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Kashmir History
History of Kashmir is recorded since 3450 BCE through Rajatarangini, written by Kalhana. Kashmir has more than 5400 years of history, a lineage of Kashmir Kings and pre-Mahabharat era Kashmir valley formation by Kashyapa Rishi by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla. Kashmir Kings Baladitya Name “Kashmir” means “desiccated land” (Sanskrit: Ka = water and shimeera = desiccate). In Rajatarangini(River flow of Kings), a history of Kashmir written by Kalhana around 1150 CE, it is stated that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake, which was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla (Varaha-mula). When Kashmir valley had been drained, Kashyapa asked Brahmans to settle there. That is how Kashmir Pundits started inhabiting the valley with the human population. The name of Kashyapa is by history and tradition connected with the draining of the lake, and the chief town or collection of dwellings in the valley was called Kashyapa-pura, which has been identified with Kaspapyros of Hecataeus (apud Stephanus of Byzantium) and Kaspatyros of Herodotus. Kashmir is also believed to be the country meant by Ptolemy’s Kaspeiria. During Mahabharata era, Kambojas ruled Kashmir during the epic period with a Republican system of government from the capital city of Karna-Rajapuram-gatva-Kambojah-nirjitastava, shortened to Rajapura, which is modern Rajauri. Peer Panjal, which is a part of modern Kashmir, is a witness to this fact. Panjal is simply a distorted form of the Sanskritic tribal term Panchala. Muslims prefixed the word peer to it in memory of Siddha Faqir and the name thereafter is said to have changed into Peer Panjal.

Jammu was founded by Hindu King Raja Jambu Lochan in the 14th century BCE. During one of his hunting campaigns, he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. The king was impressed and decided to set up a town after his name, Jamboo. With the passage of time, the name was corrupted and became “Jammu“.

Authentic sources of Kashmir history are Nilmata Purana (compiled c. 500–600 CE) and Rajatarangini (1150 CE). Kalhana’s Rajatarangini (River of Kings), has all the 8000 Sanskrit verses of which were completed by 1150 CE and chronicles the history of Kashmir’s dynasties from Mahabharata times to 12th century CE (4600 years of history and a complete list of Kashmir Kings). During the reign of Muslim kings in Kashmir, three supplements to Rajatarangini were written by Jonaraja (1411–1463 CE), Srivara, and Prajyabhatta and Suka, which end with Akbar’s conquest of Kashmir in 1586 CE.

List of Kashmir Kings from 3450 BCE This list and timings are derived from Rajatarangini.Kashmir King Chandrapeeda 1-5. Names not known 3450-3238 BCE 1. Gonanda I 3238-3188 BCE 2. Damodara I 3188-3140 BCE 3. Yasovati (Damodara I’s wife) 3140-3139½ BCE 4. Gonanada II (Yasovati’s son) 3139½-3083 BCE 5. Parikshit 3083-3041 BCE 6. Harnadeva 7. Rama deva 8. Vyasadeva 9. Drunadeva 10. Simhadeva 11. Gopaladeva 12. Vijayananda 13. Sukhadeva 14. Ramananda 15. Sandhiman 16. Marahandeva & Kamandeva. 17. Chandradeva 18. Anandadeva 19. Drupadadeva 20. Harnamdeva 21. Sulkandeva 22. Sinaditya 23. Mangaladitya 24. Khimendra 25. Bhimasena 26. Indrasena 27. Sundarasena 28. Galgendra 29. Baladeva 30. Nalasena 31. Gokarna 32. Prahlada 33. Bambru 34. Pratapaseela 35. Sangrama chandra 36. Larik chandra 37. Biramchamdra 33. Babighana 39. Bhagavanta

Gonanda I was relative of Magadha ruler Jarasandha and contemporary to Yudhishtir. He was killed by Krishna’s elder brother Balarama. His son Damodara I was killed by Krishna and his army. Later Krishna made his wife Yasovati as temporary ruler for 6 months, who was succeeded by her son Gonanda II. This Gonanda II was Killed in a battle with Parikshit (grandson of Arjuna), king of Hastinapura in 3083 BCE. As Gonanda II has no heir, Parikshit took over the kingdom of Kashmir, incorporated it into his empire and handed it over to Harnadeva, who was from his family. From Harnadeva, Pandava dynasty kings ruled over Kashmir for 1331 years from 3083-1752 BCE.

40. Lava 1752-1713 BCE 41. Kusa or Kusesaya 1713-1674 BCE 42. Khagendra 1674-1635 BCE 43. Surendra (Issueless) 1635-1596 BCE 44. Godhara (Another family) 1596-1557 BCE 45. Suvarna 1557-1518 BCE 46. Janaka 1518-1479 BCE 47. Sachinara (His Paternal uncle was Sakuni’s great-grandson) 1479-1447 BCE

48. Asoka or Dharmasoka (Gonanda Dynasty) 1448-1400 BCE He lost his kingdom, as Mlechchas occupied it and he fled to the forest. His son Jaelauka reconquered it)

49. Jaelauka	1400-1344 BCE 50. Damodara II 1344-1294 BCE 50. Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka	1294-1234 BCE 52. Abhimanyu	1234-1182 BCE

Total reign 2236 years.

Dharmasoka built Srinagar, capital of Kashmir during 1448-1400 BCE Gonanda I was a poet. Dharmasoka, who belonged to the Gonanda dynasty, freed himself from sins by embracing Buddhism and built the city of Srinagar, with ninety-six lakhs of houses, resplendent with wealth. He too was a poet.

Dynasty of Gonanada III. From 1182 BCE to 272 BCE – Total 910 years 53. Gonanda III 1182-1147 BCE 54. Vibhishana	1147-1092½ BCE 55. Indrajit	1092½-1057 BCE 56. Ravana 1057-1027 BCE 57. Vibhishana II	1027-991½ BCE 58. Kinnara or Nara	991½-952 BCE 59. Siddha 952-892 BCE 60. Utpalaksha	892-861½ BCE 61. Hiranyaksha	861½-824 BCE 62. Hiranyakula	824-764 BCE 63. Vasukula	764-704 BCE 64. Mihirakula	704-634 BCE 65. Baka	634-594 BCE 66. Kshitinamdana	594-564 BCE 67. Vasunamdana (Poet)	564-512 BCE

This Vasunandana was a poet and author of Samara Sastra.

68. Nara	512-477 BCE 69. Aksha	477-417 BCE 70. Gopaditya	417-357 BCE

This Gopaditya built the temple of Adi Sankara in 367-366 BCE. He founded several temples and Agraharams. He was also a poet.

71. Gokarna	357-322 BCE 72. Kinkhila or Narendraditya	322-285 BCE 73. Andha Yudhistira	285-272 BCE

(He was called Andha Yudhistira by the people, because of his having small eyes. In fact, he was not blind.)

Dynasty of Pratapaditya (272 to 80 BCE – Total 192 years with 6 kings)

74. Pratapaditya	272-240 BCE 75. Jalaukasa	240-208 BCE 76. Tunjina	208-172 BCE 77. Vijaya	172-164 BCE 78. Jayendra	164-127 BCE 79. Sandhimati	127-80 BCE

This 74th king Pratapaditya is mentioned in Rajatarangini as a relative of Vikramaditya was brought by the ministers from a distant land and placed on the Kashmir throne. He ruled Kashmir from 272 to 240 BCE. Vikramaditya referred to here must be Sri Harsha Vikramaditya of Ujjain from 457 BCE. Kalhana says that this Vikramaditya, the relative of the Pratapaditya was not the Sakari Vikramaditya from 57 BCE.

80. Meghavahana	80-46 BCE 81. Pravarasena or Sreshtasena or Tunjina	46-16 BCE 82. Hiranya	16 BCE – 14 CE

This Hiranya died issueless. He was the elder brother of Toramana, who along with his wife and son were in exile.

83. Matrigupta	14 – 19 CE He was sent by Emperor Vikramaditya of Ujjain as King of Kashmir.

84. Pravarasena II (Toramana’s son )	19-79 CE 85. Yudhistira II 79-118 CE (This Yudhistira II was contemporary to Salivahana, founder of the Era 78 CE) 86. Lakshmana (Narendraditya)	118-131 CE 87. Tunjina or Ranaditya (Poet) 131-173 CE 87. Vikramaditya 173-215 CE 89. Baladitya 215-252 CE

Karkota Dynasty Kings of Kashmir Kashmir Karkota Dynasty Empire 90. Durlabha vardhana (Son-in-law of Baladitya)	252-288 CEKashmir King Lalitaditya Muktapeeda 91. Durlabhaka or Pratipaditya	288-338 CE 92. Chandrapeeda or Varnaditya	338-397 CE 93. Tarapida or Udayaditya	397-431 CE 94. Lalitaditya or Mukatapida(Poet)	431-467 CE This Lalitaditya built the famous Martanda (Sun) temple in Kashmir.

95. Kuvalayaditya 467-468 CE 96. Vajraditya or Bapyayika or Lalitapida	468-525 CE 97. Prithivyapida	525-569 CE 98. Sangramapida	569 CE(ruled only for 7 days) 99. Jayapida (Pandit and poet) 569-620 CE 100. Lalitapida	620-672 CE 101. Sangramapida II 672-729 CE 102. Chipyata-Jayapida	729-781 CE 103. Ajitapida 781-837 CE 104. Anangapida	837-840 CE 105. Utpalapida 840-845 CE 106. Sukhavarma 845-852 CE

Total 17 kings ruled for 600 years.

Utpala Dynasty Kings of Kashmir 107. Avantivarma 852-880 CE (In his court f1ourished many poets like Anandavardhan, Ratanakara) 108. Sankaravarma 880-900 CE (Contemporary to Lalya Sahi, Brahmin king of the Yavanas in Uttara Jyotisha, Divya Kataka and Simhapura, now part of Afghanistan) 109. Gopalavarma (minor, whose mother Sugandha ruled)	900-902 CE 110. Sankata 111. Sugandha 112. Suravarma	902-904 CE (all 3 ruled for 2 years only) 113. Partha	904-918 CE 114. Nirjitavarma	918-920 CE 115. Chakravarma (assassinated)	920-934 CE 116. Unmattavanti	934-936 CE

These 8 Kings ruled for 84 years.

Gupta Brahmin Kings Dynasty of Kashmir 117. Yasaskara 936-945½ CE 118. Varnata (1 month) 119. Sangramadeva (5 months) 945½-946 CE 120. Parvagupta 946-948 CE 121. Kshemagupta 948-957 CE 122. Abhimanyugupta 957-971 CE (Abhimanyu was a minor, ruled by mother Didda or Diththa Devi, wife of Kshemagupta. Didda was contemporary to Bhima Sahi of Kabul, descendent of Lalya Sahi. Didda was the granddaughter of Bhima Sahi(Daughter’s daughter) 123. Nandigupta (second son of Didda)	971-972 CE 124. Tribhuvanagupta (3rd son of Didda)	972-974 CE 125. Bhima Gupta (4th son of Didda)	974-979 CE All sons were minors. So, ruled by mother Didda 126. Didda or Diththa, herself reigned	979-1012 CE (Didda was daughter of Simharaja of Lohar and wife of Kshemagupta)

This Lohar family belongs to the Andhra Satavahana dynasty. This Simharaja, the father of Didda, is the son-in-law of Bhima Sahi of Kabul who belonged to the Thomara Dynasty, one of the four Agni Vamsi. These ten Brahmin kings ruled for 76 years.

Lohar Dynasty rulers of Kashmir 127. Sangramaraja	1012-1027 CE He is brother’s son of Didda; contemporary to Trilochana Pala of Kabul 128. Hariraja 22 days only 129. Anantadeva 1027-1062 & 1062-1078 CE Anantadeva was dethroned for few days in 1062 CE but came back. 130. Kalasa or Ranaditya (Pandit and Poet)	1078-1088 CE 131. Utkarsha (few days only) 132. Harsha	1088-1110 CE

These six kings of Lohar Dynasty ruled for 98 years.

Agni Vamsa or Brahma-Kshatra Kings of Kashmir 133. Uchchla (few days) 134. Sankaraja 1110-1120 CE 135. Sussala	1120-1128 CE 136. Jayasimha	1128-1148 CE

Kalhana’s time is 1148 CE. 4593-1148 = 345O BCE That means, from 3450 BCE we have the history of Kashmir for 4593 years and then till today, which is 5467 years.

Kalhana’s father was a tributary to the king of Kashmir, besides being the Prime Minister. This family might have been a branch of the Satavahana dynasty.

Earliest Neolithic sites in the floodplains of Kashmir valley are dated to c. 3000 BCE. Most important of these sites are the settlements at Burzahom, which had two Neolithic and one Megalithic phase. This proves the history of Kashmir for almost 5000 years.

Lohar dynasty (1012–1320 CE) paved the way for foreign invasions of Kashmir. Suhadeva, last king of the Lohara dynasty, fled Kashmir after Zulju (Dulacha), a Turkic–Mongol chief, led a savage raid on Kashmir. Rinchana, a Tibetan Buddhist refugee in Kashmir, established himself as the ruler after Zulju. Rinchana’s conversion to Islam is a subject of Kashmiri folklore. He was persuaded to accept Islam by his minister Shah Mir, probably for political reasons. From the 14th century, Islam gradually became the dominant religion in Kashmir. The Sultans between 1354–1470 CE were tolerant of other religions with the exception of Sultan Sikandar (1389–1413 CE). Sultan Sikandar imposed taxes on non–Muslims, forced conversions to Islam, and earned the title But–Shikan for destroying idols. Later, Mughals (the 1580s–1750s), Afghan rulers (1750s–1819), Sikhs (1820–1846 CE) ruled over Kashmir. Between 1846-1947 CE, there was Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (Dogra Rule).

Brief History of Kashmir Sage Kashyap made the land of Kashmir habitable. His son Neel became the first ruler of Kashmir. (This must have occurred sometime around the time of king Barhi, long before 10,000 BC.) Detail records of his rule are available in Neelmat Purana. Gonand Dynasty Gonand-I (king of Kashmir) fought for Jarasandh against Krishna. Krishna killed Jarasandh, and Balaram killed Gonand-I. His son Damodar attacked Krishna, to avenge his father's death. Damodar was killed by Krishna in the battle. Krishna installed Damodar's wife Yashowati on the throne of Kashmir. Queen Yashowati gave birth to Gonand-II a few months after the death of Damodar. 35 Gonand kings ruled Kashmir after Gonand-II. Pandava Dynasty 23 kings of Pandava dynasty also ruled Kashmir. During the rule of Pandava king Bhimsen, the Kashmir border extended from Kanyakubja (Kanauj) to Gandhar (Afghanistan). A later King Ashoka (not to be confused with Maurya Ashoka) built the city of Srinagari (Srinagar). Jalok the son of king Ashok proved to be a very brave general and an able administrator. The administrative setup made by him continued for the next 300 years without an able king. 100 AD: Kashmir came under the rule of Kushan king Kanishka. Kanishka became a Buddhist and under him Buddhism spread to Afghanistan and Turkey. Early 600s: After the attack of Huns, Mehrkul became the ruler of Kashmir. He was a very cruel king. But the teachings of Shaiva Pandits made him calmer. Mehrkul became a worshipper of Shiva. A Shiva temple built by him Mehrashwar (Mamleshwar) stands in Pahalgam. Years after his death, Vikramaditya (of Ujjain) sent his minister Pratapaditya to head the state of Kashmir. Karkota Dynasty ruled Kashmir for 254 years. Durlabhvardhan is a famous king of this dynasty. During Harshavardhan's rule, Kashmir was a tributary state. King Chandradeep of this dynasty defeated the Arabs in 713 AD. Other notable kings of Kashmir during this period were: Meghawan (fought against animal sacrifice), Lalitaditya (who extended the boundaries of Kashmir) and the father-son-grandson trio: Avantivarman, Shankarvarman and Gopalvarman. 950 AD, Queen Didda: Didda was the queen of the Kashmir king Khemgupta. She ruled Kashmir as a queen, guardian, and ruler for 54 years (950-1003 AD). She crowned her nephew Sangramraj as the king of Kashmir. Sangramraj defeated Mohd. Gazanavi in 1015AD. Mohd. Gazanavi was defeated again in 1021 AD by joint efforts of Trilochanpal (the last Hindu ruler of Kabul) and Sangramraj. Kota Rani Rinchan a Buddhist fugitive from Tibet was given shelter and a key administrative post by the king Sahadev. After a revolt, Sahadev fled to Tibet. Rinchan killed the Army chief Ramchandra, and became the king of Kashmir. Rinchan converted to Islam and adopted the name Malik Sadruddin. After him his queen Kotarani (daughter of Ramachandra) became the queen of Kashmir. Sahadev's brother Udayandev returned to Kashmir with an army. Kotarani offered to marry him and make him the king of Kashmir. Though Udayandev became the king, Kotarani conducted all the administration. She later defeated the Persian Sardar Tatar when he attacked Kashmir. In 1343 Shahmir (a Muslim religious preacher) killed this brave queen Kotarani and became the king of Kashmir. 1343 - 1819 AD: The Islamic Tranny During the rule of Shahmir, Islamic people started pouring into Kashmir. Among him and the later Muslim rulers like Sikander, Saifuddin, Fateh Shah, Moosa Raina, Sultan Hassan Khan, Hyder Shah, Iftihar Khan, Azad Khan, Mir Hajjar Khan, Subedar Assad Khan it would be difficult to name the worst. They started the conversion of Hindus to Muslim. Islamic foundation was laid by hundreds of Muslim preachers who were invited from central Asia. Later force was used for conversion. Kashmir had many Hindu temples; which were wonders of architecture. Filled with jealousy and hatred Sikander destroyed about 300 Hindu temples. Sanskrit books and schools were burnt. Hindus were given only 2 options: either accept Islam or die. Villages were converted to Islam, by force. Kashmiri women were sold as slaves in Arabia. Thousands committed suicide. Hundreds of thousands migrated. 1819 - 1947 AD: Pt. Birbal joined Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh defeated Ajim Khan, then the ruler of Kashmir. Ranjit Singh appointed Gulab Singh as the head of Kashmir. Gulab Singh united the state of Kashmir. After him, his son Ranbir Singh became the king of Kashmir. He opened many centers for the teaching and study of Sanskrit, built libraries and made efforts for re-establishing the values of Hindu life. The next king Pratap Singh was succeeded by Maharaja Hari Singh. When India gained freedom, Hari Singh opted to remain independent.