User talk:Pseudo-Richard/Economic antisemitism

Sources who use the phrase "economic antisemitism"
Various scholars categorize the forms of antisemitism in different ways. The forms identified are substantially the same; it is only the number of categories that differ.

Bernard Lazare identifies three forms of antisemitism: Christian antisemitism, economic antisemitism, and ethnologic antisemitism. Lazare commented that, "Economic antisemitism to-day is stronger than it ever was, for the reason that to-day, more than ever, the Jew appears powerful and rich. Formerly he was not seen: he remained hidden in his Ghetto, far from Christian eyes. He had but one care, to conceal his wealth, that wealth of which tradition regarded him as the gatherer, and not the proprietor. The day he was freed from his disabilities, the day the restrictions put to his activities fell away, the Jew showed himself in public."

William Brustein names four categories: religious, racial, economic and political.

The Roman Catholic historian Edward Flannery distinguished four varieties of antisemitism:
 * political and economic antisemitism, giving as examples Cicero and Charles Lindbergh;
 * theological or religious antisemitism, sometimes known as anti-Judaism;
 * nationalistic antisemitism, citing Voltaire and other Enlightenment thinkers, who attacked Jews for supposedly having certain characteristics, such as greed and arrogance, and for observing customs such as kashrut andShabbat;
 * and racial antisemitism, with its extreme form resulting in the Holocaust by the Nazis.

Louis Harap provides a similar list that separates out "economic antisemitism" and merges "political" and "nationalistic" antisemitism into what Harap terms as "ideological antisemitism". Harap also adds a category of "social antisemitism".
 * religious (Jew as Christ-killer),
 * economic (Jew as banker, usurer, money-obsessed),
 * social (Jew as social inferior, "pushy," vulgar, therefore excluded from personal contact),
 * racist (Jews as an inferior "race"),
 * ideological (Jews regarded as subversive or revolutionary),
 * cultural (Jews regarded as undermining the moral and structural fiber of civilization).

Frederick Schweitzer asserts that, "most scholars ignore the Christian foundation on which the modern antisemitic edifice rests and invoke political antisemitism, cultural antisemitism, racism or racial antisemitism, economic antisemitism and the like."

According to Meyer and Brenner, the underlying premise of economic antisemitism is that Jews perform harmful economic activities or that economic activities become harmful when they are performed by Jews.

Derek Penslar writes that there are two components to the financial canards:
 * a) Jews are savages that "are temperamentally incapable of performing honest labor"
 * b) Jews are "leaders of a financial cabal seeking world domination"

Abraham Foxman describes six facets of the financial canards:
 * 1) All Jews are wealthy
 * 2) Jews are stingy and greedy
 * 3) Powerful Jews control business world
 * 4) Jewish religion emphasizes profit and materialism
 * 5) It is okay for Jews to cheat non-Jews
 * 6) Jews use their power to benefit "their own kind"

Gerald Krefetz summarizes the myth as "[Jews] control the banks, the money supply, the economy, and businesses - of the community, of the country, of the world". Krefetz gives, as illustrations, many slurs and proverbs (in several different languages) which suggest that Jews are stingy, or greedy, or miserly, or aggressive bargainers. Krefetz suggests that during the nineteenth century, most of the myths focused on Jews being "scurrilous, stupid, and tight-fisted", but following the Jewish Emancipation and the rise of Jews to the middle- or upper-class in Europe the myths evolved and began to assert that Jews were "clever, devious, and manipulative financiers out to dominate [world finances]".

Leon Poliakov asserts that economic antisemitism is not a distinct form of antisemitism, but merely a manifestation of theologic antisemitism (because, without the theological causes of the economic antisemitism, there would be no economic antisemitism). In opposition to this view, Derek Penslar contends that in the modern era, the economic antisemitism is "distinct and nearly constant" but theological antisemitism is "often subdued".

Other mentions of the phrase "economic antisemitism"

 * Reinharz writes "On economic antisemitism, see also Isaiah Trunk, "Economic Antisemitism in Poland between the Two World Wars," in Studies on Polish Jewry, 1919-1939, ed. Joshua A. Fishman (New York, 1974), pp. 3-98"
 * Reinharz writes "On economic antisemitism, see also Isaiah Trunk, "Economic Antisemitism in Poland between the Two World Wars," in Studies on Polish Jewry, 1919-1939, ed. Joshua A. Fishman (New York, 1974), pp. 3-98"


 * Chapter X on p. 247 is titled "Economic antisemitism"
 * Chapter X on p. 247 is titled "Economic antisemitism"


 * An international convention against antisemitism Mark Venʹi͡a͡minovich Vishni͡a͡k, Mark Venʹi︠a︡minovich Vishni︠a︡k, Jewish Labor Committee (U.S.). Research Institute - 1946 - 135 pages
 * "It is interesting to note that the French historian of antisemitism, Bernard Lazare, considers France the birthplace of economic antisemitism."


 * Marsha Rozenblit writes " For a more recent study of artisanal economic antisemitism, see Shulamit Volkov The Rise of Popular Antimodernism in Germany"
 * Marsha Rozenblit writes " For a more recent study of artisanal economic antisemitism, see Shulamit Volkov The Rise of Popular Antimodernism in Germany"


 * http://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&pg=PA81&dq=%22economic+antisemitism%22&hl=en&ei=XnsWTs-EIqfiiAKTkLDSBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCDge#v=onepage&q=%22economic%20antisemitism%22&f=false}}
 * The entry on Antisemitism has a section titled "Modern Political and Economic Antisemitism"


 * http://books.google.com/books?id=vsrJLASVC3QC&pg=PA22&dq=%22economic+antisemitism%22&hl=en&ei=_H0WTqGUM8PSiALfntHRBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgo#v=onepage&q=%22economic%20antisemitism%22&f=false
 * There is a chapter by William Brustein titled "European Antisemitism before the Holocaust". One of the sections of this chapter is titled "Economic antisemitism in Germany"


 * The journal of economic history, Volume 62, Issues 1-2
 * Chapter 1 describes and analyzes economic antisemitism as developing two paradigms, that of the Jew as pauper and "savage" and that of the Jew as an economic force or menace.


 * "It was Marx's sinister achievement to marry the economic antisemitism of the French Socialists to the philosophical antisemitism of the German idealists and thereby to construct a new kind of antisemitic conspiracy theory,"
 * "It was Marx's sinister achievement to marry the economic antisemitism of the French Socialists to the philosophical antisemitism of the German idealists and thereby to construct a new kind of antisemitic conspiracy theory,"