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Articles of Interest
Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

SS Admiral Nakhimov

Sea Containers

mmmmmmpheasant (Lucasrutherford (talk) 18:47, 3 February 2012 (UTC))

Article Summaries
The British shipping company Sea Containers Ltd.(SeaCo) has agreed with shipping partner General Electric Co. to sell their shipping-container-leasing joint to the top auctioners in the bid after a seven month auction, HNA Group Co. Ltd. and Bravia Capital. The two companies had a partnership to invest in SeaCo. together. The GE SeaCo. joint is selling for $1.05 billion. HNA and Bravia announced four days later that the partnership would be investing another $300 to $400 million in order to lease more containers.

Whiteman, L. (2011, Aug. 01). GE SeaCo. shipped off to HNA, Bravia. Daily Deal/ The Deal, Retrieved Feb. 15, 2012, from LexisNexis Academic

Frumes, M. (2011, Aug. 15). Bravia, HNA to invest up to $400M more in GE SeaCo.. Daily Deal/ The Deal, Retrieved Feb. 16, 2012, from LexisNexis Academic

The Chronometer
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History’s “Western Navigation” article yields thorough information about the chronometer. The Wikipedia article about the chronometer also has copious amounts of information for someone with heavy interest in the device. Both articles were accurate with the information given, but the Wikipedia article offered significantly more information on the chronometer. The OEMH article did not just focus on chronometers, but all advancements in western navigation. The section of the OEMH article about the chronometer went into depth about how the device works out at sea. It thoroughly describes the mechanics of the chronometer and the advancements to it through the decades. The opposing Wikipedia article focuses on what the chronometer was needed for and how it was utilized. The majority of the article talks about the progression of the chronometers’ efficiency and the mathematicians that revised the blueprints to the device. According to Wikipedia’s guidelines in “Wikipedia: Indentifying reliable sources,” there were few references that were truly reliable in the Wikipedia article. Many references were not mainstream articles that receive much attention nor scholarly articles that are heavily reviewed. Many of the references were posted on the internet by amateur editors. Of the articles that did follow the Wikipedia guidelines, most of them offered the information given in the Wikipedia article. The sources consisted of books, encyclopedia articles, and internet websites; all of which were reviewed by professionals. The overall readability of the OEMH was on a high note. The article’s format was second to none and its criteria flowed all the way through the article. The only part of the article that was questionable was the way the encyclopedia presented the chronometer in the article. For the most part of the article the chronometer was instead referred to as a timekeeper. On the other hand, the Wikipedia article started off slow, talking about astronomy and the stars that sailors used for navigation before the device came into play. The article does pick up at a slightly faster pace when it talks about who created the chronometer, what was going on in the world at that time, and who was utilizing the chronometer the most. In conclusion, the comparison of these two articles show how great a margin there is between some encyclopedia articles and Wikipedia articles.

Borei Class Submarines
Borei class Since the Soviet Era, Russia has not produced a new fleet of submarines to compete with the high caliber submarines being constructed in the United States and other European countries. Russia has used their Typhoon class submarines originally constructed in the 1960’s. These subs are still equipped with nuclear warheads, but the sub itself, is not capable of the maneuvering as today’s American submarines can, due to its enormous structure and hull. In 1996, Russia started its preparation and research for new nuclear powered submarines dubbed the Borei Class. The manufacturing of the vessels was given the name ‘Project 955’ (Naval Technology). Russia and the United States have signed a treaty called the New START Treaty. This treaty limits Russia to only 800 strategic missile delivery systems, and limits both the US and Russia to a total of 1,550 strategic warheads deployed in their armed forces. This treaty was brought up in 2002, but was renewed by the Obama Administration in 2009 (Creedon, M.R.).

Borei Class Armory
The primary goal for the submarines is to be able to carry a new type of Russian ballistic missiles called Bulava (SS-NX-30). This missile will replace the defunct R-39UTTH Bark Missile. Russia is tenacious on coming up with an efficient way to carry these new missiles. If Russia can solve the issues between the Borei Class schematics and the Bulava schematics, Europe quite possibly will have the most powerful submarine in present day. The new ballistic missile is capable of traveling 8000 kilometers while also carrying multiple warheads. The missile is also designed with accelerated ascent, to avoid defensive countermeasures such as intercepting scud missiles, and anti-aircraft turrets, a new asset to self-aware ballistic missiles. The missiles hull is designed to be shorter than most submarine launched missiles, and the front of the hull has a thicker shell to it making it able to penetrate bunkers, and rugged terrain. The missiles were planned to be placed at an angle to the vessel, not perpendicular like most submarines. Each sub would carry 12 Bulava rockets. The Borei Class will also have eight to ten torpedoes on board for encounters with naval foes (Naval Today). The submarines are equipped with an OK-650 reactor, as well as an AEU steam turbine; both of which were installed in the Typhoon class submarine, making it the quietest submarine in the world. The subs will be the first Russian subs to utilize the jet propulsion system. With the jet propulsion system, the subs will be very quiet when submerged. This system is also utilized by the United State's Ohio class submarines (Naval Technology).

State of Production and Management
In 2004, Russia announced that it was going to construct three Borei class subs to be put into service at the end of the decade. The Yuri Dolgorukiy was the first Borei Class sub constructed. It was originally going to have R-39 Bark missiles installed in it when the sub was constructed in 1996 in Severodvinsk, but after redesigns Russia’s naval captain’s unanimously voted to have the first Borei Class sub to conduct tests and be stocked with the Bulava missiles. The launch of the sub was originally slated for the end of 2006, but missile complications pushed it back to 2008. It was flooded out the dry dock in 2007 and sat in port for almost a year. In 2010 the sub was launched into sea to conduct tests on its onboard systems, maneuverability, and armory without the Bulava missiles. On June 28, 2011, the Yuri Dolgorukiy launched all twelve missiles while submerged in the White Sea. All missiles hit their targets on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Russia then promised to conduct four more test by the end of 2011. In August later that year, the sub launched the Bulava missile again, testing its range. The missile hit its target in the Pacific Ocean 9,300 kilometers from the launch site, exceeding the estimated range of the missile.Before the Bulava tests in 2011, the missiles were tested on another sub, the Dmitry Donskoi. Out of the eleven times tested, six ended in failure. When the missiles were launched from the Donskoi, they had a tendency to self destruct seconds after launch (The Times). The tests were postponed due to the failures and were not tested until the Yuri Dolgorukiy was fully operational. The construction of the Alexander Nevsky, the second Borei Class sub, commenced in March 2004 and the vessel was expected for launch in April 2007. The launch of the second sub did not come until October 2011. The committee of the Russian Navy has decided to hold off on stocking the Alexander Nevsky with Bulava missiles, until they have ran more successful tests with them onboard the Yuri Dolgorukiy. The third sub of the Borei Class, the Vladimir Monomakh, was not constructed until a year after its original set date of early 2005. It is currently being held in port and its launch has been pushed back to late 2012 (935 Borei).

Future Naval Plans
Russia also announced in October 2011, after the successful tests of the Bulava missiles on the first Borei Class sub, that eight more Borie Class subs will be added to ‘Project 955’ by 2020. Russia composed a new plan to annually build six submarines and one aircraft carrier, starting in 2013 (Naval Today).