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Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 18:36, 10 December 2016 (UTC)

=Needs formating=

Host Range and Symptoms of P. aeruginosa
P. aeruginosa is a pathogen that could be described as an archetype for opportunistic behavior. Its host range is extremely broad, and its ability to infect mammals like humans, invertebrates like nematodes, and a variety of plant species is a way in which it is unique from other plant pathogens. It is opportunistic because it attacks hosts with compromised defense systems, this could be due to previous disease or other environmental or biological factors.

Certain strains of P. aeruginosa are able to infect the roots of plant species like Arabidopsis and sweet basil to cause the disease root rot. Symptoms of this disease include decaying root tissue with necrotic black patches on root tips. Often times the roots are brown or discolored and can be slimy, secondary symptoms include wilting and yellowing of plant leaves. There are other strains are able to cause soft rot in lettuce, symptoms of this include watery or soft feeling to plant tissues. Water lesions symptomatic of soft rot are caused by the release of pectate and other degrading enymes that bind plant cells and cause structures to fall apart.

Pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa
P. aeruginosa is a gram negative bacterium, its host range is extremely broad in that it is able to cause disease in mammals, non-mammalian animals like nematodes, and plants as well. P. aeruginosa is known to cause root rot in plant species, characterized by a softening and degrading of root tissues as well as black necrotic regions on root tips. How the pathogen is actually able to enter and infect the host has been studied extensively.

To analyze the mechanisms the bacteria uses to infect hosts, we can examine its interactions with a plant species, namely Sweet basil ( Ocimum basilicum). The pathogen is able to enter host plants via wounds or natural openings, sweet basil has evolved a way to detect infection of the pathogen, and upon entry the plant roots secrete excessive amounts of rosmarinic acid, a compound that has been shown to have antibacterial properties able to combat cells of P. aeruginosa. To counter this plant defense response, the pathogen has developed the ability to form a biofilm layer. These biofilms are an organized structure of attached cell colonies encased by an extracellular polymeric matrix, and are able to protect the bacterium from the effects of rosmarinic acid. The biofilms layers act as a means of resistance to the harsh environmental conditions created by the host plant. The pathogen can then go on to continue other processes, like the output of degradation enzymes that allow the bacteria to collect nutreince from plant cells. This sort of arms race between pathogen and host, where new genes arise that are able to confer some sort of resistance or tool to the organism’s advantage is known as the gene for gene concept, these sort of interactions are common across many different sorts of pathogen and host relationships.

Importance of P. aeruginosa
Certain strains of P. aeruginosa are able to cause soft rot in host plants, and therefore are a member of the bacterial soft rot pathogens, perhaps the most notable of these bacterial soft rot pathogens being Erwinia caratova. Soft rots commonly affect crops such as potato, carrot, tomato, and cucurbis, as well as cruciferous crops such as cabbage. More recently, there have been new reports of P. aeruginosa causing soft rot in onions. On a global scale, soft rots cause more crop losses than any other bacterial disease. In some cases, yield losses can be up to 100% due to substandard storage facility conditions. The problem of yield losses can be exacerbated when we take a look at how it affects different markets. A lack of available produce can lead to increases of produce prices, which can then go on to have other economic effects. All of these host crops carry enormous economic importance, onions, for example, where it has been estimated that 6.7 million acres are grown globally are known to be a household staple world wide. This crop is especially important for the developing economies of countries like, Egypt, Iran, and India, India being the world leader in onion production. This of course is just an example of the importance of one crop affected by P. aeruginosa, when we consider its ability to infect a range of hosts the need to control the pathogen becomes more clear. Understanding of these sorts of diseases is crucial in fighting them, and especially in the case of P. aeruginosa, where the pathogen has developed defenses that confer resistance to antibiotics, it is important to fully understand these bacterial mechanisms so we can develop new ways in treating them. With a growing global population, yield losses become more and more problematic

Additional Sources:

"Host Range and Symptoms of P. aeruginosa" Sources

Modeling P. aeruginosa Pathogenisis in Plant Hosts

"Importance of P. aeruginosa" Sources

“Effects of Phytobiocides in Controlling Soft Rot of Tomato”; Journal of Natural Sciences Research.

[http://hort.uwex.edu/articles/bacterial-soft-rot/ Wisconsin Horticulture. "Bacterial Soft Rot"]

"Economics of Onion Cultivation and its Marketing Pattern in Satara District of Maharashtra". Barakade. September 2011

"First Report of Soft Rot on Onion Bulbs in Storage caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Egypt." Hemida And-Alla, Ratering, Schnell, Bashandy. December 2011

Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sources:

"Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Plant root Interactions. Pathogenicity, Biofilm Formation, and Root Exudation". American Society of Plant Biologists. Walker, Bais, Deziel, Schweitzer, Rahme, Fall, Vivanco. Jan 2004

Host Range and Symptoms of P. aeruginosa
P. aeruginosa is a pathogen that could be described as an archetype for opportunistic behavior. Its host range is extremely broad, and its ability to infect mammals like humans, invertebrates like nematodes, and a variety of plant species is a way in which it is unique from other plant pathogens. It is opportunistic because it attacks hosts with compromised defense systems, this could be due to previous disease or other environmental or biological factors. Certain strains of P. aeruginosa are able to infect the roots of plant species like Arabidopsis and sweet basil to cause the disease root rot. Symptoms of this disease include decaying root tissue with necrotic black patches on root tips. Often times the roots are brown or discolored and can be slimy, secondary symptoms include wilting and yellowing of plant leaves. There are other strains are able to cause soft rot in lettuce, symptoms of this include watery or soft feeling to plant tissues. Water lesions symptomatic of soft rot are caused by the release of pectate and other degrading enymes that bind plant cells and cause structures to fall apart.