493 ) , pp. 154-155 ↑ ( in ) " The Horse Protection Act " [ archive ] , Animal Care. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (accessed 15 March 2013 ) ↑ Carlos Pereira Henriques , the first Portuguese Riding treated Study: Livro da ensinança de bem cavalgar toda sela, King Dom Duarte , Editions L'Harmattan, 2001 ( ISBN 2747506789 and 9782747506786 ) , p. 74 ↑ La Cense , The natural horsemanship knowledge: Part 1 Knowledge 1 & 2 , Vol. 1, Le Cherche Midi, 2004, 87 pp. ( ISBN 9782749102085 ) , presentation editor ↑ Jez 2014 , p. 131-135 ↑ ( in ) James Gillett and Michelle Gilbert , Sports, Animals, and Society , Routledge, 2013, 306 p. ( ISBN 1135019150 and 9781135019150 , read online  [ archive ] ) ↑ ( in ) Sharon Udasin, " Knesset panel Approves Ban on horse-drawn carts in cities " [ archive ], The Jerusalem Post , September 22, 2014 (accessed 26 January 2015 ) ↑ P. Guerin, Mr. Orchard, J. Mos, G. Arnaud, N. and L. Baudoin Marnay, " estimate body condition " [ archive ], The National Stud / IFCE, July 2014 (accessed 20 January 2015 ) ↑ Anne -Couroucé Malblanc, "Diseases of the old horse" in diseases of horses , France Agricultural Press, 2010 ( ISBN 2855571685 and 9782855571683 ) , pp. 294-302 ↑ Enoff 2014, p. 65-66 ↑ a and b Dr. Marty Becker, " How Their whiskers help horses see " [ archive ], June 18, 2014 ↑ Julie Deutsch, "gelding or stallion? " in the horse's behavior , Artemis Editions, coll. "The Équiguides", 2006 ( ISBN 2844166407 and 9782844166401 ) ↑ ( in ) Cherry Hill, " Gelding and aftercare " [ archive ] 2008 ↑ ( de ) ( en ) Päivi Nussbaumer, " Castration - the stallion becomes a gelding: Advice Bureau, " The Freiberger , n o 125, 2012, pp. 22-23 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ Enoff 2014, p. 74-121 ↑ ( in ) John Ogilvie, Imperial Dictionary of the English Language , 1883, p. 272. ↑ Julie Deutsch, care for horses, Artemis Editions, 2007 ( ISBN 2844166415 and 9782844166418 ) , p. 121. ↑ Enoff 2014, p. 58-61. ↑ Enoff 2014, p. 50-52 ↑ a, b and c Enoff 2014 , p. Chapter "Open the cage open to horses! "P. 21-43 ↑ dossier compiled by Lucie Launay Dossier n o 6: Buildings and equestrian facilities engineering, wellness and Ecology, French Institute of horses and riding , 2011 [ read online [ archive ] ] ↑ a and b P. Doligez Mr. Vidament, L.Marnay and B. Ferry, " Housing horse welfare " [ archive ], French Institute of horses and riding / National Stud, September 2014 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ a, b , c , d , e , f , g , h and i " 455.1 Ordinance on the Protection of Animals (OPA) " [ archive ] , Swiss Federal Council, December 29, 2014 ↑ Coegnet Carolina, " Transport, malaise source " Horse magazine, n o 515, October 2014, p. 76-77 ↑ Michel Dogna, Take Control of Your Health: All major diseases, t. 1, Guy Trédaniel, 2014 ( ISBN 281321163X and 9782813211637 ) , chap. Hormonothéraîe and natural progesterone. ↑ Dr. Louis de Brouwer MD, The pharmaceutical mafia and food, Louise Courteau Editor, ( ISBN 2897280166 and 9782897280161 ) , chap. "Premarin is carcinogenic." ↑ ( in ) Lydia Nevzorova, Nevzorov Haute Ecole Equine Anthology Vol 1 [ read online [ archive ] ]. ↑ Cook, Strasser and Kells 2003, p. 38. ↑ Enoff 2014, p. 156-158 ↑ Enoff 2014, p. 162-167. ↑ ( in ) " Horse fighting " [ archive ], League Against Cruel Sports, February 28, 2011 (accessed 19 November 2014 ). ↑ " Proposed law to change the legal status of the horse by passing a pet farm animal " [ archive ] on http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/  [ archive ] (accessed August 12, 2010 ). ↑ Karin Bosteels, " GAIA and Lidl denounce horses suffering " [ archive ], March 14, 2014 (accessed 20 January 2014 ) ↑ Carius Manual, The right of the horse and riding, France Agricultural Press, 2005 ( ISBN 2855571278 and 9782855571270 ) , p. 25; 122 ↑ ( in ) Daniëlle Career, " Swiss woman fights Against barbed wire ban " [ archive ], Horses International, June 13, 2013 (accessed 22 January 2015 ) ↑ " REGULATION (EC) No 853/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin " [ archive ], the Official Journal of the French Republic , June 25 2004 , p. 22 ↑ The position of the Islamic tradition is mixed, see: ( in ) David Waines, An introduction to Islam, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 2 th ed. , 367 pp. ( ISBN 9780521539067 ), p. 79and ( in ) Françoise Aubaile-Sallenave, Meat Mediterranean Among Muslims: Beliefs and Praxis , 2004, p. 129. Scientific References [ edit | edit the code ] ↑ Sergio Dalla Bernardina, The Eloquence of the beasts: when man talking animals, Métailié, 2006, p. 184 ↑ a and b Tozzini 2003, p. 161. ↑ a and b Georges Chapouthier " Respect for the animal in its historical roots: the animal-object to the sensitive animal, " Bull. Acad. Vet. France, vol. 162, n o 1, 2009, p. 5-12 ↑ a, b , c , d , e and f McIlwraith and Rollin 2011 , p. chap. 1 - Equine Welfare and Ethics, Bernard Rollin ↑ Favre 1993, p. 3-4 ↑ ( in ) Ann Norton Greene, Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America , Harvard University Press, 2009, 336 p. ( ISBN 9780674037908 ) , p. 252 ↑ Favre 1993, p. 19-20 ↑ Favre 1993, p. 29-30 ↑ Favre 1993, p. 25-26 ↑ Favre 1993, p. 5 ↑ Favre 1993, p. 7-11 ↑ Favre 1993, p. 14-15 ↑ Favre 1993, p. 28 ↑ Favre 1993, p. 30-31 ↑ a, b , c and d Maurice Agulhon , " The blood of beasts. The problem of animal protection in France in the XIX th century " Romance , n o 31, 1981, p. 81-110 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ a, b , c and d Jez 2014 , p. 44 ↑ a, b and c Digard 2007 , p. 183 ↑ Tozzini 2003, p. 161-162 ↑ Arouna P. Ouedraogo and Pierre Le Neindre, man and beast: A social debate, Quæ editions, 1999 ( ISBN 2738008585 and 9782738008589 ) , pp. 146-148 ↑ Ghislaine Bouchet, The Horse in Paris in 1914 to 1850 , Paris, Librairie Droz, 1993 ( ISBN 9782600045360 , read online [ archive ] ) , p. 227. ↑ a, b , c , d and e Digard 2007 , p. 186 ↑ Digard 2007, p. 188 ↑ Jez 2014, p. 65 ↑ a and b Digard 2007, p. 188-190 ↑ Jez 2014, p. 74 ↑ ( in ) P r René van Weeren, " About Rollkur, low, deep and round gold: Why Winston Churchill and Albert Einstein Were Right " , The Veterinary Journal , vol. 196, n o 3, 2013, pp. 290- 3 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ a, b and c Jez 2014 , p. 45 ↑ Kathrin Kienapfel Yvonne Link and Uta König von Borstel, " Prevalence of Different Positions in Head-Neck Horses Shown at Dressage Competitions and Their Relation to Conflict Behaviour and Performance Marks " PLoS ONE, vol. 9, n o 8, 4 August 2014 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ H. Hama, M. and Y. Yogo Matsuyama, " Effects of stroking horses on Both Humans 'and horses' heart rate responses, " Jpn Psychol. Res., Vol. 38, 1996, p. 66-73 ↑ Hausberger et al. 2008, p. 1 ↑ Tozzini 2003, p. 159. ↑ Tozzini 2003, p. 160. ↑ Tozzini 2003, p. 169. ↑ Tozzini 2003, p. 170. ↑ Tozzini 2003, p. 171 ↑ ( in ) David Evans and Paul McGreevy, " An Investigation of Performance and Racing Whip Use by Jockeys in Thoroughbred Races ", PLoS ONE , vol. 6, n o 1, January 2011 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ ( in ) Uta König von Borstel and Paul McGreevy, " Behind the vertical and behind the times ", The Veterinary Journal , vol. 202, n o 3, December 2014, p. 403-404 ↑ Baratay 2003, p. 129 ↑ Jean-Pierre Digard, " The Horse in the turmoil of social and cultural changes of the xxi th century " [ archive ] on FNC  [ archive ] , National Federation of Horse , December 2008 (accessed 28 February 2011 ). ↑ Jean-Pierre Digard in Daniel Roche and Daniel Reytier, on horseback! Squires, amazons & jumpers xiv th to xxi th century, Association for the Academy of Equestrian Art of Versailles, 2007, p. 260 ↑ Tozzini 2003, p. 173-176. ↑ Tozzini 2003, p. 162-163 ↑ a and b Tozzini 2003, p. 168 ↑ a and b McIlwraith and Rollin 2011, p. chap. 19.4 References in the French press [ edit | edit the code ] ↑ a, b and c Lise Mayrand, " The equi-pedestrians, a new genre? " Horse magazine , n o 518, January 2015, p. 14-15. ↑ Amélie Tsaag Valren " Black Beauty, a novel for the cause of the horses, " Know Horse , March 2014 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ DF, " Tolstoy found " [ archive ], Le Nouvel Observateur, January 8, 2008 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ Marie-Morgane Le Moel, " In the Australian Queensland, wild horses is completed evil, " Le Monde , 13 March 2008 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ " Massacre of the Brumbies: it again! " Knowing Horse, n o 43, May 2013 ↑ a and b Lise Mayrand, " Lights, Camera ... " Horse magazine, n o 517, December 2014, p. 60-61 ↑ "Tom Dorrance and Ray Hunt, The first whisperers" in " Secrets of the whisperers " Horse magazine, Prest edit, n o 7 (special issue), October 2003 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ a, b , c and d Christa Lesté-Lasserre , " In the footsteps of the whip " Cheval magazine , n o 502, September 2013, p. 64-65 ↑ " The dressage rider Ulrike Prunthaller convicted of abuse " Knowing Horse, n o 40 February 2013 ( read online [ archive ] ). ↑ " The video of a horse beaten by unworthy Saudi kingdom " [ archive ], France24, February 17, 2014 (accessed 17 January 2015 ) ↑ " Journey to the death, " Horse magazine , n o 463, June 2010, p. 26. ↑ a, b and c Christa Lesté-Lasserre, " The return of American slaughterhouses " Horse magazine , October 2013, p. 64-65 ↑ " In New York, the war rages around carriages in Central Park " [ archive ], Science and the Future , March 6, 2014 (accessed 17 January 2015 ) ↑ " The plight of Colombian carriage horses, " Horse magazine , n o 516, November 2014, p. 58 ↑ Christian Carde and Laetitia Bataille, " The Roll Kur: What do you really think? " Knowing Horse , n o 5 November 2009 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ Christa Lesté-Lasserre, " When pain is seen " Horse magazine, n o 516, November 2014, p. 45-48 ↑ a and b Laure Marandet " Skip barefoot smooth " Horse magazine, n o 497, April 2013, p. 48-49 ↑ a, b , c , d and e Christa -Lesse Laserre " Marqués iron " Horse magazine , n o 506, January 2014, p. 64-65 ↑ Clémence Lesimple " Weaning: How to ease the transition, " Horse Magazine , n o 517, December 2014, p. 54-55. ↑ Christa Lesté-Lasserre, " Mr. "Horse Universe", " Horse magazine , n o 512, July 2014, p. 56-57 ↑ Laetitia Bataille, " Prisoners " Knowing Horse , n o 46 September 2013 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ Laure Marandet " Aggressiveness, a "human" problem " Horse magazine, n o 502, September 2013, p. 58-59. ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " Horses "SDF", " Horse magazine , n o 497, April 2013, p. 56-57 ↑ " What is the impact of riding on the horse's body? " Horse magazine, n o 511, June 2014, p. 37-38. ↑ Lesimple Clemence, " Look after her posture at work " Horse magazine, n o 508, March 2014, p. 46-47. ↑ Christa Lesté-Lasserre, " When overweight becomes "too much weight", " Horse magazine , n o 514, September 2014, pp. 51_53. ↑ Antoinette Delylle " rides Plants " magazine Horse, n o 488, July 2012, p. 64-65. ↑ " These riders are on foot, " Horse magazine , n o 511, June 2014, p. 36 ↑ " Will he athletes happy? " Knowing Horse, n o 59 December 2014 ( read online [ archive ] ). ↑ Colonel Christian Carde, " Tighten the noseband ... " Knowing Horse , n o 22, June 2011 ( read online [ archive ] ). ↑ Isa Danne, " Plea against tight noseband " Knowing Horse, n o 37 November 2012 ( read online [ archive ] ). ↑ Elise Chadeau-Argaud " Working without jaws, a good idea? " Horse magazine, n o 507, February 2014, p. 50. ↑ Fanny Lattach " inappropriate Saddle: Attention danger " Horse magazine, October 2013, p. 60-61 ↑ D r Jacques Laurent, " How is the phenomenon of "blue tongue"? " Knowing Horse, n o 52 April 2014 ( read online [ archive ] ). ↑ Christa Lesse Lasserre, " Reconciling well-being ... and competition, " Horse magazine , n o 509, April 2014, p. 56-57. ↑ " The whip does not jump the horses! " Horse magazine, n o 512, July 2014, p. 58 ↑ MK, " Endurance scandal " [ archive ], Replay Grand Prix , October 11, 2013 (accessed 23 June 2014 ). ↑ Stéphane Mandard, " Princess Haya, nag and viper venom " [ archive ], Le Monde , October 7, 2013 (accessed 19 June 2014 ). ↑ Yves Riou, " Endurance: a cultural conflict? " Knowing Horse, n o 48, November 2013 ( read online [ archive ] ). ↑ " barbaric game " Horse magazine, n o 509, April 2014, p. 63. ↑ " Tragic end for bullfighting horse " [ archive ], Horse magazine, May 10, 2012 ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " The horses bullfighters have no room for error, " Horse magazine , n o 501, August 2013, p. 56-57 ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " Engage! " Horse magazine, n o 480, November 2011, p. 82-83 ↑ " The Rollkur prohibited in Switzerland " [ archive ], Horse Knowledge, December-January 2014 ↑ " The Triumph of the whip " [ archive ], Horse magazine , October 9, 2012 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ a and b " The United States will allow first horse slaughterhouses since 2007 " [ archive ], Le Monde , May 4, 2013 (accessed 20 January 2014 ) ↑ " Riding indispensable to the survival of horses? " Horse magazine]], n o 511, June 2014, p. 39 ↑ Amélie Tsaag Valren, " Can the horse disappear? Travel to the future ... " Knowing Horse, n o 52 April 2014 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ Delylle Antoinette, " The slow death of the internet rescued horses, " Horse magazine , n o 511, May 2014, p. 12-13 ↑ " The horse is there an interest to be mounted? " Horse magazine, n o 511, June 2014, p. 35 References to the English press [ edit | edit the code ] ↑ ( in ) Catrin Einhorn, " Horses Spared in US Face Death Across the Border " [ archive ], The New York Times , January 11, 2008 (accessed February 4, 2011 ). ↑ ( in ) Amy Hamilton, " Horse Abandonment Rises " [ archive ], trib.com, January 24, 2010 (accessed February 4, 2011 ). ↑ ( in ) " Cases of horse neglect, abandonment Growing in Colorado " [ archive ], Colorado Springs Gazette, January 24, 2010 (accessed February 4, 2011 ). ↑ ( in ) Cynthia Wolff, " Do not ban horse slaughter in Illinois ", Chicago Sun-Times , 1 st May 2007. ↑ ( in ) " was Seamy Side of Sports: Horses With prodding Shocks ", The New York Times , March 27, 2014 ( read online [ archive ] ) ↑ ( in ) Danny Penman, " Tournament of Blood: The sheer horror of horse-fighting " [ archive ], Daily Mail , February 18, 2008 (accessed 19 November 2014 ). ↑ ( in ) John M. Glionna, " Electric prod used on horses at Reno Rodeo; group claims coverup " [ archive ], Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2012 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ Tom Rawstorne, " How 5,000 horses a year secretly go to slaughter " [ archive ], Mail Online, January 10, 2008 (accessed 21 January 2015 ) References animal protection associations [ edit | edit the code ] ↑ " They Shoot Horses, Do not They? " [ archive ] on One Voice (accessed 13 January 2010 ) ↑ ( in ) " Dealing with fallout from horse slaughter ban " [ archive ], Animal People, November-December 2007 (accessed 3 March 2011 ). ↑ ( in ) Alisa Mullins, " Israel Becomes First Country to Ban Horse-Drawn Carts " [ archive ], PETA, September 22, 2014 (accessed 25 January 2015 ) ↑ ( in ) " Investigation Exposes Mumbai's Filthy Horse Stables " [ archive ], PETA, 2013 (accessed 26 January 2015 ) ↑ " Social behavior " [ archive ], French League for the Protection of the horse (accessed 21 January 2015 ) ↑ Pili " mare's milk " [ archive ] on http://www.protection-des-animaux.org/  [ archive ]. ↑ ( in ) " Premarin: A Prescription for Cruelty " [ archive ], PETA (accessed 22 January 2015 ) ↑ ( in ) " Keeping Mares Pregnant Women Can Consume n That Horse Urine " [ archive ], Animals Liberation Front (accessed 22 January 2015 ). ↑ ( in ) ' Horse Fighting: Barbaric " [ archive ], PETA, November 30, 2007 (accessed 19 November 2014 ) . ↑ " horse meat "  [ archive ] on SPA asso  [ archive ] , Society for the Protection of Animals (accessed October 9, 2009 ) . Annexes [ edit | edit the code ] On other Wikimedia projects: Abused horses on Wikimedia Commons Related articles Natural horsemanship Animal welfare Animal rights Antispécisme External links Practical Guide for the welfare of the horse , a publication of the Department of French agriculture Reflections on Ethics and the horse , publication of the agroscope Swiss References [Enoff 2014] Pierre Enoff , horses Silence: Advocacy for another equestrian world , Amphora, April 19, 2014, 256 pp. ( ISBN 2851808761 and 978-2851808769 )  Works used for the drafting of Article [2011 Reeve and Biggs] ( in ) Moira C. Reeve and Sharon Biggs ( photogr. Bob Langrish) "The Birth of equine welfare" in The Original Horse Bible: The Definitive Source for All Things Horse , BowTie Press, 15 September 2011 ( ISBN 1937049256 and 9781937049256 , read online )  Works used for the drafting of Article Academic Work [ edit | edit the code ] collective, Code of Practice for the care and handling of horses: Literature review on priority issues , the Scientific Committee responsible for the Equine Code of Practice, July 2012 ( read online ) [Baratay 2003] Eric Baratay, The Stepford animals: history of a condition , Odile Jacob. al "Humanities", 2003, 376 pp. ( ISBN 9782738112477 ) Works used for the drafting of Article [Cook, Hiltrud and Kells 2003] ( by ) William Robert Cook Hiltrud Strasser and Sabine Kells, Metal in the mouth: the abusive effects of bitted bridles , Sabine Kells, 2003, 138 p. ( ISBN 0968598854 and 9780968598856 ) [Digard 2007] Jean-Pierre Digard, A history of horse art, technology, society , Actes Sud, coll. "Nature", 1 st March 2007, 296 p. ( ISBN 978-2742764839 ) Works used for the drafting of Article [Favre 1993] ( by ) David S. Favre, The Development of Anti-Cruelty Laws During The 1800s , Michigan State University College of Law, 1993 ( read online ) Works used for the drafting of Article [Hausberger et al 2008] Martine Hausberger, Hélène Roche , Séverine Henry and E. Kathalijne Visser , " Synthesis human relationship - Horse " Applied Animal Behaviour Science , University of Rennes I , Vol. 109, 2008, p. 1 -37 ( read online ) [Jez 2014] Christine Jez, the French horse industry in 2030 , Editions Quae, March 20, 2014, 158 p. ( ISBN 2759221288 and 9782759221288 , read online ) Works used for the drafting of Article [McIlwraith and Rollin 2011] ( in ) C. Wayne McIlwraith and Bernard E. Rollin, Equine Welfare , vol. 8 UFAW Animal Welfare, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, 488 p. ( ISBN 1444397818 and 9781444397819 , read online ) Works used for the drafting of Article [Tozzini 2003] ( in ) S. Tozzini, " Hair today, gone tomorrow: equine crimes and cosmetic --other Details of woe " , Animal Law Review , 2003, pp. 159-181 ( read online )