User talk:Mothasimbillahnoman

Chapter -1 “Introduction” Chapter Outline:

1.1  Introduction 1.2  Background/Previous Work 1.3  Structure of Report

1.1 Introduction  : Most of the digital millimeters’ these days have built-in features for testing diodes and some transistors. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate a simple way to construct a testing device for diodes and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), MOSFET and digital logic gate IC’s using a microcontroller. The testing algorithm is based on a simple fact that a working PN junction conducts current in only one direction. A PIC16F688 microcontroller is used in this project that switches the bias voltage across the PN junctions of diode and transistors, and determines if a particular junction is normal, open or short.

1.2 Background/Previous Work  : Citing Patent 	Filing date 	Publication date 	Applicant 	Title US3660758 * Jul 23, 1970 	May 2, 1972 	Means James A 	Device for testing semiconductors US3766475 * Sep 21, 1972 	Oct 16, 1973 	Honeywell Inf Systems 	Silicon controlled rectifier tester US3914690 * Mar 2, 1973 	Oct 21, 1975 	Southwire Co 	Scr and diode tester US4002972 * Mar 18, 1975 	Jan 11, 1977 	General Electric Company 	Electric vehicle control analyzer US4031465 * Dec 23, 1974 	Jun 21, 1977 	Rca Corporation 	SCR, diode, diac, and triac tester US4215309 * Nov 17, 1977 	Jul 29, 1980 	Frey Raymond A 	High efficiency switching circuit USB337703 * Mar 2, 1973 	Jan 28, 1975 		Title not available DE9307408U1 * 	May 15, 1993 	Jul 29, 1993 	Wintjens, Ruediger, 47533 Kleve, De 	Title not available EP0048324A1 * 	Jul 27, 1981 	Mar 31, 1982 	Walter Hanselmann AG Fesy Elektronik 	Apparatus for testing active semiconductive components EP0626585A1 * 	May 10, 1994 	Nov 30, 1994 	Rüdiger Wintjens 	Programmable and fully electronic transistor measuring apparatus 1.3 Structure of Report  : Chapter 1   : This chapter contains the introduction of the project. Chapter 2   :  In this chapter show the equipment description used in this project Chapter 3   : Our project details described here. Chapter 4   : The problem solving procedure is given here. Chapter 5   : This chapter contains the conclusion of the project.

Chapter 2 “Description of Equipment” Chapter Outline: 2.1.1 Micro Controller 2.2.1 LCD Display 2.3.1 Power Supply 2.4.1 Transistors 2.5.1 Crystal Resistor

2.1.1 Micro Controller: When we have to learn about a new computer we have to familiarize about the machine capability we are using, and we can do it by studying the internal hardware design (devices architecture), and also to know about the size, number and the size of the registers. A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory for the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit. Also called a "computer on a chip," billions of microcontroller units (MCUs) are embedded each year in a myriad of products from toys to appliances to automobiles. For example, a single vehicle can use 70 or more microcontrollers.

2.1.2 PIC16F877A Microcontroller PIC16F877A is one of the PICMicro Family microcontroller which is popular at this moment, start from beginner until all professionals. Because very easy using PIC16F877A and use FLASH memory technology so that can be write-erase until thousand times. The superiority this Risc Microcontroller compared to with other microcontroller 8-bit especially at a speed of and his code compression. PIC16F877A have 40 pin by 33 path of I/O.

Figure 2.1: PIC16F877A Microcontroller PIC16F877A perfectly fits many uses, from automotive industries and controlling home appliances to industrial instruments, remote sensors, electrical door locks and safety devices. It is also ideal for smart cards as well as for battery supplied devices because of its low consumption. EEPROM memory makes it easier to apply microcontrollers to devices where permanent storage of various parameters is needed (codes for transmitters, motor speed, receiver frequencies, etc.). Low cost, low consumption, easy handling and flexibility make PIC16F877A applicable even in areas where microcontrollers had not previously been considered (example: timer functions, interface replacement in larger systems, coprocessor applications, etc.).In System Programmability of this chip (along with using only two pins in data transfer) makes possible the flexibility of a product, after assembling and testing have been completed. This capability can be used to create assembly-line production, to store calibration data available only after final testing, or it can be used to improve programs on finished products. 2.1.3 High-Performance RISC CPU: •	Only 35 single-word instructions to learn •	All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle •	Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input DC – 200 ns instruction cycle •	Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory •	Pin out compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontrollers.

2.1.4	Peripheral Features: •	Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler •	Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep via external crystal/clock •	Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler •	Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules •	Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master mode) and I2C™ (Master/Slave) •	Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver •	Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection •	Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only) •	Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

2.1.5 Special Microcontroller Features: •	100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical •	1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical •	Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years •	Self-reprogrammable under software control •	In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins •	Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming •	Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation •	Programmable code protection •	Power saving Sleep mode •	Selectable oscillator options •	In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins

2.1.6 PIC Microcontroller Architecture:

Fig:2.2 PIC Microcontroller Architecture CPU: CPU is not different from other microcontrollers CPU. PIC microcontroller CPU consists of Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), memory unit (MU), control unit (CU), Accumulator etc. Memory: Memory module in the PIC consists of RAM, ROM and STACK RAM: we know that RAM (Random Access Memory) which is a volatile memory used for storing the data temporarily in its registers. ROM: We know that ROM (Read Only memory) is a non volatile memory used for storing the data permanently. EEPROM: In the normal ROM we can write the program for only one time we cannot reuse the Microcontroller for another time where as in the EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) we can program the ROM for number of times. 2.1.7 Advantages of PIC Microcontroller: •	They are reliable and malfunctioning of PIC percentage is very less. And performance of the PIC is very fast because of using RISC architecture. •	Power conception is also very less when compared to other micro controllers. When we see in the programmer point of view interfacing is very easy, also we can connect analog devices directly with out any extra circuitry and use them. Programming is also very easy when compared to other microcontrollers.

2.1.8 Pin Diagram of PIC16F877A

Fig : 2.3 Pin Diagram of PIC16F877

2.2.1 LCD Display

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence. The LCD screen is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. Liquid crystals were first discovered in 1888.[2] By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

2.2.2 Connection Diagram of LCD

Fig: 2.4 Connection Diagram of LCD

2.2.3 Image of LCD Fig: 2.5 Image of LCD

2.3.1 Power Supply Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others. Here in our application we need a 5v DC power supply for all electronics involved in the project. This requires a 9V Battery, voltage regulator, and filter circuit for generation of 5v DC power. 2.3.2 Circuit Diagram of Power supply:

Fig 2.6 power supply

2.3.3 Regulator IC (78XX) : It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts unregulated DC current into regulated DC current.

Fig 2.7 Regulator IC (78XX)

Normally we get fixed output by connecting the voltage regulator at the output of the filtered DC (see in above diagram). It can also be used in circuits to get a low DC voltage from a high DC voltage (for example we use 7805 to get 5V from 12V). 2.3.4 Capacitor Filter:

The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The application of the simple capacitor filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies for cathode-ray and similar electron tubes, which require very little load current from the supply. The capacitor filter is also used where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical; this frequency can be relatively high. The capacitor (C1) shown in figure 4-15 is a simple filter connected across the output of the rectifier in parallel with the load.

2.4.1 Transistors: Transistors are active components used basically as amplifiers and switches. The two main types of transistors are. The bipolar transistors whose operations depend on the flow of both minority and majority carriers, and the unipolar of field effect transistors (called FETs) in which current is due to majority carriers only (either electrons or holes). The transistor as a switch operates in a Class a mode. In this mode of bias the circuit is designed such that current flows without any signal present. The value of the bias current either increased or decreased about its mean value by input signals (if operated as an amplifier), or ON and OFF by the input signal if operated as a switch Fig. 3 shows the transistor as a switch.

Transistor as a Switch:

Fig: 2.8 Transistor For the transistor configuration, since the transistor is biased to saturation VCE = 0, when the transistor is ON, 2.5.1 Crystal Resistor Features:

-	Wide frequency range -	Low cost to performance -	Excellent for clock frequency generation -	Very low profile

2.5.2 Specifications Symbol	HC49US	Remarks

Frequency range		f 3.5MHz ~ 35.000MHz	Fundamental mode 30MHz ~ 90MHz	Overtone mode Friquecy tolerance 	 Ta=25c	f/f ± 3ppm ~ ± 50ppm	Please specify Load capacitance		CL 5pF ~ 50pF or user specify	Please specify Temperature tolerance		f/f ±3ppm ~ ± 50ppm	Please specify

Temperature range	Storage temp.	TSTG -40°C ~ +105°C Operating temp.	TOPR 0°C ~ +50°C / -40°C~               +105°C	Others are offered

Drive level	Maximum drive level	MDL	 1000W Recommended drive level	RDL	 10W ~ 100W Series resistance		R1	 As per table	25°C Shunt capacitance		C0	 7pF	Max Insulation resistance		IR 500M Ohm Aging		fA ±1ppm ~ ±5ppm/Year	Please specify Table 2.1 Specification of crystal

2.5.3 Circuit of crystal Resistor Fig 2.9 Circuit of crystal Resistor

2.5.4 Image of Crystal

Fig: 2.10 Image of Crystal

Chapter 3 “Our Proposed Method”

Chapter Outline:

3.1.1	Project Overview 3.3.1   Working Principle of the Project 3.4.1  Working flowchart of the proposed project 3.5.1   Schematic Diagram 3.5.2   PCB layout of the project 3.5.3   Schematic View of Project 3.6.1   Procedure Followed While Designing

3.1.1	Project Overview

This Project “Universal Semiconductor Tester” using Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of check semiconductor devices very accurately. Whenever you want to check a semiconductor device, we just simply attach a device into zip socket and press the scan button of the project. The microcontroller does the above job. It send and receive a signal voltage to the leg of a device, and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller PIC16F877A print the result of the checking into the LCD for 3 seconds.

3.1.2 Block Diagram of Proposed Project

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram of Proposed Project

3.1.3 Block Diagram Description: The basic block diagram of the Universal Semiconductor Tester is shown in the above figure. Mainly this block diagram consists of the following essential blocks. 1.	Power Supply 2.	LCD Display 3.	PIC16F877A Microcontroller

3.2.1	Power Supply:- Here we used +5V dc power supply. The main function of this block is to provide the required amount of voltage to essential circuits. To get the +5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dc regulated power supply.

3.2.2   LCD Display:- Here we used a 2x16 line LCD display. The main function of the block is to show the result calculated by the microcontroller.

3.2.3	PIC16F877A Microcontroller:- Microcontroller PIC16F877A is one of the PICMicro Family microcontroller which is popular at this moment, start from beginner until all professionals. Because very easy using PIC16F877A and use FLASH memory technology so that can be write-erase until thousand times. The superiority this Risc Microcontroller compared to with other microcontroller 8-bit especially at a speed of and his code compression. PIC16F877A have 40 pin by 33 path of I/O. PIC16F877A perfectly fits many uses, from automotive industries and controlling home appliances to industrial instruments, remote sensors, electrical door locks and safety devices the PIC16F877A is a powerful microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution so many embedded control applications.

3.3.1 Working Principle of the Project  : Two leg equipment testing: This project can test a diode and resistor. It can also measure the value of the resistor. It cannot test capacitor and inductor.

When we insert a two leg device into the zip socket and press the scan button for two legs, then at first the project check probability of a P-N junction diode. For this operation two pin of the microcontroller pin_2A and pin_2B is needed. One is set as input and another as output. The project scans the device and collects data. The very next step, the pin setting reverses, and again scan the device. If the data satisfy the conduction of P-N junction diode, then the microcontroller print the result of the testing into LCD. If not then the pin setting change and turn on internal ADC of the microcontroller.

PIC 16F77A has a 210 bit internal ADC which can read analog input. The equipment setting shown into the figure. Total number of ADC count is 210=1024. Thus it has 0 to 1023 counts. The value of the resistor Rx is

Rx = (560k*1023/ADC count)-(560k+680)

The value of Rx will be shown in the display. If the inserted device does not satisfy either the conduction of diode or resistor, then the project show that “Open or No device”.

Three leg equipment test:

This project can test NPN, PNP transistor and MOSFET. PIN_3A, PIN_3B and PIN3_C are required for this operation. When we insert a 3 pin device into the zip socket and press the scan button, then it thinks it as a 3 pin device.

Fig: Circuit Arrangement for 3 Leg Device Testing

Let the device is NPN transistor. First test pin of this project set for finding base. When it found base, then it find collector and emitter. If these pin configurations satisfy as a NPN transistor then it shows that the device is a NPN transistor and also the pin configuration.

Else, it run PNP transistor test. First it try to find base and then the collector and emitter. If it founds, the result will be shown on the LCD display.

Else MOSFET test run. First try detect the source drain configuration. Then find the gate. If found, result shown into the LCD.

Otherwise if any condition does not satisfy the condition of NPN, PNP and MOSFET, then the project show that “Open or No Device”.

Logic Gate test:

There are many types of logic gates. This project can test all kind of logic gates. Logic gates are 14 pin IC. We just check three pin of the IC. First this project collects data from logic gates and then compare with the predefine data stored into the memory of Microcontroller. Which result satisfies the predefined data, which is shown into the LCD

All of the testing processes are shown with a flowchart below:

3.4.1 Working flowchart of the proposed project:

Two Leg Scan

No	Yes

No

Yes

Three Leg Scan

Yes	No

No                                            Yes

Yes                                            No                                                                                         Yes

Logic Gate Scan

3.5.1 Schematic Diagram Fig 3.2 Circuit Diagram 3.5.2 PCB layout of the project Fig 3.3 PCB Layout

3.5.3 Schematic View of Project Fig 3.4 Schematic View of Project

3.6.1 Procedure Followed While Designing: In the beginning we designed the circuit in DIPTRACE software. Diptrace is a circuit designing software. After completion of the designing circuit we prepared the layout.

Then we programmed the microcontroller in MICRO C software using hex file. Then we simulate it using Proteus ISIS software. Proteus ISIS is a simulation software. After Completion of the simulating we load the program in Microcontroller using universal programmer kits.

Then soldering process was done. After completion of the soldering process we tested the circuit. Still the desired output was not obtained and so troubleshooting was done.

Chapter-4 “Troubleshooting” Chapter Outline: 4.1.1 Trouble Shooting

4.1.1 Trouble Shooting We started our project by making power supply. That is easy for me but when we turn toward the main circuit, there are many problems and issues related to it, which are we faced, like component selection, which components is better than other and its feature and cost wise also, then refer the data books and other materials related to its.

We had issues with better or correct result, which we desired. And also the software problem.

We also had some soldering issues which were resolved using continuity checks performed on the hardware.

We started testing the circuit from the power supply. There we got over first trouble. After getting 9V from the Battery it was not converted to 5V and the circuit received 9V. As the solder was shorted IC 7805 got burnt. So we replaced the IC7805.also the circuit part around the IC7805 were completely damaged. With the help of the solder we made the necessary paths.

Chapter - 5 “Conclusion” Chapter Outline: 5.1.1 Future Expansion 5.2.1 Conclusion 5.3.1 Reference

5.1.1 Future Expansion:

•	In future we can reduce the size of the project and can use as a pocket tester.

5.2.1 Conclusion: 	This paper proposes an inexpensive and compact model of Semiconductors & Digital IC tester using PIC16f77A.Diffrent digital IC’s can be tested by just writing the specific program without any change in hardware. Depending upon pre-determined data the signals from microcontroller are conditioned and corresponding output pins are checked for correctness The system that has been implemented has shown considerable output that matched our requirement. this was achieved by small and user friendly PIC16F77A.

5.3.1Reference:

•	www.datasheets4u.com •	www.alldatasheets.com •	Microcontroller & Embeddeed Systems Mazidi, M. A/ Mazidi, J. G. Pearson Edu. •	Microcontroller: Architecture, Programming & Applecations Ayala, Kenneth J. 2nd ed Penram •	Microcontroller: Internals, Instructions, Programming and Interfacing By Subrata Ghoshal

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