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Reservation in India
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all facts about reservation
ALL FACTS ABOUT RESERVATION

THE HISTORY OF RESERVATION

1950 - The constitution provided for 15% reservation for the SCs and 7.5% for the STs. This was in proportion to their population in the country.

1951 - The 1st amendment to the constitution: Gave the state the discretion to provide reservation to the backward classes over and above the 22.5% if it deemed necessary

1955 - The 1st backward classes' commission submitted its report. It was completely ignored.

1963 - Supreme Court judgement directed an upper limit of 50% on reservation.

1978 - Mandal commission (2nd backward classes commission) constituted by Morarji Desai.

1980 - Mandal commission submitted its report. Advised a wide range of recommendations, the main one being land reforms. Also recommended 27% reservation for OBCs as a palliative measure. The 27% number was based on the 1931 census.

1990 - V.P. Singh implemented 27% OBC reservation in govt. jobs.

1992 - Indira Sawhney case questioned the basis of OBC reservation.

1993 - The Supreme Court upheld 27% reservation for OBCs but recommended exclusion of the creamy layer. Also recommended 10% reservation for other economically backward sections from higher castes.

AUGUST 2005 - Supreme court abolished all caste based reservations in unaided private colleges.

DEC 2005 - Lok Sabha passed the 93rd amendment, rolling back the Supreme court judgement.

5th APRIL 2006 - The HRD minister Mr. Arjun Singh, lets it out in the media, that the Govt proposes to implement 27% reservation for OBCs in educational institutions under Central Govt., including IITs, IIMs, AIIMS and other Central Universities like University of Delhi.

PRIMARY EDUCATION RELATED FACTS The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) by Pratham shows that in Bihar only 52 per cent of the enrolled students were found to be attending schools. In Rajasthan, UP, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh, this figure was between 60 to 70 per cent A series of third party studies reveal a grim picture of how much children actually learn, raising doubts about the effectiveness of the SSA beyond mere enrollment. The ASER study, for example, shows that 44 per cent of children in public schools in Std II to V cannot read simple paragraphs. Nearly 54 per cent children cannot do two-digit subtraction problems. Among older children, 40 per cent in public schools in Std VI to VIII are unable to handle simple division problems. Today it is not entirely clear whether the HRD ministry's "flagship scheme" for education -- the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) -- is actually resulting in children getting a better education.

Expenditure on SSA has grown dramatically from zero in 2001 to Rs 10,000 crore in the current budget.

A few weeks ago there were full page ads in the national dailies about the success of SSA in terms of enrollment, number of schools, teachers, and so on. Let us not forget that these aspects (including enrolment) are inputs into the process of education, they are not outcomes. No evidence was provided about whether more children are now able to read, write or do maths as a result of programmes like the SSA. It is misleading to imply that something is doing well just because it uses up more inputs. A steel company does not boast about its performance by announcing it used more power and iron ore. Transformed Indian education rests on evidence.

Another startling fact that the government chooses to keep quiet about is the extent to which children are moving away from public schools. After all, the SSA is only focussed on government schools and is jocularly termed 'Sarkari Shiksha Abhiyan'. New evidence has surfaced in a recent paper titled, 'Private schools serving the poor', by James Tooley and Pauline Dixon of the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne. The study involved 20 researchers combing 20 sq km of slums in North Shahdara (East Delhi). They report that only 71 out of the 265 schools they found were government schools. There were 19 private "aided" schools, 102 private "recognised" schools and 73 private "unrecognised" schools. However, SSA only concerns itself with the 71 public schools

Why are people rejecting government schools? Part of the problem might be a greater responsiveness to what parents want. Only 2 out of the 71 public schools were English-medium, and 57 were exclusively Hindi. But parents want their children to learn English. Among private schools, only 55 out of 194 schools were exclusively Hindi. Tooley & Dixon ran standardised tests on 3,495 children, thus obtaining data for 24 children per school on average. In Mathematics, the average score in public schools was 24.5 out of 100. Children in private schools averaged above 40. In languages, the average score in public schools was 14 (English) and 27 (Hindi). The score in private schools was about 50.

This situation is full of irony. The government is pumping Rs 10,000 crore into government schools through the SSA programme. But to a significant extent parents are voting with their feet, preferring to pay their own money, and sending their children to private schools where they perform markedly better. The fees paid by parents range from Rs 150 to Rs 600 per month.

In the states of Uttaranchal, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan, more than 45 per cent of urban children are now in private schools. This indicates an astonishing scale of de-facto privatisation of elementary education. In these states, the role of private schools exceeds the level of utilisation of private schools found in what is officially the "fully privatised" education system of Chile. Maybe, students would be better off if the government restricted itself to a system for producing and delivering free meals to children. The money on SSA would be better spent if the government paid parents Rs 300 per month, and allowed them to choose a school for their children.

Literacy rate of schedule castes and tribes-34%, Average for general population >50%.

In 30 years the difference in literacy rates between the 2 groups has decreased by just 0.39%.This shows the truth about the govt's commitment to upliftment..

0.31%SC and STs have electricity General population=61%. 10% SC and ST have Sanitation, General population +27%. 83% of SC, STs are Landless Labourers. What is the basis of the arbitrary direction of funds by the govt into higher education, without ensuring basic education?

FACTS ABOUT HIGHER EDUCATION IIT FACTS-

50% of the reserved seats of the IITs remain vacant (even the much lower entry marks were not secured by the students.) 25% of those who joined were forced to quit. They were unable to complete the 4 yr course even in 6 yrs.

NSSO points23.5% college seats already with OBC's. Why the need for reservation if they are already securing these seats by merit?

Parliamentary committee on welfare of SC & ST said-

IN DU between 1995-2000 50% UG SC unfilled 66% UG ST unfilled

Sukhdev Thorat chairman UGC- At higher education levels 1.2 lakh seats of reserved category are vacant. At the same time 40% of reserved category teaching staff posts remain unoccupied.

Hindustan Times- 16% seats in higher education are occupied by both SC ST put together whereas the Quota offered by the govt. is 22.5%. (Therefore 33% seats are wasted.)

Where is the need for these reserved seats to be increased, if they are going to waste as it is? Is this the correct use of the taxpayer's money?

Census data 2001 POPULATION SC ST REST POPULATION % Population 16.2 8.2 75.6 % of Illiterate 54.8% 61.6% 41.7%

PERCENTAGE OF OBCs out of Total Indian Population.

1978 Mandal Commission       52%

1999-2000 NSSO       32%

NFHS       29.8%

Quoted by Mr. Rajiv Gandhi: Mandal Commission reported only 810 villages covered during a survey, out of 5 lakh villages.

ROLES OF DIFFERENT POLITICAL PARTIES IN RESERVATION

1)CONGRESS’S ROLE-

Today the CONGRESS party is facing a crisis in the national politics inspite of remaining in power in the central govt.they are now trying to servive in assembly and national elections.for that reason they are trying to increase their vote bank and compensate their political losses to remain as the leading party in national and state politics.also they are willing to snatch the votes from the regional parties to secure their support.for that reason they are trying to soothe the lower caste peoples in the name of swamajic nyay(social justice) by using this caste based reservation.but their policy and view was something different in the past. NEHRU who was our first prime-minister did have some different views.he was against reservation in the job.EX-PRIME –MINISTER RAJIV GANDHI also questioned the reservation policy.their views were ….

''I dislike any kind of reservation, more particularly in Services. I react strongly against anything, which leads to inefficiency and second rate standards. I want my country to be a first class country in everything. The moment we encourage the second rate, we are lost.

''The only real way to help a backward group is to give opportunities of good education, this includes technical education, which is becoming more and more important. Everything else is provision of some kind of crutches which do not act to the strength or health of the body.

''We have made recently two decisions, which are very important, one is universal free elementary education to, that is the base and the second is scholarships on a very wide scale at every grade of education to the bright boys and girls, and this applies not merely to literary education, but much more so, to technical, scientific and medical training.

''I lay stress on the bright and able boys and girls because it is only they who will raise our standards. I have no doubt that there is a vast reservoir of potential talent in this country if only we can give it opportunity. But if we go in for reservations on communal or caste basis, we swamp the bright and able people and remain second rate or third rate. I am grived to learn how far this business of reservation has gone based on communal considerations.

''It has amazed me to learn that even promotions are based sometimes on communal or caste considerations. This way lies not only folly, but disaster. Let us help the backward groups by all means, but never at the cost of efficiency. How are we going to build our public sector or indeeed any sector with second rate people.''

PANDIT NEHRU (IN LETTER TO CHIEF MINISTERS,1961)

"Today it is the Raja Sahib, sitting there, who is trying to divide our country on caste and religion," "It is incredible that the government has no comment at all on this report other than saying we will implement it in toto. Why has the government not thought about the lack of scientific input in the data, about the lack of scientific analysis of that data because there were no sociologists involved? Why has the government not spoken about the heavily conditioned inputs that the commission has got? Why has the government not commented on the speed and hurry with which the report was completed?"

-RAJIV GANDHI in Lok Sabha on Sept 6,1990

2)BJP’S ROLE….

As the CONGRESS has already addopted the policy,BJP had no way to oppose the decision .because they don’t have any better option.they have lost parliament election,for that reason naturally they are reluctant to do anything which would be dangerous for their existance.more to add that they are also trying to aquire the votes of the dalits and backwards.in the mean time they were able to have a good lower castes, votes in GUJARAT,MADHYA PRADESH,UTTAR PRADESH some extent,LARGELY IN BIHAR AND JHARKHAND under their banner or on behalf of the NDA.so in this odd situation they had no chance to oppose,they had to support the policy wholeheartedly to secure their image.

3)LEFT’S ROLE…..

LEFTS were very mutch interested to implement the policy as they claim that their ideology is based upon communism ,equality and social justice to the all section of the people of this country.so ridiculously they are trying to impose this reservation policy in the name of communism and social justice.they have no idea of excellency.they are only involved in ugly state run communal politics and the quantity of higher education.in their time west bengal lost the excellency of education in different fields.they don’t understand that communism cannot be adopted in higher education,as in the field of higher education you need quality ,merit,accuracy,knowledge irrespective of your caste and religion.ironically there is no such type of reservation even in communist countries.but they are not willing to accept the fact.they don’t think that they are doing the same wrong by supporting the policy that has different criterias and selection procedures in the same process of selection that is surely another inequality.they have not yet learned to praise the quality rather to praise the wrongs in the name of communism and MARXISM and they have no basic idea of higher education and they are very much able to implement rules to incease the state’s ugly control in higher educational field.so they were happy to support the bill.

4)ROLE OF THE REGIONAL PARTIES……….

In India MOST OF THE REGIONAL PARTIES who are taking deciding roles in national politics have come into the light by the votes of lower castes and the backwards.their leaders are mostly from backward classes.as CONGRESS when they were in power,did not have the attention towards the backward peoples for their real upliftment,so these communities still have the ideas that the other parties ,the so called national parties are interested in the upper castes only.in this case,they wanted a platform to come into the path of development and social justice and security for themselves.these bacward leaders have created the platform to speak from them.when they fought election contest,they got millions of votes from dalits and backward peoples and managed to come into the power politics.at this time they have increased in numbers,the no. of caste parties also increased and many of them are in power.they are also willing to continue their political carriers by exploting the immotions.so the range and no. of voters should be increased.and this is one of the best policies for their survival.they are not ready to protect India’s future,but to protect themselves and remain in power.this is one of the saddest things in Indian politics that we are having different Indias in India.this is the grand failure of Indian nationalism and national poltics which gave birth to so many power hungry parties and politicians at the cost of national progress.still now we are in the same darkness.

The reservation debate Monday, 23 April, 2007 SC to hear quota case today Govt faces uphill task on quota before SC Quota not ideal in higher education: Cong. Sunday, 22 April, 2007 SC to hear plea on vacating quota stay Friday, 20 April, 2007 HRD ministry delays IIMs admission process Thursday, 19 April, 2007 IIM directors to discuss quota on friday Wednesday, 18 April, 2007 SC to hear Centre's OBC plea on April 23 Monday, 16 April, 2007 Centre moves SC on OBC quota issue OBC Quota Timeline Centre won't back down on OBC quota Thursday, 12 April, 2007 IIMs admission list for 2007-2008 by April 21 Monday, 09 April, 2007 HRD Ministry asks institutes to keep admission on hold Saturday, 07 April, 2007 Stay on OBC quota may be lifted Friday, 06 April, 2007 HC stays judgement : Muslims not minorities in UP Centre assures TN validity of OBC law Thursday, 05 April, 2007 TN announces quota for Muslims, Christians Sunday, 01 April, 2007 OBC quota: Govt likely to approach SC Govt to work to vacate stay on OBC quota Saturday, 31 March, 2007 'Quota unlikely in coming academic year' Bandh total, normal life affected in TN Experts will decide on OBC quota: Arjun Anti-quota protests during Arjun's function Normal life affected in Tamil Nadu bandh Friday, 30 March, 2007 Govt weighs options on OBC quota Quota: TN says convene Parliament immediately Thursday, 29 March, 2007 Lalu, Nitish call for consensus on quota Quota issue: DMK allies call bandh in Tamil Nadu Quota: IIMs, IITs to go by Centre's decision IITs to abide by SC order on OBC quota IIMs to wait and watch on OBC quota stay Govt mulls legal action against OBC stay V P Singh favours continuance of OBC law IIT-Kanpur students hail SC ruling on quotas SC stays OBC quota in Govt education institutes SC verdict on OBC quota row Thursday Wednesday, 07 March, 2007 SC to decide on fate of OBC quota Tuesday, 06 March, 2007 IIMs to provide reservation for OBCs Wednesday, 31 January, 2007 SC nod for 22.5 per cent quota for SC/ST SC issues notice to Centre on OBC qouta Thursday, 04 January, 2007 Kalam gives assent to law on quota for OBCs Tuesday, 19 December, 2006 Anti-quota doctors continue hunger strike Monday, 18 December, 2006 Anti-quota strike picks up; 3 doctors ill Friday, 15 December, 2006 AIIMS doctors go on flash strike Docs set to hit roads again over quota Thursday, 07 December, 2006 Centre clears OBC quota, no creamy layer Sunday, 12 November, 2006 Dalits protest SC order on creamy layer Wednesday, 01 November, 2006 SC poses questions to Centre on quota issue 41% of Indian population is OBC: Survey Thursday, 19 October, 2006 SC upholds quota for SC/ST promotion Monday, 16 October, 2006 PM forms panel on quota in private sector SC pulls up govt on OBC quota policy SC asks Centre to submit quota report Wednesday, 27 September, 2006 Quota panel suggests periodic review Sunday, 10 September, 2006 OBC quota: Moily panel to finalise report on Sept 15 Thursday, 31 August, 2006 Quota won't affect general category: PM Friday, 25 August, 2006 Doctors, students suspend anti-quota stir Anti-quota stir: 15 docs held in Mumbai Quota bill makes no mention of creamy layer Quota bill set to be tabled in Lok Sabha IITs to increase student intake by 54% Thursday, 24 August, 2006 Anti-quota protest whips up violence Wednesday, 23 August, 2006 AIIMS docs, students observe black day AIIMS docs to go on mass casual leave Tuesday, 22 August, 2006 Medicos, students launch anti-quota stir Quota: Medicos to launch agitation on Tuesday Monday, 21 August, 2006 Cabinet gives nod for Bill seeking 27 pc quota Sunday, 20 August, 2006 Court rejects Bhopal tragedy survivors' plea Wednesday, 26 July, 2006 No final decision on quota for OBCs: Centre Monday, 24 July, 2006 Panel on quota approves interim report Saturday, 10 June, 2006 Quotas the best way forward: Chidambaram Thursday, 08 June, 2006 Reservation a ploy to divide Hindus: RSS Wednesday, 07 June, 2006 IIM-Indore to implement OBC quota Sunday, 04 June, 2006 Congress in a fix over quota credit Friday, 02 June, 2006 MP: Medicos' anti-quota stir called off Thursday, 01 June, 2006 Medical services back on track in Delhi Docs return to work in New Delhi Resident doctors, medicos call off strike Wednesday, 31 May, 2006 Supreme Court orders medicos to end strike Ramadoss examines patients at AIIMS Medicos on collision course with SC Medicos plan to approach Supreme Court Striking medicos' tents removed at AIIMS Tuesday, 30 May, 2006 Oversight Committee on quota meets Ensure treatment of patients: HC Centre decides to call Army doctors Divisions in BJP over quota issue Doctors consulting legal experts 5,000 clinics to remain closed in Ah'bad Call off strike or face contempt: SC Indore doctors to return gold medals Monday, 29 May, 2006 SC asks protesting medicos to call off strike SC to examine extension of quota to OBCs Palash Sen slams govt for 'dividing India' SC issues notice to Centre on quotas BJP backs quota, demands pie for upper castes SC to hear plea on OBC quota amendment JNU, IIT students begin hunger strike Sunday, 28 May, 2006 CPI(M) for OBC quota only for weaker sections Process initiated to up medical seats No breakthrough yet, medicos stir on Parli panel suugests IIMs in all States Saturday, 27 May, 2006 Delhi: Quota protestor in immolation bid Self-immolation bid in Orissa Medicos to continue strike over quota Striking medicos hold protest rally Karnataka to dismiss striking doctors Medicos' decision on strike after rally Medicos gear up for show of strength Friday, 26 May, 2006 Docs decide to continue agitation Striking medicos meet Kalam, remain defiant NDA to oppose UPA's 'vote bank politics' 'Quota to be implemented in one go' Thursday, 25 May, 2006 Medicos step up anti-quota agitation Medicos turn down Kalam's appeal Wednesday, 24 May, 2006 Kalam appeals medicos to end strike Govt has back stabbed us, say students Tuesday, 23 May, 2006 UPA, Left decide to go ahead with quota Medicos call civil disobedience May 25 IMA splits, new pro-quota group formed PM fails to break ice with striking docs Monday, 22 May, 2006 PM appeals medicos to end stir Delhi docs face termination notices Talks between Centre, medicos fail Two Knowledge Commission members quit Arjun Singh asks agitating medicos to have faith in PM Quota stir: Medicos scale down demands IIT-ians seek permission for suicide Sunday, 21 May, 2006 Medicos continue stir, UP clamps ESMA Protestors asked to vacate hostels for new docs Doctors to continue strike Saturday, 20 May, 2006 Govt hopeful of quota stir ending soon Pro-quota protestors paralyse SKMCH emergency Anti-quota stir: Students take out rally in the capital Reservation to be implemented in phases Friday, 19 May, 2006 Kapil Sibal loses his cool on quota Q 35 hurt as cops, quota supporters clash Quota issue: Medicos ask for more seats Medicos reject Centre's proposal Thursday, 18 May, 2006 No cut in general seats: Centre Bollywood stars to join anti-quota stir CWC to discuss quota issue on May 20 AIIMS resident docs join anti-quota stir Wednesday, 17 May, 2006 Oscar Fernandes meets striking medicos Manmohan forms 4-member panel on quota Centre firm on quota commitment: Arjun Medicos divided over anti-quota stir Goa engages para-clinical staff Kolkata: Jr doctors join anti-quota stir Tuesday, 16 May, 2006 AIIMS docs call off strike, resume work PM to consult other parties on quota row

THE DOUBLE STANDARD OF THE GOVT ON QUOTA ISSUE

1)GOVT WANTS TO IMPLEMENT OBC QUOTA ON THE BASIS OF 1931 CENSUS REPORT.

2)THE GOVT AND SOME OF THE PERSONS ARE TRYING TO USE THE JUDGEMENT WHICH IS 15 YRS OLD. AND IN THAT JUDGEMENT THE COURT DIRECTED THE GOVT TO EXCLUDE THE CREAMY LAYER OF OBC COMMUNITY BUT THAT HAS NOT YET BEEN DONE.THE COURT ALSO DIRECTED THE GOVT TO RESERVE 10% FOR UPPER CASTE POORS.

3)AT THAT TIME THE GOVT PROMISED TO REVIEW THE WHOLE POLICY AFTER TEN YEARS OF IMPLEMENTATION, BUT TILL NOW NO SUCH ACTION HAS BEEN TAKEN.

THUS THE JUDGEMENT WHICH WAS GIVEN AT THAT TIME MAY NOT BE APPLICABLE IN THIS CASE AS THE GOVT ITSELF FOLLOWED THE JUDGEMENT PARTIALLY.IF OBC CREAMY LAYERs USE RESERVATION THEN IT WILL BE A COMPLETE VIOLATION OF HUMAN AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AS THE RESERVATION POLICY IS COMPLETELY FOR BACKWARD PEOPLE.IF THE GOVT GIVES RESERVATION TO CREAMY LAYER THEN THE ACTION IS TOTALLY CONTRADICTORY.THE GOVT'S ROLE IS AGAIN CONTRADICTORY-THEY WANT TO HAVE CASTE BASED RESERVATION BUT NOT CASTE BASED CENSUS,WHY?FOR THEIR POLITICAL MILEAGE.

ABOUT THE RESERVATION IN AMERICA

1)IT IS TOTALLY VOLUNTARY IN SOME INSTITUTES,MAINLY MEANT FOR THE BLACKS.

2)THERE IS NO RESERVATION IN JOBS.

3)THE RESERVATION FOR FOREIGN NATIONALS ABOUT WHICH SOMEONE ARGUES THAT CANNOT BE TERMED AS RESERVATION AS IT IS THE FIRST STEP OF BRAIN DRAIN.AND SIGNIFICANTLY THE STANDARD AND CRITERIA ARE NOT LOWERED. THE STUDENTS WHO STUDY THERE UNDER SCHOLERSHIPS AND FELLOWSHIPS ,THEY ARE MORE BRIGHTER THAN THE AMERICAN STUDENTS,THEY HAVE TO CLEAR GRE,TOEFL ETC AT THE SAME TIME THEY NEED VERY GOOD ACADEMIC RECORDS.OTHER THAN THAT THE STUDENTS WHO GO ABROAD TO STUDY HAS TO BEAR THE WHOLE TUITION FEES FROM THEIR OWN MONEY AND THE UNIVERSITIES WHO ALLOW THEM TO STUDY GET GOOD FINANCIAL HELP FROM THAT MONEY,SO THOSE ARE PAYMENT SEATS,NOT THE PUBLIC MONEY WHICH IS WASTED IN INDIA TO PRODUCE LOW QULAITY STUDENTS IN THE NAME OF SOCIAL JUSTICE.

4)AND AT LAST I WOULD LIKE TO STATE THE EXTENT OF RESERVATION THERE MAY BE WITHIN 10% NOT THE HUGE 50%. AND IN FACT THERE IS NO DIVISIVE RESERVATION POLICY AMONG THE NATIONAL PEOPLE.