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Michael Davis Professor Sanjukta 03/13/2016 Libby, Montana

The small town of Libby, Montana has long been battling the lingering effects of asbestos that naturally occurred in the mineral vermiculite which was produced and commercially sold for housing insulation under the name Zonolite. W.r Grace took over the operation of the mines in 1963 as W.r Grace & Company and was fully aware that the vermiculite contained asbestos, yet Grace failed to share this information with anyone so that it wouldn’t affect his large profit sales. Over 400 deaths and 1,000 illnesses are to blame due to the toxic asbestos dust that was dispersed from the vermiculite mines seven miles outside of the town. Many cleanup efforts have begun to increase since 1999, when the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made the first attempt to start the cleanup process. In 2008, W.r Grace & Company was ordered to pay a whopping $250 million to cover the future cleanup cost. To this day, federal cleanup efforts are still underway, costing more than $370 million. Vermiculite is a yellow/brown mineral that was found as an alternative product to mica which was used as a thermal or electrical insulator. Vermiculite is a silicate mineral with the unique property of expanding upon heating. It is also fire resistant which had drawn the attention to making it into housing insulation. Back in 1920's, company's first started mining for vermiculite out of the mines in Libby. It wasn't until 1924 when Edgar Alley began exploring Rainy Creek near Libby and found an evolutionary discovery of building a kiln that would produce four tons of Zonolite per day.It was later named the Zonolite Corporation. This new company produced insulation, mainly for attics, which were used in millions of homes across America. The vermiculite restrained a commonly occurring amphibole asbestos, which was and still is deadly to human beings. Not only was the Zonolite for insulation, but it was also commonly used for potting soil, which the residents of Libby would so graciously sprinkle all across their yards. In 1963 W.R Grace bought the Zonolite Corporation, and at the mines peak in the 1970's, Grace produced almost 2 million tons of ore annually. Ore is a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted. But unmarketable material, almost all of it asbestos, made up around 80 percent of the ore. In the process of crushing the rocks to remove unwanted minerals, “billions of asbestos fibers loose in clouds of dust, drifted six miles down to Libby, leaving a powdery trace as light as snow,” Matthew Brown form the Associated Press said. The operation of the mine included open-pit mining and on site milling of the mineral. The dust covered patches of grass, dusted the tops of cars and drifted through the air in a hazy smoke that became a part of the resident's daily lives. There are a many illnesses due to the exposure of asbestos, “the most common one is mesothelioma, which is a form of non-curable cancer,” according to LibbyAsbestos.org. It can cause a loss of lung function, and alter the lining of the lungs. Other related illnesses are plural abnormalities and asbestosis, both of which are noncancerous respiratory diseases, but are still incredibly harmful to all. Residents in Libby were exposed to the asbestos by breathing in the air or working at the vermiculite mines. An article from LibbyMt.com explains that “Preliminary test results in Libby, conducted by the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, showed lung abnormalities in higher percentages than expected for people who didn't work at the mine and had no known exposure to the vermiculite dust.” The EPA or Environmental Protection Agency, is most concerned about people being exposed to airborne asbestos and breathing the tiny asbestos fibers. It is a serious health issue that Libby still faces today, and due to the lingering effects, it has created an issue with the tourism and the states economy, which is effecting the small population tremendously. In 1999 the EPA began the cleanup attempt in Libby where they started taking soil and air samples to determine the point of contamination. It was in 2002 when Libby was placed on the Superfund list. This list is for any US land that has been contaminated by hazardous waste and is a known candidate for cleanup, due to the danger of human health and or the environment. Libby is considered the deadliest Superfund site in the nation's history according to an article on NBCNews.com. . “As of 2010, the EPA had cleaned up 1,460 businesses and residences and removed about 900,000 cubic yards for cleanup of contaminated material, yet many more projects remain,” read an article form Asbestos.com. The EPA admits that even after the job is viewed finished, contamination may still remain. “The agency has faced withering criticism from Montana officials for past missteps in Libby, including false declarations that areas were safe when in reality significant risks remained” as Matthew Brown of the Huffington Post reported. The W.R Grace & Company vermiculite mines were shut down in 1990 after operating for some 70 years. Residents of Libby have been exposed to asbestos for decades and are still at risk. Citizens are concerned about the financial resources from the federal government to help clean up the town since it is unclear if additional funds will be available. There has been some confusion, according to some residents, about why the EPA was removing asbestos from home’s attics and not the asbestos-tinged walls. Future homeowners would be at risk of asbestos exposure if no upcoming assets are presented to help with the cleanup seeing as most houses still contain unsafe amounts of asbestos. Due to the many decades of contamination in Libby, it has created an emotional and stressful outcry for help form the government to try to save the lives of not just the current generation but the future generation as well. The people residing in Libby are faced to live with the remnants of the past and quite frankly will never seem to steer clear of the fatal asbestos disaster. To this day, the percentage of people living with some form of asbestos related illness is outstanding, considering it has been years since the Grace mines have been closed. Matthew Brown from the Associated Press said “Grace, which declared bankruptcy in 2001, waged an eight-year court battle to limit its cleanup responsibilities. That ended with a 2008 settlement under which the company paid EPA $250 million.” The cleanup efforts is a project that is going to take generations to achieve. Due to a lack of compassion and communication from W.R Grace & Company, the once booming town of Libby, Montana is now plagued with a burden that seems like no one can lift due to the withholding of information that the mined vermiculite contained asbestos. “The miners were told it was just "nuisance dust," nothing to worry about -- even though W.R. Grace knew well that the dust they were breathing was loaded with microscopic asbestos fibers that could kill them and their families,” MaryAnn Vollers wrote Motherjones.com. The people of Libby are not only dealing with the past of the Grace mines but now with the government as to how the cleanup effort will go underway and how they can ensue the safety and health of future Libby residents.

•	http://www.asbestos.com/jobsites/libby.php •	http://www.epa.gov/region8/background-libby-asbestos-site •	http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/04/libby-montana-asbestos-superfund_n_857713.html •	https://libbyasbestos.org/libby/libby.cfm •	http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/u-s-cleanup-would-leave-some-asbestos-in-contaminated-libby/article_886cad8a-9e3f-57cc-b3a2-0e1503c748b8.html •	http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/06/17/montana.asbestos/ •	http://www.nbcnews.com/id/37217275/ns/health-infectious_diseases/t/asbestos-contamination-still-taking-toll-town/#.VrtzKlgrLIU •	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZOnxBNLwdg •	http://news.yahoo.com/cleanup-superfund-town-leave-asbestos-behind-052326556.html •	http://communityhealthstudies.org/content/examples1.html •	http://humanenvironmentalimpacts.weebly.com/1919-libby-montana-asbestos-contamination.html •	http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091102172255.htm •	http://www.libbymt.com/community/history.htm •	http://flatheadbeacon.com/2014/08/16/epa-looks-future-eventually-leaving-libby/ •	http://www.jstor.org/stable/3435359?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents