User talk:Projectplan

Benefits of Static techniques

Advantages of Static Methods over Dynamic Methods Early detection of software defects Static methods expose defects, whereas dynamic methods show only the symptom of the defect Static methods expose a batch of defects, whereas it is usually one by one in dynamic methods

- Some defects can be found only by Static Testing Examples: � Code redundancy (when logic is not affected) � Dead code � Violations of coding standards --- BLACK BOX TESTING Functional checking of the software element •Program is viewed as a black box •No knowledge of its internal structure or behavior is assumed •Uses specifications as reference WHITE BOX TESTING Logical analysis of the software element •Tested to trace all possible paths of control flow This method of testing exposes any trail of logic which might have neglected the specification (errors of omission) or does something not defined by the specification (errors of commission -- TESTING PRINCIPLES •Do not assume that the program is bug free •Programmers should avoid testing their own programs •Examining a program to see if it does what it is supposed to do is only half the battle. The other half is seeing whether the program does what it is not supposed to do. •Testing is an extremely creative and intellectually challenging task.

EED FOR PLANNED TESTING DOCUMENTS USED • TEST SPECIFICATIONS The document specifying the conditions governing the items to be tested • TEST CASES The document specifying the inputs, expected results based on the test specifications • TEST PLAN The document describing the scope, approach, resources and schedule intended for the testing activities --- LEVELS OF TESTING UNIT TESTING - the most 'micro' scale of testing; to test particular functions or code modules. Typically done by the programmer and not by testers, as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal program design and code. INTEGRATION TESTING - testing of combined parts of an application to determine if they function together correctly. The 'parts' can be code modules, individual applications, client and server applications on a network, etc. SYSTEM TESTING - black-box type testing that is based on overall requirements specifications; covers all combined parts of a system. ACCEPTANCE TESTING - final testing based on specifications of the end-user or customer, or based on use by end-users/customers over some limited period of time. -

Early defect detection and correction Development productivity improvements Reduced development timescales Reduced testing cost and time Lifetime cost reduction Fewer defects Improved communication Find omissions in requirements Find causes of failure

Black Box Tests are derived from functional designed specifications Will fail to test “ hidden” functions Data driven Requires exhaustive input testing to detect all errors

Black Box Testing Methodologies

Equivalence Partitioning Boundary Value Analysis Decision Table Cause Effect Graph State Transition

White Box Tests require knowledge of the internal program structure and the code Will fail to detect “missing” functions Logic driven testing Requires exhaustive Path testing to detect all errors

Structure based or white box techniques

Statement Coverage Branch or Decision Coverage Multiple Condition Coverage Loop Coverage Call Coverage Path Coverage

Traceability Matrix� To ensure connectivity between the various documents, this matrix is prepared which establishes the traceability between business Use case, system Use case and system test case An Spreadsheet can be used to form the matrix This matrix help in tracing the root of the error occurred during test execution

Collecting Metrics What is Metrics  ? Metric is a mathematical number that shows a relationship between two variables. Testing metrics are relationships that show a high positive correlation to that which is being measured. Metrics can help in risk assessment by providing the costs of testing and are used to measure the effectiveness of testing Testing metrics evaluates the performance of the individual as well as the team conducting test The results of the evaluation can be used to modify the Test Process

Metrics helps to achieve the testing objectives: Assessing software quality Assessing individual performance Improving the test process

--- 9. Errors due to neglected specification are called errors of ______ and errors for including something not defined by the specification are called errors of ______.

B. Omission, Commission

13. The Sandwich testing approach is used in ______. B. Integration Testing

15. Top down approach requires ____ to be created, whereas bottom-up approach requires ______ to be created.

A. Stubs, Drivers

19. The two parts of system testing are ____ and _____ in the correct sequence.

c. Functional testing and Performance testing

17. Codes written to simulate the invocation activities of superios modules in order to test the elementary modules are called _________    B. Drivers

18:codes that simply return control to the superior modules for simulating responses from lower modules in order to test the calling modules are called ______________ a: stubs

23. Usaability test which is done to test the performance of a software during the system testing phase is also called ______, since it investigates user interface related requirements, like display screens, messages, report formats, ease of use, etc. ans-D. Human factor test

27. A point in a computer program at which execution can be suspended to permit manual or automated monitoring of program performance or results is called a _____ ans-break point

29. A detailed description of the test cases along with expected output for each case is called __ Ans-: Test oracle

31. The _______ technique checks whether the task is done correctly or if product is being built right, whereas the _____ technique checks whether the correct is task is done or if the right product has been built.

A. Verification, Validation

32.The process of the customer validating the system against user requirement specifications is called Acceptance Testing. true

33.

33. The Maintenace lifecycle is divided in three events. Identify the correct sequence of eventss

B. User interacts with the system User identify problems and improvements Maintainers correct problems and makes improvement

34	Identify the type of maintenance Maintenance performed on a system to improve performance,maintainability, or other software attributes

d. P erfective Maintenance

35. A Test Case design which ensures that every path in the program is executed at least once is c) Logic Coverage

36. Prototyping is a type of ____________ b)evolutionary approach to development when requirements are not clear

37. The testing of running the corrected version of the program against tests which the program has already passed successfully is b) Regression Testing

38. The prototyping model of software development is b. A useful approach when a customer define requirements clearly.

39: The testing technique that requires devising test cases to demonstrate that each program function is operational is called/to exercise the internal logic of a software module is called d. white-box testing

40. Boundary value analysis can only be used during white-box testing.

b. False

41: Defect Seeding is: (a) used to decide when to stop testing

42. Which of the following will improve testing ? (a) Good test planning (b) Proper execution of tests (c) Increase in testing time (d) Increase in the number of test cases ans:-(e) All of the above

43. Identify the type of maintenance Maintenance performed on a system to avoid an error a. Preventive maintenance

44. "Suppose you are testing a program written to determine the amount of federal income tax due. As input, you are given the amount of taxable income and are told the following: For the first $8,000 of income, the tax is 10% For the next $10,000 of income above $8,000, the tax is 12% For the next $10,000 of income above $18,000, the tax is 15% For the next $12,000 of income above $28,000, the tax is 18% For any income above $40,000, the tax is 20% Thus, someone who has a taxable income of $35000 pays 10% of the first $8,000, 12% of the next $10,000, 15% of the next $10,000, and 18% of the remaining $7,000. Identify the input for the test cases using boundary value analysis.

c. {0, 1, 8000, 8001, 18000, 18001, 28000, 28001, 40000, 40001, MAX, MAX+1}

46:   A test case that has a high probability to find a new error is called _____test case,whereas a test case that is able to find aout a new error is called _____ test case b: good,successful

47: The incremental approaches of top-down and bottom-up testing are used in ____ b: integration testing \

48:in sandwich testing, the _________approach is used in the levels above the target layer and the ________ ______________approach is used in the levels below the target layer. a: top-down,bottom-up

49: which of the following is not tested in performance testing ? a: code correctness for given user specifications

50:the ___________ is an entity that gives a quantitative measure of the logical complexity and the number of independent   paths in a given code module. b: Cyclomatic Complexity

- uml

-- 1. The Unified Modelling Language:

A Is easy to use B Is designed just to model software C Is process independent D Is well documented E Defines the order in which to create the diagrams

ans:-C and D

2. Before UML, James Rumbaugh and Grady Boochs' original A Language semantics were similar

3. Which of the following are true? A In most object modelling methods, the object diagram is the most used view of the system B Collaboration and sequence diagrams show similar information C A sequence diagram is a kind of interaction diagram D Deployment diagrams show the types of components, their interfaces and dependencies ans:- B and C

4. UML stereotypes: A Can be used to change the original meaning of a model element B Are user definable C Can be used to customise the UML for any modelling purpose D Extend the semantic of a model element E B and C ans:--F B, C and D

5. On a Use case diagram, interaction between the things outside the system and the system is shown by A Solid lines between actors and use cases

6. On class diagrams, communication between objects is enabled by A Attributes on the classes B Associations between classes C Solid lines between classes D A and B ans:--E B and C

1. In a university, a Student entity can be Graduate or Undergraduate. What kind of entity does Student represent? (2 mark)

a) Associative Entity b) Aggregate Entity c) Subordinate Entity d) Generalized Entity e) None of the above

Ans: D 2. : From the given diagram state which of the following statements is correct? (2 marks)

a) An account belongs to many customer b) An account should belong to at least one customer c) More than one transaction can be made for one account d) A transaction may not be made against an account e) A customer may not have any account

Ans: C

3. A context diagram provides the most detailed view of an information [1 mark] system and contains multiple process symbols

a) True b) False

Answer :B

4. Data Conservation Checks should be done at [1 mark]

a. At Data Store. b. Across Levels. c. At Junctions. d. All of These

Answer : D 5. Choose the statements that are true (2 mark) i) Every data store in the DFD must correspond to at least one entity in the ERD. ii) For every relationship in ERD there should be a process in DFD which uses it.

iii) There can be any number of unconnected external agents, processes, or data stores in level 0.

iv) DFDs can show procedural detail like conditions or loops

a.i and ii

b. iv only c. All the above d.i and iv Ans: a

Design Structured

1. . Third Normal Form is designed to [2 mark] a. ensure that there are no dependencies between keys and foreign keys b. ensure that the database contains three tables c. ensure that there are no transitive dependencies, i.e. to ensure that there are no dependencies between non-key fields d. ensure that a table that is in second normal form is decomposed into two or more tables Answer : C 2. The following structure chart describes the scenario of the Patient Registration in a Private Health Clinic

In the above structure chart, find out which are the correct options (2 marks)

a) Patient Detail should flow from (Patient Registration) to (Get Patient Det) b) Patient Detail is required for (Validate Patient Det) c) Patient Id is required as a data flow for (Generate Patient id) d) None of the above

Ans: b

3. 12: Structure chart focuses on representing (1 mark) a) hierarchy of modules b) sequence of processes c) both a and b d) None of the above

Ans: A 4. A company wants to automate its invoice management. The invoice would contain the following information like (3 marks)

Invoice No Invoice Date Customer Number Customer Name Customer Address Customer City Customer State Item id Item Description Item Quantity Item Price Item Total Order Total Price 134 9/13/2008 23 TML 3,MG Road Nasik Mah 5 1’’ driller 4 500 2000 3125 134 9/13/2008 23 TML 3,MG Road Nasik Mah 7 Screw driver 45 25 1125 3125

135 9/14/2008 4 TSL 1,SIPCOT Chennai TN 8 Crank Shaft 4 3000 12000 12000

This table is split to the following sets.Choose the correct set to form 3NF

R1 Invoice No Customer id Invoice Date Order Total Price R2 Invoice No Customer id Invoice Date

R4 Customer Name Customer id Customer Address Customer City Customer State

R3 Invoice No Item id Item Qty

R5 Item id Item Description R6 Item id Item Description Item price

R7 Invoice No Item Id Item Quantity Item Description Item Price

a. R1,R3,R4,R5 b. R2,R3,R4,R6 c. R1,R2,R4,R7 d. R1, R7 Ans:b

RA OO

1. Which of the following is/are true in the case of use cases :

(i) A use case can exist without an actor. (ii) System-level use cases should represent both functional and non-functional requirements. (iii) A use case describes the interaction between the system and one or more actors. (iv) Use cases provide a basis for performing system tests that verify that the system works appropriately and validate it.

a. (i) ,(ii) & (iii) b. (ii) & (iii) c. Only (iii) d. (iii) & (iv) e. None of these Ans: d (2 mark) 2. Enrolling students in a university.

1.In the above use case what is the relationship between Enroll Student and Enroll in a seminar a. Include b. Extend c. Association d. Uses Ans: a 2. In the above use case what is the relationship between Enroll Student and Enroll International Student a. Include b. Extend c. No relationship d. Uses Ans: b 3. In the above use case what is the relationship between Enroll Student and Enroll Family member a. Include b. Extend c. Association d. Generalisation Ans: d (3 marks)

Design OO

1. For better IT security, it is mandatory that all the associates should enter the ILP Campus with their respective Swipe cards. ILP Campus has many ILP buildings in it. It has been identified that Associate, Swipe Card and ILP Building are the various classes in this scenario. What is the correct relationship between the classes (Associate and Swipe card) and (Swipe card and ILP Building)? (2 mark)

a) (one: one) and (one: one) b) (many: many) and (one: many) c) (one: one) and (many: many) d) (many: many) and (many : one)

Ans: C

2.

The diagram above doesn’t depict the correct notation for the relationship if any between Circle and Point. Identify the most appropriate relationship if any between the Circle class and Point class.

a. Composition b. Generalization c. Aggregation d. None of these Ans:a (2 marks) 3. The relationship shown between person and magazine is :

a. Association. b. Aggregation. c. Dependency. d. Generalization. (1 marks) Ans: a 4. The interaction between different objects in a sequence diagram is represented as ________

a) Data b) Methods c) Messages d) Instances Ans: c (1 MARK)

5. What is purpose of Sequence diagram?

a) Emphasize the temporal aspect of a scenario b) Emphasize the spatial aspect of a scenario. c) All the above d) None of these (2 MARK)

Ans: a 6. Which of the follwing statement is true in sequence Diagram?

a) Horizontal axis represents the passage of time b) Vertical axis represents the objects involved in a sequence c) None of the options d) all of the options

Ans: c (1 marks)