User talk:NicoleLynLetourneau

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 * Below are your four paragraphs of Attachment theory which were different from the original. PrimeHunter (talk) 23:11, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

Ainsworth's work in the United States attracted many scholars into the field, inspiring research and challenging the dominance of behaviourism. Further research by Ainsworth's student, Mary Main,Mary Main and colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley identified a fourth attachment pattern, called disorganized/disoriented attachment "D". The name reflects these children's lack of a coherent coping strategy. . Another of Ainsworth's students, Patrician Crittenden, has rejected the idea that the attachment system can ever be disorganized, and instead refers to a range of A, B, and C patterns or indeed combinations theorof, in her Dynamic Maturational Model of Attachment At its core, the DMM rejects the idea that the attachment system can ever be disorganized, because disorganization implied that the system has not adapted successfully to the qualities of the caregiving environment. In this view, disorganization is contrary to survival(Crittenden, P. 2006. A dynamamic maturational model of attachment. Journal of Family Therapy, 27(2), 105-115.) Support for this approach has been found in the work of Canadian attachment theorist and researcher, Ellen Moss, who had observed that children, coded in infancy to be disorganized "D", to convert to Crittenden's A or C controlling or punitive patterns by preschool age (Moss, E., Cyr, C. & Dubois-Comtois, K. 2005. Attachment at early school age adn developmental risk: Examining family contexts and behavior problems in controlling-caregiving, controlling punitive, and behaviorally disorganized children. Developmental psychology, 40(4), 519-532.

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Some authors have questioned the idea that a taxonomy of categories representing a qualitative difference in attachment relationships can be developed. Examination of data from 1,139 15-month-olds showed that variation in attachment patterns was continuous rather than grouped. This criticism introduces important questions for attachment typologies and the mechanisms behind apparent types. However, it has relatively little relevance for attachment theory itself, which "neither requires nor predicts discrete patterns of attachment". . Indeed, Crittenden's Dynamic Maturational Model (DMM) of Attachment's approach may be the only system that lends itself to continuous versus categorical classification of attachment. Perhaps as a result of this flexibility, it has attracted the interest and favour of many European clinicians and researchers, noted by the many European language publications (e.g. Crittenden, P. 2005. (in German) Der CARE-Index als Hilfsmittel fur Fruherkennung, Intervention Und Forschung. Fruhforderung interdisziplinar (early interdisciplinary intervention), Special issue: Bindungsorientierte Ansatze in der Praxis der Fruhforderung, 24, 99-106; Crittenden, P. 2005. (in Italian) Attachment theory, psychopathology, and psychotherapy: The Dynamic Maturational Approach (translated from Teoria dell'attaccamento, psicopatologia e psicoterapia: L'approcio dinamico maturativo) Psicoterapia, 30, 171-182). This approach has not yet found a toehold in the Americas.

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The most concerning pattern is disorganized attachment. (In Crittenden's DMM classification, disorganized attachment would rather be classifed as a severe form or A or C, or a combination of A/C patterns.) About 80% of maltreated infants are likely to be classified as disorganized, as opposed to about 12% found in non-maltreated samples. Only about 15% of maltreated infants are likely to be classified as secure. Children with a disorganized pattern in infancy tend to show markedly disturbed patterns of relationships. Subsequently their relationships with peers can often be characterised by a "fight or flight" pattern of alternate aggression and withdrawal. Affected maltreated children are also more likely to become maltreating parents. A minority of maltreated children do not, instead achieving secure attachments, good relationships with peers and non-abusive parenting styles. The link between insecure attachment, particularly the disorganized classification, and the emergence of childhood psychopathology is well-established, although it is a non-specific risk factor for future problems, not a pathology or a direct cause of pathology in itself. In the classroom, it appears that ambivalent children are at an elevated risk for internalising disorders, and avoidant and disorganized children, for externalising disorders.

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Attachment theory was extended to adult romantic relationships in the late 1980s by Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver. Four styles of attachment have been identified in adults: secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant and fearful-avoidant. These roughly correspond to infant classifications: secure, insecure-ambivalent, insecure-avoidant and disorganized/disoriented. Again, in Crittenden's DMM classifications which extend from infancy to adulthood and characterize preschool, school-age and adoloscent attachment pattnrns, the disorganized category is subsumed under severe forms of the insecure patterns, or combinations theorof (Crittenden, 2006, cited above.)

Wikipedia talk:Articles for creation/Patricia Crittenden concern
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File:Letourneau at work.jpg
Hi,, I was wondeirng, is this you? I would like to rename this file because of #2 (To change from a meaningless or ambiguous name to a name that describes what the image particularly displays). Thank you for your time. Lotje (talk) 05:43, 22 August 2017 (UTC)