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Middle Eastern Mental Health Issues & Syndromes
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Psychology, Multiculturalism, and the study of Middle Eastern Mental HealthSyndromes is an area of research that continues to grow in its scope and content in the United States and throughout the World today. Because the Internet is such a vast Melting Pot of information and study, this resource allows a most comprehensive and Wholistic approach to Mental Health and the study of those Issues. In 1998 the World Mental Health survey initiative was conducted by the World Federation for Mental Health. The (WFMH) was originally created in 1948 and works in concert with the World Health Organization (WHO). The 1998 survey sought to help define and clarify Mental Health Issues across many societies. To accurately evaluate and understand Mental Health issues of the Middle East one must take into account the geographic, historical, cultural, and social influences of that part of the world and it's citizenry. While each of the many countries one thinks of as the "Middle East" is unique in and of itself, there is a binding ethnic fabric that any student of this region must realize and account for. Firstly, the Middle East is the origin of many of the major religions of Mankind. Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam, all began in this part of the world. Of these many religions, Islam has had the most lasting and culturally significant influence on the region, encompassing well over ninety percent of the population by some measurements. The tenants of the Muslim Faith and its rigidity of purpose certainly have served as a guide and hindrance to the practices' of Mental Health providers in the Middle East. There is an inherent conflict between ancient religious teachings and the modern day or "Western World" approach to the issues of Mental Health. Moralityand culture most likely arose from collective choice of communal decisions to provide an accepted structure of living together. Geography, tradition, and the specific environment may have been most influential in these decisions. The development or evolution of a social milieu integrated with the culmination of culture. Cultural morality has provided a way of managing conflict within a societal group. Cultural morality and the required behaviors that are cooperative in nature and a cognizance of others within the group, have discouraged unhealthy behaviors, and therefore encouraged emotions beneficial to a society. These realized constructs provide an outlet and model of motivations and accepted actions within a social group. In a 1992 study,. Schwartz, Roccas and Sagiv, evaluated how priorities are displayed and altered by a "social experience," and how those priorities affected "behavioral orientation and choices." The study surmised that the majority of cultures prioritize some "Ten Value Types: Self-Determination, Stimulation, Hedonism, Achievement, Power, Security, Conformity, Tradition, Benevolence, and Universalism. Among these there were values that cultures prioritize to varying degrees. Schwartz Study helped develop his theory of specific types of values allowing varying cultures to be contrasted with one another. The data was collected from Forty Nine nations of the world was applied to a construct of Seven value types. This was done according to a society's specific priority of its communal value set. Schwartz, selected the Seven types of values based on their compatibilities and contradictions to one another. The value types were: "Conservatism vs.Autonomy," "Hierarchy vs. Egalitarianism," and "Mastery vs. Harmony."PDF The value types were then used to examine cultures that were closely related to each other. The theory is based on cultural dimensions so that conclusions can be defined to a degree, while accounting for the entire society matrix. This theory has a significant influence on helping researchers assess the cultural implications of values on regional cultures. The research also found a correlation between geographical proximity and shared cultural values. Schwartz, attributed these relationships to the "shared history"[], religion, level of development, culture contact and other factors." PDF

Known Syndromes
This is an expanding area that welcomes your credible submissions

Zār or Zaars
"Ceremonial Zār Song Performance"
 * "Zār or Zaar," known as possession by a spirit is exhibited by some Middle Eastern Cultures .  Specific Ceremonies are performed to placate the Zār and relieve client symptoms. These ritualized ceremonies, organized and facilitated by a leader, assemble the affiliated individual and the previously affected person by the zār and involve, "incense, music, and movement." The details of the ceremony vary by region and become unique over time.  "Some leaders may recommend that the patient first seek the help of a doctor while others may oppose seeking this type of help if they believe that the needles from injections prescribed by the doctor will further agitate the zār and create more problems for the patient. Having opted for a remedy from Bābā or Māmā zār, the patient will prepare to stay in isolation for up to seven days." Countries where this syndrome are seen include Ethiopia, Egypt, Iran, Sudan, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Middle East. Signs and symptoms of Zār may include dissociative episodes, unexpected laughing, yelling, singing, even hitting their heads against a wall. Clients may exhibit apathy and be reclusive.   Those under the Zār may refuse to eat or carry out activities of daily living, and may develop an extended interaction with the possessing spirit.

Evil Eye
Adilnor Collection Evil eye Protective Amulet 
 * The "Evil Eye" known as ʿayn al-ḥasūd (عين الحسود)" and "Mal De Ojo," in the Mexican culture covered in some detail at a website labeled San Fransisco Bardo Training Center." This syndrome is found in the DSM-IV TR.

Alternate Authors & Materials
""Objective evaluation of the development of mental health and psychiatry in the past and planning of sustainable, realistic and improved systems for the future require knowledge of both the differences and similarities. In this context, the Middle East cuts across civilizations and cultures far greater than the geographical definition. Naturally, people and lands of such a vast area have as many differences as they have similarities, if not more. These differences are in areas of history, geography, economic conditions, art, culture, concepts of health and illness and the like. However, if one looks closely, there are also important unifying characteristics that one can use to group these peoples together as a mega entity. Of these, two seem to be most important. The first is religion. The region is the cradle of three of the most important religions practiced in the world today. These are Christianity, Islam and Judaism. Other faiths such as Manicheism and Zoroastrianism also started in this region and faiths like Buddhism and Hinduism have influenced it. All these religions have been important factors in shaping the way of life in the region. However, one religion, Islam, is part of the region’s common identity. Islam is not only the religion practiced by more than 90% of the people in the countries of the region, it is also a way of life that unlike some other religions has clear and earthly regulations for many aspects of the personal, family and social activities of believers. Needless to say, in different countries of the region, the national cultures and traditions have influenced the practice of Islam. However, it gives all of them a certain common identity in many spiritual and everyday aspects of life. The second is the opportunity for equal exposure to the intuitive, holistic philosophies of the East on the one hand, and the objective, pragmatic, fact-oriented philosophies and methodologies of the West on the other. This circumstance had both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, it has provided us with the possibility of looking at things from two different points of view; as parts of a whole, not understandable without understanding the whole, or as separate entities through which larger systems can be understood by analysis. On the other hand, it has confused us as to the real meaning and purpose of science and art and our place and role in nature and the universe.""

Mental health and psychiatry in the Middle East: historical development, A. Mohit, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Volume 7, No.3, May 2001, 336-347, [Journal Article]

External Links & Sources
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 * Allan, Lyle (1983), 'A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Multiculturalism', in Social Alternatives (University of Queensland), Vol.3, No.3, July, pages 65–72, PDF:
 * BBC News, Revolution in Egypt's mental health care, Published: 2009/05/06 08:21:48 GMT
 * Blainey, Geoffrey (1984), All For Australia, Methuen Haynes, North Ryde, New South Wales, ISBN 0-454-00828-7
 * Conflict behind rise in mental health disorders in Somalia, Middle East Online, IRIN, 2010-06-04,
 * Clancy, Greg (2006), The Conspiracies of Multiculturalism, Sunda Publications, Gordon, New South Wales. ISBN 0-9581564-1-7
 * Definition of Society from the OED.
 * Hirst, John (2005), Sense and Nonsense in Australian History, Black Inc. Agenda, Melbourne, Victoria. ISBN 9780977594931
 * Lecture notes on "Defining Society" Retrieved From: East Carolina University.
 * Mental health needs outweigh resources in Middle East: World Federation for Mental Health 2008 report encourages advocacy for   World Mental Health Day, Jamie Read, TBWA/RAAD/PR, Rima Maalouf, C.C.M., Eli Lilly, Press Release 10 Oct., 2008
 * Open Directory Project(DMOZ) Middle Eastern Mental Health:
 * Paniagua, Cuéllar, I., "Multicultural Mental Health," Edited by FA. San Diego, Academic Press, 2000, pp. 225–248
 * Paniagua FA. Culture-bound syndromes, cultural variations, and psychopathology. In: Cuellar I, Paniagua FA (eds). Handbook of Multicultural Mental Health. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2000: 139-169.
 * Putnam, Robert D., "E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century -- The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize," Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2), June 2007
 * Saraceno, Benedetto, M.D.; ET AL Global Mental Health Series #5: "Barriers to improvement of mental health services in low-income and middle-income countries" The Lancet, V. 370, Issue 9593, 1164-74, Sept. 29-Oct 5, 2007
 * Sailer, Steve, "Fragmented Future: Multiculturalism doesn’t make vibrant communities but defensive ones," American Conservative, Jan. 15, 2007
 * Salter, Frank, On Genetic Interests: Family, Ethnicity, and Humanity in an Age of Mass Migration, 2007, ISBN 1-41280-596-1.
 * Wong, David, "Natural Moralities:A Defense of Pluralistic Relativism", 2006, ISBN-13: 978-0-19-530539-5,
 * World Federation for Mental Health - Official website
 * World Fellowship for Schizophrenia and Allied Disorders - 'Information for families caring for people with mental illness'
 * - World Health Organization, Mental Health, Home Page
 * Zonis, Marvin and Craig M. Joseph. "Conspiracy Thinking in the Middle East." Political Psychology, V.,15 No.3 1994. pp. 453-459,
 * Zonis, Marvin and Craig M. Joseph. "Conspiracy Thinking in the Middle East." Political Psychology, V.,15 No.3 1994. pp. 453-459,

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