User talk:Nr Buhari Isma'il CRNA

Drug Abuse And Its Effects To The Health
'INTRODUCTION'

Drug abuse involves the use of psychoactive drugs in an amounts or by methods which are harmful to an individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder also called substance abuse.

Different definitions of drug abuse are used in public health, medical and criminal justice contexts. In some cases criminal or anti-social behaviour occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long term personality changes in individuals may occur as well. In addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties, although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.

Drug abuse became public health challenge where by so many people take drugs out of medical orders including non psychoactive drugs which eventually affect the life hence, the drugs are toxic to the body systems especially when not properly administered.

According to the report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), in collaboration with the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and Centre for Research and Information on Substance Abuse and Centre for Research and Information on substance Abuse (CRISA), funded by the European Union about 14.3 million abuses drug by using them without prescriptions, and there are close to 3 Million Nigerians living with some level of drug dependence.

The level of drug abuse in Nigeria, is about 1 in 10 persons. Cannabis is the most abusive substance in Nigeria and that corresponds to global findings as well. Other drugs that were found to be abused in the country included opioids such as tramadol and cough syrups.

RISK FACTORS OF DRUG ABUSE

• Peer influence • Poor coping skills • Availability of drug • Accessibility of drug • Poor drug supply policy • Early drug use • Low self esteem • Lack of parental supervision • Parental substance abuse • Grief/ bereavement • Academic pressure/failure • Physical or sexual abuse • Nature of individual occupation • Unemployment • Prolong use of psychoactive drugs • Bad company • Illiteracy • Some diseases such as cancer and mental disorders.

COMMON DRUGS OF ABUSE

1. Psychoactive drugs: Are those that affect mind and mental process (brain), examples:

• Tobaccos/Nicotine such cigarette, marijuana, shisha etc • Alcohol • Stimulant e.g cocaine, caffeine • Strong opioid drugs e.g Pentazocine, morphine, heroin • Moderate opioid e.g trydal (Tramadol) • Expectorants e.g emzolyn, exiplon, coflin, codine etc • Anxiolytic drugs e.g Diazepam, bromazepam, carbamazepine • Antipsychotic drugs e.g chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, trifluoperazine • Antiparkinson drugs e.g Benzhexol (artane) • Inhalants e.g gasoline, rubber band (shalisho) • Anaesthetic agent e.g ketamine, propofol, ametocaine, halothane.

2. Non psychoactive drugs: Are those drugs that didn't alter mental processes when abuse but they effect the body directly or indirect examples: • Analgesic (Pain killer) such as acetaminophen and aspirin • Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Ebumol, diclofelnac and piroxicam • Steroidal anti inflammatory drugs such as predinisilone, dexamethasone and butamethasone • Antibiotics such as amphiclox, amoxyl and tetracycline

OTHERS

• Pawpaw leaves • Lizard faeces • Jik • Groundnut shell • Nail polish remover • Robin blue etc

EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE

• Brain damage, memory loss, attention difficulties, and impaired judgment • Cancer • Cardiovascular disease e.g cardiac arrest, stroke, hypertension • Hepatitis e.g Hepatitis A, B and C • HIV and AIDS, and other infectious diseases • Legal problems • Academic problem e.g exam failure and withdrawal from school • Social problems e.g isolation and relationship difficulty • Liver disease e.g liver cirrhosis • Domestic violence and other violence • Respiratory diseases e.g lung cancer, respiratory problems and bronchitis etc • Marital problems e.g divorce • Kidney disease e.g renal failure • Loss of job • Malnutrition • Mental problems/psychological changes such as aggression, paranoia, depression, stupor and hallucinations • Withdrawal symptoms • Decrease productivity • Suicidal behavior • Trauma such bone deformities, burn and laceration • Change of skin colour • Broken home • Child delinquency • Child abuse.

WAYS OF PREVENTING DRUG ABUSE

• Strengthen the agencies that control criminal use of drugs e.g National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) • Shun self medication even when you fall sick • Youth empowerment • Job opportunities by the government • Ensure effective control of legal drugs supply •Avoid prolong use of addictive drugs e.g pentazocine • Manufacturers control • Monitor children closely especially during adolescence stage • Establishment of centres for rehabilitation of victims • Guidance and counselling • Provision of skills acquisition centres • Avoid use of abusive substances when children are present e.g cigarette.

NB: Shun drug abuse, as it is injurious to the body systems. Nr Buhari Isma&#39;il CRNA (talk) 05:56, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

Major Challenges Faced By The Nigerian Nursing Profession And The Way Forward
It’s well known that Nursing is a high-pressure job, especially in developing countries like Nigeria where nurses have lots of responsibilities like helping patients, assisting in procedures, updating paperwork, and much more.

Based on my little experience as a Nigerian Nurse, I came across the eight biggest problems/challenges facing the nursing profession in Nigeria. These problems are:

1. Shortage of Manpower Nigerian Nurses are encountering greater pressure on duty due to their long working hours. This evident shortage of staff in hospitals makes nurses even perform the nonnursing task and this makes the nurse-patient ratio quite poor, and nurses attend patients in more numbers than they are expected to.

For this to be solved, the government should employ more Nurses to cope with the growing needs of aging populations.

2. Workplace Hazards Nurses always work with needles, sharp tools, and heavy equipment. They also deal with patients having a highly infectious disease that can endanger their health.

For this to be solved, the government should provide adequate personal protective equipment, a conducive working environment, an improvement of hazard allowances being paid, and refreshments should be adopted.

This can reduce stressful occupations and stress-related health problems.

3. Lack of Recognition Qualified nurses and midwives, even after pursuing professional status, are not recognized by the government and others, be it their superiors or the community, hence this creates a huge gap between how nurses understand themselves and the way community and government understand nurses.

For this to be solved, nursing leaders must stand to speak for their followers without which the image and value of nurses can never be recognized.

4. Lack of Autonomy Nigerian nurses have limited autonomy and authority compared to other countries where nurses play a vital role in decision-making at any governmental and nongovernmental stage.

For this to be solved, nursing leaders, representatives, and associations must work hard to see that nurses are always involved in decision-making at any level.

5. Lack of Growth Opportunities In Nigeria, seats in nursing colleges are increasingly falling vacant and the annual supply of nurses is short. Furthermore, qualified are eagerly looking for better-paid jobs in richer countries. Most of the nurses migrating to high-income countries come from developing countries such as Nigeria, India, Niger, etc.

Nigeria with an already dismal health system is suffering more as nurses are migrating to other countries.

6. Financial Issues In both public and private sectors, pays are pathetically low compared to other health professionals who work less than nurses.

For this to be solved, nursing leaders must fight for the right of nurses. Nursing leaders must confront relevant national stakeholders and orient them to the long duration of our training and hardworking of nurses in healthcare facilities.

Nursing leaders must fight for better pay for nurses.

7. Poor Leadership I don’t have to say much about this, as all we know is that nursing has a mother association (NANNM) which is responsible for promoting the image of nurses, ensuring nurses' best working environment, protecting the right of nurses, representing nurses in decision making, and ensuring that nursing profession has maximum respect and recognition. But nursing leaders aren’t playing any of the above-mentioned roles very well but only focus on what will benefit them, not their fellow followers.

The worst is how the nurses an enclosed to a particular union called JOHESU, the association that uses a higher number of nurses to achieve its goal but is unable to fight for a single goal of nurses.

For this to be solved, nursing leaders must be honest, and justice, be free from fear, be well educated, and have the zeal to serve the profession thereby being out of JOHESU to be an independent association that will fight for its members.

I suggest that for any nurse to be elected to any office must show at least three to five positive changes he has brought into or done to the nursing profession. I also suggest that qualifications must be considered before giving any nurse a right to contest for leadership.

We have professors, and Ph.D. holders in nursing but are left behind when making decisions, these people must be considered and consulted before any decision and their advice must be used despite it will not downgrade the professional image.

8. Political Apathy Nurses are passive in politics compared to other health professions. Nurses must participate in politics to represent nurses in making any decisions.

THE WAY FORWARD There is increasing awareness and demand for academic qualifications for all professional nursing certificates.

Thus, there are increasing calls for stakeholders to move nursing education into the mainstream educational programs of the country. More Universities are establishing departments of nursing for a degree program

Many nurses are already insisting that all nursing education programs must be College/University based.

Already, many Nigerian universities are offering BNSc degree programs including part-time programs. More are already offering the MSc and Ph.D. programs in nursing

Many of the products of these nursing programs will be in the clinical areas of practicing nursing Indeed the future of nursing education in Nigeria is the University /College.

The plan to have educational qualifications for the basic and Post basic nursing certificates is being actualized.

NANNM must be out of JOHESU and become an independent association that will fight for its member because the amalgamated union called JOHESU is just using the high number of nurses to satisfy the needs of other member associations under it.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, patients and the public have the right to receive the best treatment & services from healthcare professionals. And this can only be achieved by a motivated and well-prepared workforce.

Sufficing to the requirement of nurses and facing their challenges can make nurses empowered, encouraged, challenged, and affirmed to continue to excel to do their best without any barriers. Nr Buhari Isma&#39;il CRNA (talk) 06:20, 21 August 2023 (UTC)