User talk:Reynanavarrete/sandbox

My wikipedia topic falls under the Gender and Development article more specific the gender and neoliberal development institutions. I will be adding information I retrieve throughout my research from various articles and our textbook. I will state the direct quotes some with introductory sentences then in parenthesis the work cited which I will create a link when I insert them on the wikipedia page. I also will add some information on the gender, financial crises, and neoliberal economic policy in that it correlates with my topic of gender and neoliberal development institutions.I would also like to add some content in the introduction on development because it is one of the main themes of this wikipedia article that I feel is lacking.

I would insert the following in the introduction: Since this inclusion of gender in development is predicated upon an understanding of men and women as fundamentally different, with women seen as essentially reproductive and nurturing, “gender equity” is reproducing rather than challenging gendered power relations(pg9)(Shields, and Wallin. "The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's Gender Action Plan and the Gendered Political Economy of Post-Communist Transition." (2015): 383-99. ISSN 1474-7731. Web.)The discourse around development are influential towards the methods in which gender equality is addressed in development. Development is a process of expanding freedoms equally for all people - male and female (pg41).(Revenga, Ana, and Sudhir Shetty. "Empowering Women Is Smart Economics." Finance & Development 49.1 (2012): 40-43. Web.)

Gender is intertwined in the lives and daily struggles of individuals which is important to note when discussing development and neoliberal ideals implemented globally.The standard neoliberal policies consist of deregulation of the economy, privatization of public enterprises, government budget cuts, trade liberalization and export orientation of the economy, together with openness to foreign investment and financial flows(pg21).In developing countries, their implementation through Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) resulted in recessions and stagnation everywhere, adversely affecting the livelihoods of low-income groups and increasing poverty(pg21).Even as the debt crisis lost its importance towards the end of the twentieth century, neoliberal policies continued and became the new normal in macroeconomic policy regime for developed and developing countries alike, with global financial institutions- the World Bank, the IMF, the European Central Bank – acting as enforcers of these policies” (pg21).(Benería, Lourdes, Günseli Berik, and Maria S. Floro. Gender, Development and Globalization: Economics as If All People Mattered. New York: Routledge, 2016. Print.)

Insert the importance of the WDR 2012: An interesting illustration of the way mainstream economics has dealt with gender issues is provided by the World Bank's World Development Report 2012, Gender Inequality and Development. The WDR 2012 represents the culmination of the Bank's efforts to incorporate gender issues in its programs and is an extension of the "gender is smart economics" approach fleshed out under the World Bank's Gender Action Plan, which was carried out in 7007-11 to address gender concerns.On the intrinsic argument, that gender matter “in its own right,” the WDR 2012 references Amartya Sen’s definition of “development as freedom” and emphasizes that this notion calls for the gender equitable expansion of freedoms(p25). The WDR( World Development Report) defines development and gender as they related and it lacks to analyze how neoliberal policies can create and further facilitate class inequalities among women and men globally(pg25).(Benería, Lourdes, Günseli Berik, and Maria S. Floro. Gender, Development and Globalization: Economics as If All People Mattered. New York: Routledge, 2016. Print.)

Insert the following on gender mainstreaming: Gender mainstreaming assists the implementation of gender equality in development institutions. Gender mainstreaming is mandated by the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action as a strategic approach for achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment at all levels of development. Mainstreaming is not an end in itself but a strategy, an approach, a means to achieve the goal of gender equality. Mainstreaming involves ensuring that gender perspectives and attention to the goal of gender equality are central to all activities – policy development, research, advocacy/dialogue, legislation, resource allocation, and planning, implementation and monitoring of programs and projects.(“How We Work: UN System Coordination: Gender Mainstreaming.” UN Women, www.unwomen.org/en/how-we-work/un-system-coordination/gender-mainstreaming.)

Insert the following: The financial world market has been materially and institutional financial institutions (IFIs) such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank and BIS, which are themselves institutions dependent on the support of the world’s advanced capitalist state(pg28).Banks are posed as rather more historically malleable institutions which, should they be politically subordinated, could perform important accounting and regulatory duties in the new workers’ economy(p32).(Pradella, Lucia, and Thomas Marois. Polarizing Development: Alternatives to Neoliberalism and the Crisis. 2015. Web.)Addressing the gender disparities that are barriers to development is one of the important ways the Bank can contribute to sustainable and equitable growth and poverty reduction(pg7f).(World Bank. An Evaluation of World Bank Support, 2002-08: Gender and Development. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2010. IEG Study Ser. Web.)

The role of European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(EBRD) in neoliberal ideals facilitated the institutions on development created globally.The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) plays a pivotal role in reorganizing social relations into patterns more conducive to the construction of neoliberal hegemony. This becomes particularly evident through analysis of how the EBRD has become implicated in the construction and reconstruction of gender norms, identities and relations in Eastern Central Europe (ECE) since the so-called global financial crisis(pg3).EBRD activities in the realm of gender are necessarily located within other institutions of global governance gender equality is articulated in terms of "Business Cases" or "Smart Economics"(pg23).Neoliberalisation constructs new forms of social relations wherein gender differences are both intensified and rearrangement of the work involved in social reproduction across the state-labour market/family-household nexus(pg3&4).(Shields, and Wallin. "The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's Gender Action Plan and the Gendered Political Economy of Post-Communist Transition." (2015): 383-99. ISSN 1474-7731. Web.)

The results of neoliberal ideal expanding world wide creates certain roles for non-governmental organizations to take.NGOs and GONGOs are examples of institutional actors that help to privatize the state. The contemporary neoliberal period has seen a global explosion of such quassi- and nonstate entities, which operate at all spatial levels and perform governmental welfare tasks” (pg64).(Sharma, Aradhana.“Crossbreeding Institutions, Breeding Struggle: Women's Empowerment, Neoliberal Governmentality, and State (Re)Formation in India.” Cultural Anthropology, vol. 21, no. 1, 2006, pp. 60–95. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3651548.)

In the end of my section it mention the Gender Action Plan but there is not further information nor a wikipedia page to provide more information which I wish to add some content on it: The GAP (Gender Action Plan) made the case for gender equality in its first sentence: “Gender equality is an important component of the development and transition process in particular to better leverage the untapped potential of women in emerging markets(pg20).Discourses on women and gender equality have played an important role in the response to the global financial crisis(pg21).Yet the translation of such an instrumental understanding of formal gender equity inserted into policies promoting female entrepreneurship exhibits a tension with social reproduction. This instrumentalist reading of gender continues to subjugate gender analysis within the broader overdetermination of neoclassical understandings of the economy(pg21).As with other institutions of global governance gender equality is articulated in terms of “Business Cases” or “Smart Economics"(pg23).Gender inequality can be remedied by including women in the market(pg26).In effect, gender is only relevant to the EBRD to the extent it can ‘aid the purpose of the Bank'(pg27).(Shields, and Wallin. "The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's Gender Action Plan and the Gendered Political Economy of Post-Communist Transition." (2015): 383-99. ISSN 1474-7731. Web.)

This following quote I would like to add into the gender and neoliberal economic policy section in relation to the World Bank's gender policy. Not sure if it will fit well under the neoliberal development institutions since it is discussing the World Bank's gender policy;

The Bank’s gender policy aims to “assist member countries to reduce poverty and enhance economic growth, human well-being, and development effectiveness by addressing the gender disparities and inequalities that are barriers to development, and by assisting member countries in formulating and implementing their gender and development goals. For the Bank, gender equality is an instrument to help achieve the institutional mandates of poverty reduction and economic growth”(pg7b).(World Bank. An Evaluation of World Bank Support, 2002-08: Gender and Development. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2010. IEG Study Ser. Web.)

Overall the layout of the gender and development Wikipedia article has a simple lay out with an introduction to how gender and development came to be recognized in the 20th century. It then breaks the terms down in categories of their own. The topics relevant to this section presented are women in development, women and development, gender and development and neoliberal frameworks. The found the layout for each category discusses had a similar layout of first defining the topic then stating their theoretical and or practical approach followed by the criticism of the topic. There is also a chronological order in which these themes are presented. The first presented framework discussed are the early approaches of women in development. Then its transformation to women and development to later becoming gender and development. This linear pattern of explain how these frameworks have evolved with time is key for this article on gender and development. Then the article discusses the neoliberal approaches which is crucial when discussion development in relation to economy. Lastly the article provides a brief description of a few alternative approaches which are Marxism and neo-Marxism, then dependency theory and lastly basic needs approach, capability approach and ecofeminism. One critique on the article is the lack of defining gender and why it is important within development. Although women are mention and a large part of the article gender should be address in other for the reader to have a foundation to how gender and development interact. There seemed to be an assumption of gender being in tied to women and nothing else. Which can make this article feel a bit biases in associating gender to only women. Another important definition that needs to be assess for this article is what is development as it being one of the key terms for the article. As well as how development is important in the context of this article’s discussion. There are various dimensions to development which is why it is important to establish what its meaning is within this article. Within the introduction paragraph two events are also mention as establishing the framework for women in development which are the 1962 UN General Assembly asking the Commission on the Status of Women to prepare a report on the role of women in development and Ester Boserup’s study on Women’s Role in Economic Development published in 1970. There needs to further explanation as to why these two events are key in gender and development. As well as provide a brief introduction as to whom Ester Boserup is. Also, to explain what the UN is and its goals. Adding to the introduction there should the description on what was occurring during the time these ideals were constructed. What was the economic status and events occurring both nationally and globally. The section on smart economics seem a bit strange in that is seem to break the flow of the article. As stated in the first paragraph of the smart economics section on theoretical approaches states, “smart economics is an approach to define gender equality as an integral part of economic development and it aims to spur development through investing more efficiently in women and girls”. This is defined by the world bank which needs to be define in order to demonstrate how it plays part in this approach. The last portion of the article felt underrepresented. There could be more expansion in the provided information on how these alternatives approaches associate with gender and development. Also, the ecofeminism felt the most underdevelopment in that there seem to be very little information given on it. As well as capability approach could also be further explored and explain in correlation to gender and development. Reading through the article and checking on various citations a few lead directly to the source of information of to the end page of the Wikipedia page with the authors information and title of the reference. All the references seem to be valid and of reliable and credible sources. Some were just the title of a book or article that was used in reference for this article. Overall the article felt neutral. Although the term gender felt as though it was interchanged with the status of women in this article. This portion did feel a bit biases if the audience is not familiar with how gender plays a grand influence in development. There were some parts of the article where people were stated to have said something or contributed something which felt like it lacked a proper introduction. Not only to the person’s perspective or role in the matter but to foster as to why it was important for this topic. For example, in the criticism section of smart economic in the second paragraph it states, “Chant express her grave concern that “Smart economics is concerned with building women’s capacities in the interests of development rather than promoting women’s rights for their own sake”. Although this sentence does support the context of this portion introducing Chant and her role is important for the reader to understand the context in which the information is created. In the talk page of the gender and development Wikipedia article it demonstrates the interaction that the contributes to the page have articulated and revised one another’s work. Also, in the talk page it is revealed that this topic in particular is part of the WikiProject Gender Studies. Like various topics under the WikiProject Gender Studies this article still needs more contribution and added information to reinforce the information presented. The discussions and alterations made in the gender and development Wikipedia page seems to be limited to less than a dozen contributors. Making it even more important to analyze and provide as much information on the topic as possible. In the portion of neoliberal approaches was a small portion of the talk page the main portion of the talk page was on the revisions on the WID, WAD and GAD portion of the article. There needs to be further expansion on the alternative approaches for gender and development and their significance. Overall the article has a strong introduction into gender and development but needs further additions and expanding in certain aspects. Reynanavarrete (talk) 06:43, 19 September 2018 (UTC)