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general sociology intro
INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

Man is a social animal. It is not possible for him to live in isolation. He needs people around and hence lives in a society. When he lives in a society, he needs to follow some norms of the society. In this scenario general sociology comes into being. General sociology is very close to psychology though different on many levels. What makes sociology a different science is its focus on humanity. Though seemingly easy at first, after a good look one can recognise the complex behavior of mankind that has evolved over thousands of years from having a society. This makes sociology important both to the present and the future, for it takes what has happened in the past and present and uses the information effectively in understanding groups, individuals, and society itself. General sociology may be defined as the study of social relationships, social action and social culture. Areas studied in general sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes. Numerous fields within the discipline concentrate on how and why people are organised in society, either as individuals or as members of associations, groups, and institutions. As an academic discipline, general sociology is most often considered as a branch of social science. This is also identified as a behavioral science (Wikipedia 2007[online]. General sociology introduces an individual about socialisation, social structure of the society, relationships, education, religion, crime, deviance etc. it studies various aspects such as population, urbanisations, health care, disability, race ethnicity etc. General sociology is very useful science as it benefits planners. Researchers, educators, lawmakers, business personals and all those are interested in the general welfare of the public. General sociology is very helpful for those who want to formulate policies for the general public (Kachroo, 1996). STUDY OF GENERAL SOCIOLOGY General sociology is very important for the society. There are large numbers of institutions that offer courses in general sociology. These courses are very important as they provide the society with people who understand the society and its requirements better. In these courses, the students study the social structure and the society all over the world. The students study the various aspects of sociology like social structure, culture, society, socialisation, race, ethnicity, language barriers, gender differences etc. They carryout surveys and various sociological experiments and researches to find a solution to the social problems, these coerces are very helpful in grooming the individuals to good sociologist.

culture
in every society theres a culture that was one of the most central concepts in sociology and anthropology. being a cultured is a way developig an individuals nature of life. the sy that culture can be a high culture like matthew arnold, that sees it is the best ideas trhat world can offer. and its nice to hear it because the culture could be a trademark of one place and its is a high salute in a place. but in raymond williams he just treat culture as a ordinary culture because you can see the culture in everyday living, and culture could be a meaningful like what clifford geertz state .culture have elements and characteristics too and its true that culture can be share bya person to another person and it could pass to another generation. like on philippines it also have culture that that was so very nice because we pilipinos have nice attitude that we can offer to other people like pakikisama, utang na looband beig a hospitable person. a social group is necessitty for a human beings because a person can understand and accept the responsibilities abides with certain norms and follow specialization in his\her role as a person that memeber in a society .in a group the culture may be transmit to another in the means of social control and socialization and develops individuals as a source of fundamentals ideas. all of us have status   and role holds in a group and this will gave us to interact with others. in a roup you must cooperate with others because your a group and you cant move when your companion with your group and you will move as one. and being close with your group member, you ca share your experience and history and the assimilation will enter is a process of interpretation and fusion to others. they say when you socialize eiht others youcan develop your human potentials and can learn culture of others, and its true, because human cannot live without other people because in a human they have different personality that can be defines as the persons consistent patterns of acting ,thinking, and feeling and can be a product of heredity and environment. there are several theories have been presented varied discusssions or explantion about socialization and peersonality ,like psychonalytic theory that focus on the mental and emotional processes that shape the human personality. behavioral personality that emphasizes the importance of environment or situational determinants of behavior. in socializing with other people, you canlearn differents things but there are two kinds of leraninf: classical and operant conditioning. in classical condition it includes the association of a mental stimulus with another stimulus through repeated pairings but in operant condition it responses are learned because they operate on or affect the environment.

socializatom process
the socialization process includes the social institutions like the family,the school ,church, government\politics ,mass media.peer group and health services. but the family is the greatest impact on a individual because the family is the nurtuner of a human nature ,first started started your school life andd love. and the other social institutions like the school, church,and others are the reinforcement of a family because family is not the totally perfect society and whatever is misssing in the family the others shall support. manciones defined gender as the personal traits and social positions,that can be classsified as male and female.Because a person is classify by a gender.A gender could be influence by a biological, social or a cognitive influence. In biological influence this involve the pubertal change,sexuality ,in social influence the family,culture,schools ,peers and the media are the causes why it is influenced while in cognitive this stress that children organize their world on the basis of gender. The deviance can be defined asa kind of behavior that rotates significant social norms ans is disapproved by a large number of people. The biologist ,sociologist ,psychologist gave many reason for deviance but all of their reasons is just pointing the cause why a perrson can do violations and it is because of the way they live. The symbolic interactionism and functionalist are the two perspective on deviance in symbolic interactionism that an individual interprets social life through symbols while functionalst poerspectives includes several theory like anomie control theory and cultural transmission theory. But the whole of functionalist perspective is just the society as a whole unit is made up of inter-related parts that work together and serves as a function. The examples that a deviant behavior can be is the drug addictiopn and drug abuse because drug addiction is the physical or psychological need of an individual for a drugwhich stems from its continous use. BUt even though your using drugs you must have a social control ,that cna be in form of techniques and strategies for regualating human behavior. In a society it is common that hte government personnel will be changed or the the person inside the society will changed and because of this theres a social change inside a society it could be cosidered as a perlude to social movement .And because social change is there ,the culture in a society will changed also and this is called the culture change that refers to all alternations afecting new traits or trait comlexes in cultural context and structure.The Filipino society is undergoing technological ,social and cultural changes,changes is inevitable because of the complexities life and changing is common and the movement of a society  is common too because it refer to the collective efforts of individual or groups to project social change. Tactics is also used in social movements because the success or failure of social movements depend what tactics. The basic unit of a society is a famliy because the members of a family shall be the members too of a society.So parents must perform their respective roles so that their chidren can do also their roles in a society.It is a very good idea that the schools in a societ prepare their students for responsible parenthood because when the time they had their own family they can handle it in a right decision. Because a marriage could be successful or not he marriage could be the legal point of a view ,is like a contract of a man and a woman that will live together for the rest of their life.ANd it is taught as a sacrament because a marriage is holy because in the eyes of the Lord the two persons become one and also in the law .But before you have a marriage with others, the first stage that a person must pass is the courtship on the way of knowing the real characteristics and personality of a prospective groom or wife .In our country we have the nice culture ,in courtship ,because we have dating ,like in the form of group dating then mutual understanding or they all it for short as M.U that usually leads to engagement or a clear indication of the man's intention to marry his fiancee. A married person must know his/her rights about their marriage,his rights of being a husband and the likewise too ,because in our country theres a law for a family which is mostly called the family code of the Philippines that providing for void and viodable marriage .A parent should be responsible to their children ,the should show the same level of love   to each of their children because children are weak in their emotions ,children also have different needs like physical needs that the food ,clothes and safe shelter are belong like love,affection and understanding ,they social needs,intellectual needs and moral needs. Usually the filipino family is composed of grandparents ,the parents, and their children,every one of the family have different roles like the father ,he is the head of the family ,the decision maker and the provider while the mother is the queen of the home that reigns in the home,she is the educator ,financial officer ,a accountant ,the laundrywoman,the house cleaner and the cook. The mother has many work to do in a house ,and I really understand why other mothers are very strick with their children,just because of the stress and especially the love to their child. Now we see in our new generation,the father and mother roles are now exchanged,the role of the father id now in the mother and likewise with the father for some reasons because the mother had the enough work and the father have not.For  me it is like an insult for being a human and especially as insult as  a father because the image of being a father is now put down and not good to be heard. We know almost everything has been studied and because were talking a society theres a people of living in a society and if theres a people there is also a population. Demography is the scientific study of population. The major sources of demography is gathering the data of the people or famously known as census ,it is a count of population where the demographic ,economic and social data of every individual of a given area at a given time are collected,tabulated and compiled and published.BUt there are some matters that the census are not covered o some private and public institution are making sample syrveys to obtain informations on matters not covered by census. Also demography also have elements like birth rate,total fertility rate, death rate,life expectancy and growth rate that the main subject is a person. Because the population is raising they give a three caused why the population growht easily like birht,death and migration.Because of rapid population growth there are few institutions which undertook a direct approach to population education. And they suggest to use some method like folk method,like poistcoistal clouching and prolonged lactation ,then behavioral methods or the natural method then the mechanical contraceptives which are the condoms,servical caps and diaphragm.The chemicalcontraeptives,the intrauterine devices or IUDthen oral cotraceptives like the pills then thers injectibles and surgical methods of sterilizatrion or ligation and vasectomy. The qulity of life of every individual and the nation as a whole depends much or responsible parenthood because in the family and the parents are the starter or first stage to enchance a humans potential.

gina
Let me critic some of those authors need to write like to provide chapter skills to enumerated before each chapter commences which students can attain at the end of the discussions of each chapter. Like other books they write a word alert that provides alist of words for study and understanding while going through the topics in the chapter hope for the next edition the authors will write it.What I observe of this article General Psychology they are many books sometimes when I find research for my assignment ofr find definition I will think twice because sometimes there are different so its better that if the author write another books of General Psychology it wil the same to all books and the same arrangement of each topic so that the readers will easy to find. I know that this article have a chapter question but its not enough to help all the readers get more ideas,must better if the authors write something new or challenges to the readers like review problem because it drill problem that test the students their knowledge. These are review of the important concepts in each chapter. Tothe authors of this article must better if they include the websites or links to be explored on the internet for additional information regarding of each chapter topic because we all know that side from books internet is one of the most and easy to research. The other books of General Psychology is not complete or examples the definition or meaning of that article so as a reader I need to find another books to make me comfortable of my answers. So hopefully for the next edition of this article just to write everything. Aside fro that ,some other books is not complete of examples ,for me it is very significance to have more examples because as a reader I get more ideas from that. To the author ofthis article for me it is necessary to write more meaning,definition and examples in just one books so that the reader will get easier. This article need to provide more activities in every chapter so that the readers will develop their personality and develop their comunication skills. Let me to critic some of those authors need to write like vocabulary enrichment because it helps the reader reinforce their understanding of the basic concepts discussed in each chapter. These will also help the readers to analyze and evaluate various kinds of ideas and information .There are some terms that the author need to write a sample problem about human behavior so the readers can able to solve the problem o their own sothat their skils will be tested or practice what they learn while they read this article. Studying Psychology is important because students develop the skills of logical and analytical thinking. This article encourages students to observe, analyze ask questions and reason while reading this article because many different topic that  help for studies about human behavior. The good thing also this article you can get moral values because most of the topics is all about behavior. The article was written by different purposes like to introduce to the readers concepts and skills necessary for the successful study and to improve the readers ability to read and understand their own personality. The most precious gift that God has given man is the power of thinking so the authors of this article  has a big help those people who didnt know there selves.Sincethe article are many uses like to communicate thoughts,feelings and desires .Remember that human behavior is an essential part of our daily life. The advantage of this articled is to help students do better the thing that we do most. Yet most of us we learn first from our home but their are times that this article Psychology is helping those people who want to know better. This article has been prepared for us who want to learn specific way of human behavior.It can also be used as a self-help study guide for those who are not studies in schools just to read and analyze .This article give the students adequate in self-confidence along with the right attitudes and skills .If is hoped that these will not only serve us,well in school life but will also give us much personal satisfaction ans a decided advantages in our career. This article is a significant to us because it can be used by school in their personality development. It can also be used by individuals who are still searching for their identity,happiness,success in studies and difficulties of day to day living. Psychology is most important because it reveals things about human experiences. In order to understand the meaning of Psychology the experience must be within the realm of their comprehension .This article is about an inspiring to all readers because it gives values life. Since it is an integral part of both academic and professional life, it is essential that we learn to do research well.Basically the article,ful development5 that is complete enough to lead the reader to see the point of this books.Like every chapter is a very informative and interesting story about the life of every human being about you and me it is discusses the process of human development from conception to death from the time life begins until the it ends .In every human we have different personality that considered as one of the most complex areas in psychology. Personality must be defined by the observer with respect to a particular theoritical orientation and terms of the particular concepts and postulates that constitute a given theory. Learning pervades our lives ,whoever we are a student or professional rich or poor. Learning is relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes that results from past experiences.Consciousness is a state of awareness of the outside world of our own thoughts and feelings I dedicate my compilation about Natural Science first to my parents who give all my needs and support and also to all Mighty God who give me an idea or knowledge to right this reaction paper. I would like to extend my dedication to our environment a place where I live.

agnes
What is Psychology? Many people think that psychology is something magical or mysterious and that somehow ,psychology gists have a superior or almost superhuman way of looking into the thoughts and feelings of a person. Whatever psychology have learned they have learned through observation,careful refllection of waht they have observed and through checking of others conclusions with other persons in this fields. for some people psychology is nothing more than common sense.To then psychology is simply what some wise peolpe have discovered from their experiences.There are students that are accepted by common sense but not accepted by psychology. An example is the notion that insane or seriously mentally ill people have lost their minds. In other words insane people are considered to be unable to reason adequately or accurately.People sometimes confuse psychology with the parasciences .These parascinceces are based on premises that differ charply from those of the scientific world. There have been on scientific evidence to support their claims.Onthe other land ,psychology is based onthe traditional methods of science including the systematic gathering of data,putting hypotenuse to careful tests and the cumulative building of knowledge. Environmental Psychlogy Environment just like people have their own personalities and are influenced by our environment hust as we influenced by other people. Some social psychologists have studied that way people react to the social structure of our environment.Their findings show that the structure in which we operate has an important effect on the way we functions on our sense of satisfaction and even on uor physical health. Individual Differences People differ in many ways.They differ in physical dimensions strenght interest and skils.They differ in the rate of development.They differ in the leenness of integration of their intellectual and physical function. They differ of proficiency of certain tasks.Their difference may affect their success in their work or in society .Individual traits may be inborn or acquired.Individual characteristics are inherited while habits attitude and understanding are developed baesed on ones experiences at home the school comunity.For example physical development =defends partly on hereditary factors and partly from environment factorssuch as of a general health conditions,sunlight,fresh air and climatic conditions.The unique person is a product of these influences. Nowadays there is so much concern about sales that employees ,labor unions and government play a part in determinig wages and working conditions and the right to hire or fire.Wiht automation the problem becomes more complex since there is less ans less demand for unskilled and semi-skilled labor and more demand for highly skilled technicians. Problems in the area of application of sound principles of vocational and employment psychology .In the wise choice of a vocation,whether it be a job or profession ,vocational guidance is needed. Thus entails helping boys and girls plan their own action wisely and hellpthem understand all the facts about them selves and the world in which they will work and live.It is designed to assist young people in making wise decisions about their choice of carreer. It seeks to prdict future behavior from presentr performance. And for all of this idea! That the written wasabout pschlogy may not gathered his information.. Without the teaching of Mc Christian Mamaog ,for all this knowledge that he share for their student. And for me I would like to thank you Sir Mamaog for your patient and sacrifice even your sstudent sometime wuld not cooperate when you are teaching and hope someday you will be knownas Dr.Mc Christian Mamaog .Thank you for everything sir.

I believe that study would be our guide and step in keep moving our life. To grant our dream and to aim knowledge.Without learning a man would be useless for me. When I was graduate in high school I was stop in scholing in two years cause we have enough money to support my financial. And by that two years I experience a lot I work in yabnchay restaurant. Lory mae bakeshop and the last I was appld being a maid or servant in Butuan. When I work in that position as a maid.It was really hard for me .A lot of work to be finished wake-up early in the morning to do my job    as a maid and many by their two kids. With in that sacrifices and expereince ,I am not feel complete cause I think this is not I want in my life. So that I may not treated like this. It was the reason to pouse me to go in school to fullfill my dreams and to aim a knowledge. And by that I was thankful for the family Baylin who shoulder my financial problems in school.Especially Ate Verna who be my garantor. It is a big blessing for me that I have in my whole life. Each people will have a knowledfe to show in every one .But there are some will shy to share. Like those few people Ive to known before they have a talent. Skills in any statistics but they cant show to everyone .Through study of General Sociology we can learn on how to show our skills .When I learn about the topic in Psychology it would be the start why so many cahnges in my attitude.I learn how to communicate in other people. Because psychology will sutdy about the human behavior of mankind.that why copeople act this way and why they act like that .Each people has a different attitude cause we are not disame in our genes or blood cells to control our body .Some people have an attitude by there ancistors or ills just like the way you are. We cant control the others feeling butr we can help them to changes due to give advises or ills to keep them warm. By studying General Psychology we can adopt it. My own understanding in Psychology, since we tackle about this by chapter 1 until end.Were my classmates will be asign to report. I and my classmates are to be able to do so. During the time that my teacher teach all of them we are just lessen so that we can understand .Being a student we be able to leassen so that we are not d=behind.IN this topic Psychology is a science was derived from two greak words. Psyche (soul) and logos (discourse) soul is from our mind by its selves. Our aim is to learn something about the social structures that men build all and good but how? Through Psychology .BUt what is that? Common definition of the field aresuch as these. The scientific study of society or human behavior or social relationship or of the structure and function of society.We can be more specific at the same time suggesting the procedures that characterize sociological inquiry. If we define the field this way Psychology is the controlled observation and interpretation of differing pattern of human relationship their sources and consequences .What is implied by this term? one aspect of controlled observation is that it has focus. It details with certain things to be exclusion of others it bars the relevant ,First attempts at careful inquiry into human behavior are characteristics diffuse. Sometimes we justify this sort of approach by contending that we want to get the whole picture see society whole or see the whole man. But neither ordinary. life nor above all in scientific inquiry. Do we see things whole :controlled observation also applied as clear and specific focus by isolating those aspects of behavior which are relevant in testing our ideas about the nature of men relationship with one another.Another feature of controlled in contrast to casual observation is the development of increasingly adequate and refined tools both for seeing and for analyzing what is seen .Adequate sampling provides such as a tool since it allows us to make observation about the whole from knowledge of the part and with measurable and ever better ones are needed for controlled observation. But the model of controlled is the controlled experiment .This is a way of so organizing our attach on a problem that we can identify with some assurance an influence which promotes a given outcome.We assume that the experience of taking a certain course will result in a increase in a specified kind of knowledge .Nearby two centuries ago "Saint Simon" remarked that there are two sources of knowledge observation and imagination because he thought mens mind where clouded by shoddy the ological fantasies. If all positive theory must necessarily be based on observation it is equally clear that if the mind is do make anything of what is observed .If for the moment we are stressing the importance of interpretation .Thesecond term in our definition .It is because the popular view tends to minimize the part played by disapllied imagination. We asking to uor selves that why does we have a differences manner or attitude? Why does are anintillegens people and some not? Why do the man and women if they come up of age at 13 or 14 .There are some changes in their selves.WHy does thew woman had an menstration at the age of 14 and some early as 14.Why does the man had adams apple if they grow?In my own answer about those questionss maybe its a normal for being a human.That God will create as so that wecan interact by itself. If we base on the bible God has a plan for us why he make this things on earth.If we base by the book which written by the Psychologies many invents that they made by there only observation .Throuhgt those experiment and observation they would not believe in God. This kind of theory was not accepted for me.Cause we all know that everything on this earth is made by God.We can do all things without him. God can give anything and fo anything he is a powerful. When people grow they can adopt there environment.He/she must be learn many lessons I learned in Psychology. Parts of the huamn body that lead by ourselves to do in a good way.When I read the book chapter 3 parts of the nervous system.They sais that the nervous system is the most complex it is composed of a group of interrelated and interrelating units that enable man to receive stimuli from the environment. The nervous system of all verte brates has two main division.The e=central nervous system which is composed ofthe brain and the spinal cord.Peripheral nervous system part of the largest number of nerve cells is found outside the brain and spinal cord. The brain is a big part of  our body.It is the portion of the nervous  system that is encased in the cranial bone.It is composed of self nerve tissue covered by three membranes known as menenges,outer layer is a tough membrane.Inner most membrane is the diameter. The peripheral nervous system is composed of nervous that connect the brain and spinal cord to the periphery of the body. peripheral nerves are found outside the central nervous system.They connect to the skin ,muscles, and gland.The peripheral nervous system has two divisions the somatic and the outomomic system.Thats why our body is connected by our mind .The brain is the most important to our body.Which use in every daily ..by the way the  brain system rather is located at the lower part of the body it is divided in 4 sigment.The Midvilla or olongater, Pons-connect       modulla nd the cerebrum ,Hypothans and Malamust .Many cells that control to our brain. Psychology is a strategic position to sharpen skills of inquiry.IT is a human discipline for it studies that humanity which can only emerge from mens life among men. Yet at the same time is tools of observation and analysis place it with the other sciences.Thus it brackets two culture.The sientific and humanistic..Using the methods of science the explore the affairs of humanity.The study of sociology stimulates a sritical appereciatism of logic and tools of inquiry for in the humanities the scientific methods plays no part and in the science it is taken for granted. It is especially in psychology that is rises to the level of awarness ans become a matter of concious application and employment. The man of knowledge and the man of action must some how collaborrate it social change is to be effective samples.Inthe case of the sociologist then help in learn both how to learn and how to act not comniscienty yet more effectively that we could in ignorance of the field. Do I ask question? Why does the scientist would not be understand bit each situation? Why do the scientist would not reffer on the church that has wrote from the bible. I ts just because the scientiest would like to satisfy all those happened, they want proof? they wont stop to observe or experiment all the things which they want? Some theory of scientist I want to believe religion and government both male rules that are inding on all communiccate and all citizens.Indeed religious monddales may get beyond this asserting precepts that apply to all men in every where. An in so far as our government males international agrrements same rules transcend group boundaries. Universal and impersonal the rules of  church and state assert the rights and duties of all member of group .In school I learn more my skills would be more .ANds many friends I had .I learn how to communicate by itself how to ride their manners and behavior. And now in General Psychology it may apply to all student.ON how to site the mains behavior. IN General Psychology they teach on how people to handle his or her diaily life like observing the environment happens. If our life would be empty .Its so hard to impart an this place through study psychology man would be so great to be port. We can have something to do our country improve. With our talent to be famous.

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candole
Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts. Since all human behavior is social, the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports. In fact, few fields have such broad scope and relevance for research, theory, and application of knowledge.

Sociology provides many distinctive perspectives on the world, generating new ideas and critiquing the old. The field also offers a range of research techniques that can be applied to virtually any aspect of social life: street crime and delinquency, corporate downsizing, how people express emotions, welfare or education reform, how families differ and flourish, or problems of peace and war. Because sociology addresses the most challenging issues of our time, it is a rapidly expanding field whose potential is increasingly tapped by those who craft policies and create programs. Sociologists understand social inequality, patterns of behavior, forces for social change and resistance, and how social systems work. Sociology Defined. — Definitions of sociology are many. While it would be hardly correct to say that there are as many as there are sociologists, it is safe to say that they are as numerous as the various points of view of the respective groups of sociologists.

Generally, sociologists, instead of giving a formal definition of sociology, have entered into an extended discussion of its nature. Some, however, have used a colorless definition like " Sociology is the science of society," or " the scientific study of society," or " the science of social phenomena." Others, using more words, add but little, as for example, " Sociology is the name applied to a somewhat inchoate mass of materials which embodies our knowledge about society." Other definitions somewhat more definite, yet unsatisfactory in many ways, are, " the science of social process " and " the science of social relation." Better than these are, " Sociology is the study of men considered as affecting and as affected by association," or, " the study of human association, including whatever conduces to it or modifies it." Of the formal definitions that have been given by scientific men, none is more comprehensive than that of Professor Giddings, which follows : " Sociology is an attempt to account for the origin, growth, structure, and activities of society by the operation of physical, vital, and psychical causes working together in a process of evolution." While it is difficult to give a brief comprehensive definition of sociology that will prove entirely satisfactory through all of the changes of a developing science, Professor Giddings's definition is of great service to one who wishes a clear understanding and a precise view of the nature and purposes of the science. An adequate knowledge of the true nature and import of sociology, however, may be better obtained by a careful consideration of the underlying principles of the science, than by an attempt to follow any carefully formulated definition. Sociology treats of the phenomena of society arising from the association of mankind. It includes a body of classified knowledge relating to society and a number of principles and laws. It investigates causes and effects, discovers social forces, and formulates laws of control, or rules of action.

Sociology Treats of the Origin of Society. — It is possible to have a science of society without going back to its origin, yet there are certain advantages in studying, as far as we may, society in its primitive state. This is the rule in all scientific investigations, that complex forms are traced to simpler ones in order to discover laws and principles. Society to-day is so complex that the laws applying to it are high generalizations not easily discovered, while the simple movements of society in its earlier forms reveal the cause and effect of social action.

Just as the botanist includes in the description of a plant the nature of its development from the seed and traces the law of growth from the beginning, so the sociologist follows the growth of society from its primitive conditions. Biology's great advances began with Darwin's Origin of Species, a work characterized by the use of what has come to be known as the " genetic method," that is, the study of biological origins. So, sociology is given a sound basis by the study of the primitive social institutions and processes. Many present-day social institutions and processes cannot be understood without a knowledge of those ancient ones from which they have developed. Therefore sociology begins with a study of social origins.

Sociology Treats of the Growth of Society. — Beginning with a simple association, society has expanded or developed into a highly complex organization. Its growth is recognized by the addition of new forms and new functions and increased energy; by the greater systemization of its parts and the greater precision of its recurring actions. To show the gradual unfolding of society, or as it is usually termed, " the building of society," how it developed from primitive forms to the forms found in highly civilized societies, is one of the tasks of sociology. By some this process has been called " social evolution." In the beginning of social life society was homogeneous. It had not become highly differentiated into groups with specialized functions and complex institutions. As time went on groups of individuals became interdependent. The parts of the whole mass became segregated and a specific function or service was given to each part. These parts gradually became more closely related and interdependent. From a state of simplicity, society grew more complex ; it became heterogeneous. At first a mass or horde of people driven about by the influence of circumstances, following each other through imitation or led by their own in-definite desires, gradually took up new activities which were per-formed by separate individuals. This multiplication of services and duties in time brought about a high state of social complexity.

Social Activities. — But while historic development is of much value as a groundwork of sociology, giving the student a broad conception of society as well as instructing him in the elemental points of social order, nevertheless, the real work of the science is with the forms and activities of a completed society. By a completed society we understand one that has all the ordinary activities and organization necessary to make an independent social body. What men- are doing in concert or in groups concerns the student more than how they began to work together, so that the social activities present the formal basis of the science. The operations of the various departments of government, the work of educational institutions, of the church, of social and philanthropic groups, as well as the organized industrial groups, must come under the close scrutiny of the student.

Social Forms. — It is quite impossible, however, to treat of social activities without treating specifically of the structure of society. In all development of social groups the function or the action always precedes the formal organization. The United States Senate, for example, if considered as to its structure, would be treated as an organization composed of a group of individuals chosen in a specific way for a definite purpose. These individuals meeting together complete their own organization by choosing various officers. Thus far we have nothing but the structure of a group in society. If we consider what the senate does, its various duties, services, and privileges, as a representative body, we shall have the sociological function of an organic group of society. If we were to consider in detail each separate act of the senate, we should have its history. In this case we should be outside of the field of sociology.

Organic Conception of Society. — The early writers on sociology used many terms borrowed from physics and biology. It was observed that society represented various interrelated parts more or less dependent upon one another. Men saw that the social groups in their activity resembled to a certain extent the activities of the individual. Hence it happened that out of these analogies the new science received its principal terms of expression. As every new branch of knowledge must have an independent terminology, or else be expressed in the terms of other sciences, the writer of a new science Must either coin new words, or put new meaning into old words. In the early history of sociology those sociologists who attempted to put new meaning into old words succeeded better in making a clear exposition of their science than those who attempted to coin a new terminology.'

They saw first that there was an analogy between the organic structure of a biological body and the structure of society. As a result they wrote about the social organism, but the analogies were carried so far by some writers that they assumed identity of structure between the physical and social bodies.2 This led to a revolt against what is known as " biological sociology." In this case, as in many others, the critics were as far away from a judicially balanced statement as were those criticized for their extreme assumptions. There is a social organism, having some analogies to the physical organism, but when we use the word " organism " in its application to society, it has a somewhat different meaning than when applied to a physical body. With that understanding and in the absence of terms of wide acceptance among sociologists, it is sometimes helpful to use physical and biological terms to express the principles of a new science of society.

Comparison of the Biological with the Social Organism. — The tree has its roots, trunk, bark, branches, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Each one of these parts is dependent upon the, others for its existence. The activities of this physical organism are closely related. They are made up of groups of physical and chemical actions. The social organism is made up of groups of individuals more or less dependent for their existence upon one another. They perform certain reciprocal services which are essential to their respective existences. The analogy might be carried out much farther to show that the bioplast in the cell of the tree is living an independent individual existence similar to the individual in the social group. It might be shown that one group of bioplasts were building leaves, while another were making roots, and another the bark of the tree. So it might be shown that these correspond to groups of individuals, some working in one department of social life and some in another. But such extended comparisons generally lead to misconceptions. The characteristic work of the social organism is a psychical element which is lacking in the biological cell. The predominance of conscious effort in human society forever destroys the idea of making sociology merely a part of biological science. With this understanding of the phrase there is no harm, therefore, in using the term " social organism." It is not necessary to think of the tree or the human body, or any other organic structure, but to think of a social organism different from all of these. The only requisite is to assume that society is made up of interdependent individuals and groups more or less closely connected with one another. The psychic element in the social body makes it something more than an individual organism — it makes it an organization. Moreover, each individual and component group of society has its own life purpose to subserve, while the biological cell seems to live and function only for the organism of which it is a part.

Sociology Treats of the Forces which Tend to Organize and Perpetuate Society. — Wherever there is action or motion there must be some force impelling or causing it. Part of the work of sociology, then, certainly is a consideration of the forces which are in operation in human society. What causes mankind to associate in groups ? What forces brought about the establishment of the family and the perpetuation of the family life ? What are the forces that give rise to the religious group and cause people to build churches and carry on religious association? What forces cause people to come together in large cities, to organize in industrial groups, to build a state or a nation, and to develop a government? In short, what are the forces that are working to create and perpetuate the social organization? These are questions that must be answered by the sociologist. One of the primary purposes of sociology is to discover these forces and to trace their operations.'

Sociology Treats of the Laws Controlling Social Activities. — The forces referred to are not irregular and intermittent, or there could be no permanent organic development of society. There must be a regular order in their activity and certain laws and rules of action controlling them. If, for instance, it be considered that men are struggling to obtain wealth for the purpose of improving their material condition, we have in this struggle a positive social force. If we search for any regulating law, we shall discover among others that man seeks to obtain the largest possible return for the least sacrifice. Likewise, we shall find that everywhere there are forces impelling society forward, and with a description of these forces must go certain laws, describing how these forces operate. One of the specific services of sociology is to discover these laws and to formulate them.

Psychic Factors in Social Organization. — While many activities tend to create and perpetuate society, none are more prominent than the psychic forces. There are influences of physical nature that compel men to cooperate and combine. There are certain physical characteristics of individuals that cause their association. But the individual characteristics which arise from the psychical nature of the associational process are among the chief causes of the creation of human society. All society represents the " feeling, thinking, and willing together " of people, and these elements are the most constant and permanent found in society. While the study of biology may come to the support of sociology in very many ways, social psychology is more than an analogy — it is a distinct branch of the science. After all, the strongest currents that draw society together when followed to their origin are psychical.

Sociology is Both Dynamic and Static. — These terms are borrowed from mechanics and in a measure have the same meaning in sociology as in mechanics. However, the meaning of these terms in sociology is modified to suit the requirements of a science dealing with human beings with will power as against a science dealing with inanimate matter. Dynamic sociology refers in general to development or progress while static refers to relationship. We should have the basis of the latter if we were to take an instantaneous view of all society with its various co-relationships in regard to structure or activity. If now we could consider society moving forward and its various relation-ships changing at each successive stage, we should have the dynamic conception. In the static conception the comparison of relationships might be referred to some ideal standard which would lead us to an ethical basis of society. Some writers, carrying over into sociology the terminology of physics, have introduced the terms " social kinetics " and " social statics " as subdivisions of social dynamics.' This terminology, however, as in the use of biological terms in sociology, is helpful only if clearly recognized as borrowed and not as exactly fitting social phenomena unless the terms are redefined. At the most they only serve to call attention to two different ways of looking at social phenomena. For, if we consider society at all, it is always developing or changing. Only for an instant do relationships continue until they are suddenly changed into new relationships by the process of social development. This constant changing of society enables us to establish general laws of social order, but not to determine a permanent status of society. Therefore, social statics would give us a picture of society at consecutive stages of its development, but considered together, this series of snap shots would be a moving picture of social development, that is, of social dynamics.' Therefore it seems better to speak of social dynamics, and then subdivide it into social statics and social kinetics, the former dealing with social movements which are not changing in rate or direction, and the latter with those which change in rate or direction or both.

The Cosmic and the Ethical Processes of Society. — Man is a part of the universe, and its laws also bear upon and move him. He is influenced by physical and mechanical as well as by vital forces. Certain writers have attempted to subject him entirely to the operation of natural law, giving him no position of independent activity. They have treated him as a particle of the universe being moved here and there by the various forces of nature and of his own being. This doctrine came as a reaction against the extreme theory of the freedom of the will and as the result of the study of natural evolution. Here, as elsewhere, the middle ground is safer and nearer the truth than either extreme, for while it is recognized that man is controlled by circumstances, his will operates with much power within certain limits.

The struggle for existence in the early history of mankind gives unmistakable evidence of man's common lot with other living organisms. As such, on the one hand, he was dependent for survival upon physical surroundings and, on the other, upon his own effort. At first this struggle was common with the beasts of the field. It was a wolfish struggle for life in which egoism was the predominating characteristic. Then, faintly at the beginning were felt the first stirrings of altruism, which grew stronger, until now altruistic practices constitute a remarkable feature of modern society.

The Shifting of the Struggle from a Physical to a Psychical Basis. — Meanwhile, as the altruistic principles became ascend-ant, the competition between individuals of the same species became less severe, and changed from the physical to the intellectual. At first this change was shown by the individual directing his energy to some line of pursuit for the purpose of accumulating wealth instead of trying to insure survival by destroying real or supposed enemies. Each in the attempt to satisfy his desires learned to respect the rights of others. Subsequently, men learned to cooperate with one another in defense and in the pursuit of wealth. Gradually the altruistic principle became more important and each tended to seek the well-being of the group as well as his own safety, believing that his final success depended upon it.

The Survival of the Best. — Through the development of altruistic sentiments and the extension of the cooperative practices of mankind, the old struggle became modified and the survival of the fittest biologically gradually tended to become the survival of the best socially. The adaptability of the individual to his physical environment was followed by adaptability to his fellow men. Those who cooperated survived and those who failed to cooperate perished. One can scarcely estimate the importance of this social fact in the development of the human race. So it came about that those who were most interested in their fellow men became known as the best, or, in other words, the best included not only the physically and mentally strong, but those of the largest cooperative power and adaptability to social life. In this process of cooperative protection the virtuous as well as the vigorous survived. It is really nothing more than an extension of the idea of the survival of the fittest to social environment, that is, to associated human conduct, when once social relation-ships were established and survival became dependent not only upon fitting into the physical environment, but also fitting into a social life in such a way as made cooperation possible. Then the fit was he who could control his impulses in the interests of group cooperation for purposes of survival.'

The Telic Process of Society. As individuals become more unified in sentiment, thought, and action there is developed what is known as social consciousness, whereby society recognizes its own collective power. In its endeavor to use this for the benefit of all its members the society or group exercises its telic capacities. In other words, the attempt to force society through certain channels, to cause it to perform certain acts for the general well-being of the social body is a recognition of the conscious effort of society to change or reform itself. To a large extent society has been created by the effort of each individual to follow his own personal desires as they related to himself and his fellows, regardless of any attempt to build the structure of society. However, through the influence of social consciousness there is a realization of social ideals and social aims, as well as social defects, and there arises an attempt to remove the defects and attain to social well-being.

The Scientific Nature of Sociology. - The foregoing statements represent partially and in brief the complex material with which the science of society must deal. It must consider social facts of all kinds and arrange and classify these facts and deduce therefrom universal principles or laws relating to the growth and activity of human society. The difficulty in bringing such diverse groups of phenomena into logical order and giving a scientific basis to this order is not easily overcome. Sociology is the most difficult of all the social sciences. It deals with material which has existed from the beginnings of human association, but proposes to establish the most general fundamental truths concerning its existence. Sociology today represents the results of studies of different scientists sometimes along parallel lines, in other instances along converging lines and in still others, along trajectories which have crossed. Each science views society from a different standpoint, and sociology will not become a compact, well-defined science until sociologists are able to generalize the truths discovered by those approaching social phenomena from various points of view and to agree more or less closely upon the subject matter and the method of treatment.

The Place of Sociology among the Social Sciences. — This point involves the real nature and scope of sociology. It is one that has caused a vast deal of discussion among writers on sociology and one which, to a certain extent, is still unsettled. There is one group of writers who hold that sociology is a synthesis of all the social sciences, that the science is fabricated by running a thread through all the sciences and stringing them together in one mass. Others a little more discriminating hold that it is a synthesis or rather an amalgamation of the results of other social sciences. Herbert Spencer used the term " sociology " as a generic term to include all the other social sciences. From a scientific standpoint such a usage might be of value in showing that all are branches of one great science called " sociology " just as Spencer included the group of all natural sciences relating to life under the term " biology."

But the present writers hold that sociology is one of several coordinating social sciences, the most recent of the group, created for a special purpose and standing on an independent basis, and that while economics, political science, or ethics may deal with specific laws relating to parts of society, sociology deals with the general laws which apply to the whole structure.'

The Differentiation of the Social Sciences. — Let us suppose that there are numerous phenomena of human society which continually increase with the development of social order. Society may go on developing from century to century without any scientific attempt to make an orderly arrangement of these phenomena. But gradually in the progress of knowledge scholars begin to realize that there are facts that constantly recur in the social process, for instance, those relating to the moral conduct of the individual. As a result there is developed the science of ethics. The classification of these phenomena and deduction of general laws and principles make this chronologically the first of the social sciences. Again, some observe that there are other groups of facts relating to government, and that there are certain principles involved in the development of social control. These facts are collected, classified, the principles established, and the science of government is brought forth. But there are other social phenomena unclassified and other purposes unsatisfied. The processes of obtaining and distributing wealth as independent activities may not be involved in either ethics or politics. And so a new science called political economy is created. These various sciences continue to expand in their natural order but there still exist, outside their legitimate boundaries, other social phenomena unclassified. and other scientific purposes still unsatisfied. No one yet has shown the universal forces at work in the growth, development, and structure of society as a whole. The laws of social being have not yet been set forth. Political, religious, ethical, and economic life have been presented from specific standpoints, but the general laws of society, the regularities to be found in man's thoughts, feelings, and purposes when engaged in any of his social relationships, whether they be economic, political, ethical, or religious, have not been developed. Here, then, is the opportunity for a new science called sociology. It refuses to be included in any of the other social sciences, and the other social sciences refuse to be grouped under it or to be absorbed or assimilated by it. From scientific and pedagogical considerations it stands alone. It has a definite purpose and a specific body of classified knowledge, as well as a body of laws and principles of its own.

Characteristic Mark of Sociology. — Much of the confusion concerning this science has arisen from books whose writers fail to acknowledge that science has a subjective as well as an objective boundary. It is the aim of a science, the course of reasoning and the end to be sought as much as the phenomena with which it deals that give it its distinctive mark as a science. For instance, botany and chemistry may be dealing with the same material in a certain sense, but with entirely different aims. However, added to this is the fact that in the scientific sense the " material " with which each deals is quite distinct. The chemist is dealing chiefly, though not wholly, with inorganic matter and is interested primarily in molecules and atoms of different kinds and their relations to each other. The botanist, on the other hand, is interested in molecules and atoms only incidentally. He is studying organic matter primarily and is concerned with cells and the forms into which they build them-selves. Both are studying matter, but quite different aspects thereof, and in widely varied relations. So with sociology, ethics, economics, politics, and history ; while they all deal with the same thing in a broad sense, viz., human society, each is interested in a different aspect of social relationships. In the history of the natural sciences biology was the latest to develop. It is a general science, in the sense that it deals with facts and principles which underlie all the special sciences concerned with various forms of life, such as botany, zoology, anthropology, etc. While biology rests on all these special biological sciences in the sense that they provide facts and principles upon which larger generalizations can be made, yet its field is not precisely that of any of these special sciences. It deals with fundamentals common to them all. So with sociology. While economics, politics, history, anthropology, and all the rest deal with particular aspects of human association, sociology is the science which investigates the regularities of human association in all its varied aspects. The special social sciences take as presuppositions the general aspects which are the objects of sociology. Take, for instance, the trust and consider all the facts and phenomena of society that arise out of it. If we consider it from an economic standpoint, we shall be determining how the trust increases the development of wealth, its effect on wages or on general distribution of products, and many other economic questions. It is evident that we are working within the province of economics. If we consider the moral conduct of the individual interested in the trust, and its general effects on the morals of the community, we shall be studying ethics. If, however, we consider what legislation may be brought to control or regulate the trust, we shall be in the realm of political science. If, finally, we consider trust-phenomena in relation to their effects on the homes and migrations of people, the dispersion and concentration of social groups, in fact, the general effect on the social standard, we shall be in the realm of sociology. So we shall find, so far as the material field of operation is concerned, that all sciences cross each other more or less, and we must not forget that in reality there is but one science, — the science of the universe, — and that the division of this science into groups and individual branches is merely a matter of convenience and pedagogical relationships. Let, for instance in Figure I, — which is merely illustrative, not exhaustive, — the rectangle A, B, C, D represent all possible social phenomena, that of E, F, G, H all the phenomena of the science of ethics, M, N, 0, P that of economics, X, Y, Z, W that of political science, S, V, T, L that of history, and I, J, R, K that of sociology, and they will have a tendency to overlap each other somewhat similarly to the arrangement rep-resented in that figure. But the sciences themselves do not over-lap for the reasons stated above. INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

Man is a social animal. It is not possible for him to live in isolation. He needs people around and hence lives in a society. When he lives in a society, he needs to follow some norms of the society. In this scenario general sociology comes into being. General sociology is very close to psychology though different on many levels. What makes sociology a different science is its focus on humanity. Though seemingly easy at first, after a good look one can recognise the complex behavior of mankind that has evolved over thousands of years from having a society. This makes sociology important both to the present and the future, for it takes what has happened in the past and present and uses the information effectively in understanding groups, individuals, and society itself (Rose).

General sociology may be defined as the study of social relationships, social action and social culture. Areas studied in general sociology can range from the analysis of brief contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes. Numerous fields within the discipline concentrate on how and why people are organised in society, either as individuals or as members of associations, groups, and institutions. As an academic discipline, general sociology is most often considered as a branch of social science. This is also identified as a behavioral science (Wikipedia 2007[online].

General sociology introduces an individual about socialisation, social structure of the society, relationships, education, religion, crime, deviance etc. it studies various aspects such as population, urbanisations, health care, disability, race ethnicity etc. General sociology is very useful science as it benefits planners. Researchers, educators, lawmakers, business personals and all those are interested in the general welfare of the public. General sociology is very helpful for those who want to formulate policies for the general public (Kachroo, 1996).

Aim of general sociology

The science of general sociology aims to clarify the difference between personal problems and social conditions. General sociology defines the concept of sociological aspect of the society. It gives an idea about the sociological paradigms such as social conflicts, structural and functional aspects of the society. It also aims at helping the sociologist to frame better policies for the society. It provides scientific tools make maximum use of the information available from the past. General sociology is very helpful in making individuals social being.

STUDY OF GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

General sociology is very important for the society. There are large numbers of institutions that offer courses in general sociology. These courses are very important as they provide the society with people who understand the society and its requirements better. In these courses, the students study the social structure and the society all over the world. The students study the various aspects of sociology like social structure, culture, society, socialisation, race, ethnicity, language barriers, gender differences etc. They carryout surveys and various sociological experiments and researches to find a solution to the social problems, these coerces are very helpful in grooming the individuals to good sociologist.

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MASAMA AT MABUTING NAIDUDULOT NG MAKABAGONG TEKNOLOHIYA SA MGA KABATAAN

Tungkulin ng mga kabataan ang mag-aral. Kapag ang kabataan ay napagod na sa kanilang pag-aaral, sa pagrerebyu halimbawa sa kanilang pagsusulit, dalawa ang maaaring gawin nila. Una ay ang magpahinga o matulog para may lakas sila upang ipagpatuloy ang kanilang pag-aaral. Sa kabilang banda, maaari silang maglaro gamit ang PSP, Laptop at Cellphone o di kaya’y makinig ng musika sa iPod. Ang mga makabagong kagamitang ito na hatit ng teknolohiya ay maaaring magdulot masama at mabuting epekto. Ang laptop at cellphone ay maaaring magdulot ng mabuting epekto dahil ang laptop at cellphone ay magagamit pandagdag sa kaalaman ng mga mag-aaral. Maaari namang magdulot ng masamang epekto ang iPod at PSP sa kadahilanang maaari itong maging sanhi ng pagkatamad ng mga mag-aaral sa kanilang pag-aaral ang maglaro na lamang sila buong hapon imbis na mag-aral.

Isa sa mga patok na gamit teknolohiya ngayon ay ang cellphone. Ito ang isa sa mga maraming bagay na napapabilis ang mga gawain kapag ginagamit. Marami rin itong modelo na mas lalong naghihikayat sa mga kabataan upang bilhin at tangkilikin. Isa sa mga features ng cellphone ay ang usong-usong text messaging. Sa ngayon kasi ito na ang pinaka-mabilis na komunikasyon. Naipapadala sapamamagitan nito ang lahat ng gusto mong sabihin sa iyong kausap kahit saan at kahit kailan. Ang cellphone din ay mayroon na ngayong multimedia. Na kung saan pati litrato ng mga tao ay pwede na rin maipadala sa kausap nito. Talagang marami nang magagawa ngayon kapag mayroon kang cellphone. Lalo na ngayon na kung anu-ano ang mga nauuso na features ng mga lumalabas na mga bagong modelo nito. Nandyan na ang tv phone na kung saan live mong mapapanood ang bawat palabas sa telebisyon. Ang I-Phone na kung saan all in one cellphone na ang gamit. Mayroong i-pod, internet, at telepono sa iisang modelo. At video phone na kung saan magagamit mo ito na parang video camera. Ito ang mga ilang positibong bagay na naidudulot ng pagkakaroon ng cellphone. Pero mayroon din naming negatibo itong dala sa bawat isa sa atin. Dahil sa hirap ng buhay ngayon, nagiging dahilan o mitsa na ng buhay natin ang cellphone. Marami na kasi ang mandurukot na gagawin ang lahat makuha lang ang kagamitan na ito. Madali kasing mabenta. Isa pa sa mga negatibong bagay ay ang pagkasira ng kinabukasan ng mga kabataan. Sa cellphone kasi lagi napupunta ang halos lahat ng oras nila na sana’y sa pag-aaral na lang. ginagamit kasi ang cellphone sa hindi mabuting paraan kagaya na lamang ng panliligaw. Madali kasi na paraan ang naidudulot nang paggamit ng cellphone. Ang pangalawang patok na gamit teknolohiya ay ang kompyuter. Halos lahat ata ng mga tahanan ay mayroong kompyuter. Marami kasing gamit ang isang kompyuter lalo na sa mga kabataan ngayon. Isa sa mga gamit nito ay ang pagbibigay ng internet. Alam naman nating lahat na halos lahat ng impormasyon ay nakukuha na ngayon sa internet. Bukod sa mga libro na ginagamit ng mga estudyante, dito rin sila kumukuha ng dagdag ng impormasyon. Ang kompyuter din ay mayroong mga Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, Excel at marami pang iba na tumutulong sa paggawa ng mga research work, reports sa eskwelahan o trabaho. Mas napapabilis kasi ang paggawa ng mga sulatin kapag kompyuter ang ginamit. Ang kompyuter din ay nagagamit sa mga paglalaro ng mga video games. Ito’y patok na patok lalo na sa mga kabataan. Nadadownload na kasi ang halos lahat ng mga laro sa kompyuter kaya maraming

Ang PSP o Portable PlayStation ay isa pa sa mga gadgets na nauuso sa mga kabataan ngayon. Malamang ay maraming kabataang katulad ko na pilit kinukulit ang mga magulang na bilhin ito. Marahil isang dahilan kung bakit marami ang nagkakamit na magkaroon nito dahil sa marami itong “features” na nakakaakit sa mga kabataan. Ang ilang “features” nito ay ang Multimedia Playback kung saan ay maaaring makapanood ng mga pelikula. Audio Player kung saan ay may maaaring makinig ng mga musika. Camera kung saan ay maaaring makakuha ng litrato. Wireless Networking dahil ang PSP ay nakakakonekta sa “wireless network” sa pamamagitan ng W-IFI na kung saan ay nagagawa nitong magkaroon ng network para sa isang “multiplayer gameplay”. Maaari rin itong makapagpadala ng mga litrato mula sa isang PSP papunta pa sa isa pang PSP. Internet Connectivity na kung saan ay nagagawa nitong makagamit ng internet sa pamamagitan ng wireless connection at maaaring makapanood ng live television broadcast. At Games kung saan maaaring makapaglaro ng iba’t- ibang klase ng laro. Ito rin ay nagbibigay aliw sa mga gumagamit nito at nakakatangal ng pagkabagot. Halimbawa nalamang kung ikaw ay isinama ng magulang mo sa isang selebrasyon na wala kang kainteres interes ay maaari mo itong gamitin. Ang PSP ay napakadaling dalhin kung saan saan. Napaka user-friendly nito kaya madaling gamitin. Hindi rin naman mawawala na may mga magaganda at masasamang dulot ang gadget na ito. Ang isa sa mga mabuting naidudulot nito ay nagiging responsable at maingat ang may-ari sa kanyang kagamitan dahil ayaw nitong mawala at alam nitong mahal ang kagamitan na ito. Natututo na magipon at magtipid para makabili nito. Sa ngayon ay hindi natin maikakaila na maraming kabataan ang mayroon ng PSP, tulad na lamang sa mga eskwelahan at unibersidad. Dahil sa madalas na paglalaro ng PSP ay masasabi din nating may naitutulong ito. Tulad ng pagpapatalas ng isip sa pagiisip ng mga estratehiya na gagamitin upang matapos ang laro. Ang isang halimbawa ay ang mga RPG games. Magandang tulong din ng PSP ay nakakabuo ng pagkakaibigan dahil sa kaalaman sa gadget na ito o dahil sa mga bagong lagay na laro, kanta o pelikula sa PSP. At higit sa lahat ay nakakaiwasang mga kabataan sa impluwensiya ng droga dahil mayroon silang pinagkakaabalahan. Kung mayroong magandang dulot… Malamang ay may masama rin ito. Tulad ng dahil sa sobrang paggamit ng mga kabataan ay nagiging adik ang mga ito. Adik sa paraan ng lubos na paggamit ng kagamitan na ito. Maaaring kalabasan nito ay magkaroon ng malaking posibilidad ng maging obese ang mga kabataan. Nakakasira sa kalusuagan lalo na sa mata. Alam nating maraming kabataan ang nagaasam at naghahangad na magkaroon nito… Dahil dito ay nagdudulot ito ng sakit sa ulo sa mga kabataan sapagkat sa kagustuhan nilang magkaroon nito ay minsan nagiging dahilan ito ng pagnanakaw. At higit sa lahat ay naisasantabi nila ang kanilang pagaaral. Halimbawa nalamang na mas inuuna nila itong gawin kesa sa paggawa ng kanilang takdang aralin o kaya naman magaral para sa mga pagsusulit. Isa pang gadget na patok sa mga kabataan ay ang IPOD na tila ay hindi nila maiwan iwan sa bahay kapag umaalis o bumabyahe. Tulad ng PSP ay may magagandang “features” ito kaya sobrang lakas ng hatak nito sa kabataan. Ang mga “features nito ay Games na kung saan ay nakakapaglaro ng iba’t-ibang klaseng laro. Contacts kung saan ay maaaring mailagay ang mag numero ng mga tao. Notes kung saan maaaring ilagay ang mga importanteng gawain. At ang iba pa ay Calendar, Alarm Clock/Clock, Photos kung saan ay makikita ang mga ilang larawan na inilgay at Stopwatch. At ang pinakamahalagang feature nito

ay ang Music, dito nakalagay ang madaming genre ng musikang pinapakinggan ng mga kabataan. Hindi natin matatanggal sa mga Pilipino na kung mayroon kang kagamitan na ganito ay masasabi nilang sunod ka sa uso kaya marami din ang naghahangad na magkaroon nito. Nakakaalis din ito ng pagkabagot at nagsisilbing libangan. Napakadali din nitong dalhin at gamitin. Madalas ay ginagamit ito upang magsilbing paraan ng pagpapahinga, pantanggal ng stress at magkaroon ng oras ang mga kabataan sa kani-kanilang sarili. Ang mga kabataang mayroon nito ay naaappreciate ang mga iba’t-ibang genre ng musika at sila ay lubusang nahihilig sa musika kaya nakakatulong sa pagangat at pagpapaunlad ng industriya ng musika. Masasabing isa yan sa mga magandang dulot sa mga kabataan. Tulad ng PSP ay natututong magipon ang mga kabataan upang makabili ng ganitong kagamitan o nagiging dahilan ng pagnanakaw ng mga kabataan at nagiging maingat at responsable ang mga kabataan sa pagaalaga ng gamit. Nakakabuo ng pagkakaibigan at nakakadagdag sa paghahalubilo sa iba’t- ibang tao. Ang mga masamang dulot naman ng IPOD sa mga kabataan ay nagdudulot ito ng pagkabingi sa dahil sa malakas na volume. Nagiging adik din ang mga ito sa sobrang paggamit. Hindi alam ng mga kabataan na dahil sa paggamit ng IPOD ay lumiliit ang kita ng mga Flipino at Foreign artist dahil imbes na bumili ng orihinal na album o cd’s ay nagdadownload nalang ang mga kabataan sa limewire o itunes.

Bilang konklusyon, masasabi natin na napakarami ng naitulong ang teknolohiya sa ating buhay. Lahat ng sektor sa ating komunidad ay madarama ang kahalagahan ng makabagong teknolohiya sa pang araw-araw na pamumuhay. Kahit na ang mga trabahador na nasa ibang bansa ay madali lamang makausap ang kanilang mahal sa buhay, at madali ding makaratingang pera para sakanilang mga pamilya. Ang mga imposible dati ay kaya nang gawin ngayon. Ang mga sakit na dati ay napaka hirap gamutin ay madali lamang mapagaling dahil sa sobrang bilis ng teknolohiya sa medisina. Kailangan lamang ay magkaroon ng disiplina ang bawat isa upang lalo tayong umunlad. Sa ngayon ay marami pa tayomg gusting gawin na teknolihiya kagaya ng kloning. Nagawa na natin ito sa hayop subalit gusto pa natin magkloning ng tao mismo. Kung magtatagumpay ang paggawa ng tao sa pamamagitan ng cloning, ano nalamang ang mga mangyayari sa mundo. Kaya ang Vatican ay nagsabi na ito ay malaking kasalanan sapagkat ang mga tao ay para nang gusting lampasan ang Diyos. Kaya ang tao ay kailangan magkaroon ng hangganan ang pagiisip ng mas abgong teknolohiya, isipin natin kung ito ay may itutulong bas a ating kapwa at sa ating mga kapaligiran. http://www.xanga.com/teknolohiya/647672068/epekto-ng-ipod-laptop-cp-at-psp-sa-kabataang-pilipino.html

english
Gifts to the Dark Gods

The tap on her shoulder freezes her; the quiet, warning voice in her ear is exactly what she has feared. In a small dark place inside herself she is prepared for both. She had not expected a teenager.

"Come with me please, Madam," the young man says, his back stiff with self-importance.

He is young enough to be her son; young enough to be one of the troubled youths she tutors in the small charity-run literacy programme in the suburbs. She is tutoring a boy now: he has a tattoo on his forehead that spells HATE and eyes that dart around the room, alert for predators. This young man, though also dark skinned and mixed-race, keeps his eyes averted. He is smooth suited and smells of fresh citrus cologne as he grips her arm and leads her to the manager's office.

The manager is tired and he lowers his pale lashes when he asks to see her ID, as if asking for something intimate, inappropriate. Then he turns to his computer.

Helen swallows. This is new. As he scrutinises the screen, then types something into the computer, fear knots her chest. Her name is now accessible to every major store in the city. The next time she is caught she will be arrested and booked. No question.

"Is that legal?" she asks. "Storing information on someone who hasn't even been charged?"

"You want to call your husband?" he replies, with a tiny smile. "Or a lawyer?"

"My husband is a lawyer," Helen says.

The manager blinks rapidly, the smile vanishes. The young man who had escorted her from the jewellery department leans against the door and makes a small groaning sound.

"He'll be very angry if I call him," Helen says. "At me. Or at you. I'm afraid he's likely to make a big fuss about wrongful arrest."

They understand her. She knows they haven't called the police yet. She is carrying a fat wad of cash in her purse, four credit cards, including a Platinum American Express and their own Valued Customer Card. She wears an emerald ring, an anniversary gift from her husband. The diamond studs in her ears are one caret each. She is easily able to pay for the designer scarf and the hard plastic earrings in the shape of sunflowers she was seen to stuff into her bag. Helen knows that what most disturbs them is that these are two different items, from two separate counters. But she always steals two items. That is one of her rules. It has to be two items, from different counters, from the same floor of the same store. But they want to let her go. They don't want trouble.

"Perhaps if I pay for these things now? " she asks.

When she reaches her car, Helen is shaking too hard to insert the key into the car door. She stands still, taking deep, gulping breaths, willing herself to calm down. That was too close.

They had almost called Daniel. The thought makes her light-headed. Her husband is a man of principle and firm opinions. A strong man, which is why she married him. He seemed the type of man who would take care of her. And he has. But his view of the law is simple and punitive. He thinks that teenage gang members who commit murder should be executed, that fourteen-year-old thieves should be tried as adults. Only yesterday they had disagreed over a youth arrested for stealing a bottle of cider in a local off-license.

"It was an initiation thing," Helen had said. "His mother's a crack head. He wants to be part of the gang. He wants a family."

Daniel had given her a long look.

"He's probably been unhappy and hungry all of his life," Helen added.

"Nobody's hungry in this country, " Daniel said. He actually believed it. "You heard of Benefits?"

Helen thought of the people in the literacy programme – young and old, struggling with so many demons. Hunger was not unknown. Though her teenage pupils were more likely to eat badly than not at all, their problems went far beyond an inability to read or write.

Daniel knows little about the literacy programme. He believes she teaches pensioners how to use a computer. He would not understand Amanda, the girl who carries a kitchen knife to make small cuts in her wrists when she is stressed. Or Zak, the boy with HATE tattooed on his forehead.

When she first met Daniel, he was studying law and she was passionately involved in a course on Writing and Madness. She would quote Rimbaud, Breton, Artaud, Foucault. He teased her for taking this "foreign" literature seriously. He made her feel stupid for liking it, stupid for understanding it. An irony that did not occur to her until much later.

There are many things, she admits now, that Daniel does not understand. Things that are grey, with edges that are undefined, confuse him. He would not understand what had happened today in the department store.

In the newly decorated bedroom of her immaculate suburban home, Helen places the earrings and scarf in the locked trunk with the other shoplifted items. There are hundreds of them now. Many hundreds. She calls them her gifts to the dark gods. She knows that it is the dark gods who turn the wheels of a tricycle and send the toddler screaming into traffic, the dark gods who guide children to falling fences, hidden currents and smiling strangers with death in their black hearts. She cannot afford to stop now, after such a soft, uneventful life. Who knows what vengeance the dark gods might take?

She can't remember exactly when it began. It was soon after Chloe and Nick left for university, when she quit her job at the advertising company. When she became, as Daniel describes her, a lady of leisure.

"We can afford it, sweetheart. Do charity work or something. No need for you to stress out in

advertising."

It started in Marks and Spencer's food hall: she stole a chocolate bar at the counter. A week later she took a magazine. It grew to two items a week. The rules gradually became more complex and demanding. The rule now is: two items a week by Friday at three in the afternoon. The items have to be from the same store, on the same floor, and they have to be different. Two scarves, for example, won't do. Today's items, the pretty scarf, the silly earrings, don't qualify because she has paid for them. The problem now is that she is behind. She is two items behind. And it is already Thursday. Tomorrow then. At the Mall.

"Meet me for lunch tomorrow?" Daniel asks, as they have dinner. "That client we met at the Algarve. John Stanton? He's in town with his wife. "

Helen stares.

"Tomorrow?" she repeats. "Where?"

"The Blanc place."

He studies her expression.

"Busy day?" he asks. "Hair appointment?"

He laughs. There is a strange pride in the way he teases her about her empty, frivolous days. He is the sole breadwinner now.

"No problem. The Blanc place it is," she says.

But Helen is seething. That means the local mall is out. That means it has to be the city centre again. She was there last week, when that middle-aged businessman followed her around. She knew he was plain-clothes security. He had the look. She was carrying her Debenham's bag; she always carries a department store bag with a number of purchased items inside it. A basic rule. And she was dressed well and carrying a good quality handbag. Her new one is Italian and black linen, full of expensive clues to background and breeding. Intimidation. The guy hadn't been intimidated though. He'd stayed close.

In the city centre the following day, Helen avoids Harvey Nicks, too many close calls there, and heads to House of Fraser. A lanky kid in sweats shoots up from nowhere. He is behind her as she enters the store. He is still there at the jewellery counter. She is certain he is security; she has learned to spot them. Helen avoids looking at him. She picks up a scarf, replaces it, studies earrings, bracelets, tries one of them on her wrist, then puts it back. He waits, watching.

When she takes the escalator, he is four people behind her. Lingerie will smoke him out, she knows that. It's worked well before. Plain-clothes store detectives stand out in the red satin thongs and French bra department. But he's behind her. She can feel him. She glances at her watch and catches her breath. She is almost out of time. She has to be at the restaurant in half an hour.

"May I help you, ma'am?" asks a salesgirl. She is a sweet Barbie doll of a girl, about Chloe's age. Security kid must have alerted her.

"Just looking," Helen smiles, panic starting in her chest. Her heart begins pounding. She is not going to be able to do it. The kid stands only ten yards away, and he is watching openly. She meets his gaze, then tries to smile.

"Hello there," she says. He turns away.

She is ten minutes late to the restaurant and Helen is damp with fear. It is Friday and already 1:30 p.m. It will have to be items from the restaurant: knives, forks, saltshakers. She has done it before but it is awkward, and this is her husband's client.

John Stanton and his wife, Barbara, are already seated at the table, sipping aperitifs. Barbara has the kind of drink no one orders in the city anymore: a martini with an olive. His looks like a scotch.

Daniel regards her with some disapproval.

"Sorry," she says. "Traffic."

She shakes hands and smiles but she is starting to tremble. She is running out of time. It will soon be too late.

Barbara Stanton has the perfectly manicured and coiffed look of the suburban matron. A generation ago her type of woman would have had blue hair. Her hair is streaked blonde, her chin tucked, her skin spa-pampered. She smiles a white, wide smile.

"Lovely to meet you," she says. The men talk business, the women chat about children. The competition is equally fierce on both ends of the table.

"Your daughter's at Cambridge?" asks Barbara.

"Yes. Chloe's choice. And Nick's at Edinburgh. Medical school. As far away from home as they could get! You have two sons?"

"Yes. Both Oxford," says Barbara, her smile victorious.

They exchange photographs, making admiring noises.

"Chloe looks just like you," Barbara says.

Helen cannot see it. Her bright, lovely daughter, Chloe: so confident, so creative. She is amazed that she produced these children. The gene pool had obviously sucked more from Daniel's side during their formation; all the classy traits from his Patrician Berkshire family are visible. Her own working class genes are not in evidence.

Helen lifts the fish knife, turns it over, and places her hand over it. The waiter appears with salad, and takes the knife away with a swift, smooth stroke. Too late. They are too efficient here. She looks at the dessert spoons. Possibly, possibly. She is sweating. Her blouse is sticking to her back and she can feel her hair, damp, curling against her neck. Her heart is starting to pound, a hard nauseating pounding. Panic attacks, her therapist, Martha Kim, calls them.

"Terrifying but temporary," she had said to Helen when they first began.

"I think I'm going to die; that's how it feels."

"No-one dies of panic attacks. Stay calm until it passes."

Helen has not told Martha the reason for these attacks. The stealing, the rigid rules about the stealing, is something she has never shared with anyone. How could Martha, with her small, empathetic smile, understand about dark gods?

When the waiter asks about dessert, Helen pretends an interest only to keep the silverware on the table. She studies the menu: chocolate mousse, crème caramel. She looks up, and so quickly that she wants to cry out, the waiter is there and the silverware is gone. The table is bare. Helen looks at him.

"Decided?" the young man asks.

"Oh, nothing. Thank you." She knows her mouth is trembling. "Excuse me."

In the ladies room, she stands at the sink, fighting the nausea. It is fifteen minutes to three. It would be awful to vomit; she hates that. She splashes cold water on her face. She is ashen, her eyes wide with fear. In the mirror suddenly she sees Barbara Stanton's face.

"Are you all right, my dear?" Barbara asks. "You turned so white in there."

"Fine, fine, thank you," Helen says weakly.

"You're not pregnant, are you?"

"Lord no. No. Too old for that. Menopause more likely."

"Is that it? You look so young."

Helen continues staring into the mirror as Barbara disappears into the stall. Barbara has left her purse on the counter. Helen takes a breath, listens, every nerve ending on red alert. The purse is soft kid leather, black with a silver snap clasp. Helen opens it.

"You get the hot flashes too?" calls Barbara.

"Hmm. Yes. Sometimes."

"St. John's Wort, dear. Try it. Better than estrogen. Works like a charm. More natural."

Helen is not listening. She is staring into the bag. A lipstick. Estee Lauder. She recognizes the casing. She takes it. And…what else? Fuck! What else? The bag is a tip. The toilet flushes. Helen grabs a tiny leather purse. It is tight in her fist when Barbara comes out of the stall and begins to rinse her hands. She smiles at Helen.

Helen catches sight of herself in the mirror: her eyes are round, sparked with fear. She has realised that the tiny purse, curled in her palm, surrounds sharp metal. Something is protruding. Car keys. Oh shit. They will turn the place upside down. Barbara must have driven here. Must have parked her car outside. They'll search the place. Helen drops the car keys on the floor.

"Oh," she says, her voice too high. "You dropped something. That yours?"

Barbara still has her hands under the tap. She looks at Helen, then glances at her bag. It is lying on its side, closed. Helen had snapped it shut automatically. Barbara dries her hands slowly, then stoops down to pick up the little purse containing the car keys. She opens her bag, looks into it, running her finger along her lower lip. Then she turns to Helen. She studies Helen for a long moment. There is no censure in her look, only sympathy.

"What were you looking for, my dear?" Barbara asks finally. "Is there a problem?"

For just a moment, Helen hesitates; it would be so easy to say, yes. Yes, there is a problem. As she has not been able to say to Martha Kim, or ever to her husband. But she shakes her head.

"What do you mean?"

"Does your husband know about this?"

"I don't know what you're talking about."

"He should. He could help you to find counselling. Before it becomes," there is a pause while she thinks of the right word. "Public."

She snaps her bag closed, looks hard at Helen.

"Someone should mention it to him," she says quietly as she walks out.

Helen stands still for a few minutes trying to curb the shaking, fumbling in her bag for Valium. She finds only Paracetemol and takes three of those. Anything will do, anything. When she walks back into the restaurant, only Daniel sits there.

"The Stantons leave?" she asks.

"Yes, had to rush. Is that woman a bit loopy? She said you were distressed. You had issues to discuss."

He stares at her, astounded.

"Sent John off to get the car for Christ's sake, then starts whispering in my ear, talking some psychobabble crap."

He shakes his head.

"She left you her card."

Daniel picks up a business card:

"You don't want it, do you? I'd avoid her if I were you."

Helen shakes her head and he tears up the card, throws it onto the tiny saucer that holds a candle.

"Ready to go?" he asks.

Helen nods her head but she is barely listening. All she can think is that it is two minutes to three and she has only the lipstick. Only the lipstick. She is an item short. She is one fucking item short. She lifts the napkin as if to wipe her mouth, but the waiter is beside her, holding her chair, helping her up. The napkin has to go back on the table.

On the way to the door, Helen begins to shake. She can feel the shaking from her knees right up to her hair. So hard and strong is the shuddering that her head trembles on her neck. Fast, impulsively, she lifts a small vase from a table near the bar. It contains daisies. Helen sniffs them. She does not look at anyone. Staring straight ahead, she puts the whole thing into her bag. Vase, water, flowers, everything. And keeps walking. She begins to breathe again. The trembling slows.

It is then Helen notices that her skirt is damp. She pauses. Water drips from her soft linen bag onto the carpeting, onto her shoes. Helen thinks of the mess inside her bag. She imagines her wet driver's license, her sodden checkbook, the photographs of her children, the card from Chloe, all destroyed by the water from a vase. It is lunacy. Helen stops.

"Daniel," she calls, and he turns. He is holding the door for her. "Wait. Hold this."

She hands Daniel the bag. She does not want to drip all the way back through the restaurant. He frowns.

"What's this? Did you drop this thing in the toilet?"

"I forgot something," she says.

Helen walks swiftly back to the table, praying it will still be there. The two pieces of card are curling in the saucer. She places them together. Barbara Stanton. Interior Designer. Well, why not? A start. Maybe a friend.

When she gets outside Daniel is pacing the pavement. He holds her bag in front of him, at arm's length so that it does not drip on his suit. He stares at her.

"What's going on?" he asks.

She shrugs, meets his eyes. His frown is deepening, fear and worry are on his face but the irritation has gone.

"Is there something the matter, Helen?"

Helen slides Barbara Stanton's card into her pocket so that it is safe and dry then reaches for her dripping bag. With her fingers, she traces the outline of the small vase inside the bag. Still there, still intact. Her last, her very last, gift to the dark gods.

"No. I'm fine," she says. "I'll be fine."

randy
The Sources of Energy

Most of our energy comes from fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas supply about 85 percent of US primary energy consumption. Although the supplies of these fossil fuels are vast, they are not unlimited. And more important, the earth's atmosphere and biosphere may not survive the environmental impact of burning such enormous amounts of these fuels. Carbon stored over millions of years is being released in a matter of decades, disrupting the earth's carbon cycle in unpredictable ways.

But fossil fuels are not the only source of energy, and burning fuel is not the only way to produce heat and motion. Renewable energy offers us a better way. Some energy sources are "renewable" because they are naturally replenished, because they can be managed so that they last forever, or because their supply is so enormous that they can never be meaningfully depleted by humans. Moreover, renewable energy sources have much smaller environmental impacts than fossil and nuclear fuels.

Biomass energy, from plants, is a rich source of carbon and hydrogen, and one that can be used within the natural carbon cycle. Fast-growing plants, such as switchgrass and willow and poplar trees, can be harvested as "power crops." Biomass wastes, including forest residues, lumber and paper mill waste, crop wastes, garbage, and landfill and sewage gas, can be used to produce heat, transportation fuels, and electricity, while at the same time reducing environmental burdens.

Solar energy, power from the sun, is free and inexhaustible. Converting sunlight into useful forms is not free, but the fuel is. Sunlight has been used by humans for drying crops and heating water and buildings for millennia. A twentieth-century technology is photovoltaics, which turns sunlight directly into electricity.

Wind power is another ancient energy source that has moved into the modern era. Advanced aerodynamics research has developed wind turbines that can produce electricity at a lower cost than power from polluting coal plants.

Geothermal energy taps into the heat under the earth's crust to boil water. The hot water is then used to drive electric turbines and heat buildings.

Hydroelectric power uses the force of moving water to produce electricity. Hydropower is one of the main suppliers of electricity in the world, but most often in the form of large dams that disrupt habitats and displace people. A better approach is the use of small, "run of the river" hydro plants.

Coal is the largest source of fuel for electricity production, and also the largest source of environmental harm. Coal provides 54 percent of the US electricity supply.

Oil is used primarily for transportation fuels, but also for power production, heat and as a feedstock for chemicals. The US imports over half of the oil we use, more than ever before.

Natural gas is a relatively clean burning fossil fuel, used mostly for space and water heating in buildings and running industrial processes. Increasingly, natural gas is used in turbines to produce electricity.

Nuclear power harnesses the heat of radioactive materials to produce steam for power generation. Nuclear power provides about 21 percent of US power, but is expected to decline as old plants retire.

sociology
In sociology many defined it as a scientific study of human interaction and the products of such an interaction in a giver society.And sociology is related with anthropology which focusses on culture and environment ,geography that means earth description. Psychology is also related with sociology because it study with the human behavior ,economics that study of economic life of a human being and political science that tells about the political behavior of human being,history and humanities. In sociology there are considered forerunners like Auguste Comte which employed the method of positivesm which is nice in the society especially in a human being. Harriet Matineau whom study the American society. Herbert spencer which believe that the society is a living organism with specific parts or organs in his theory it is true because everyone of us has different task in their community. Emile Dukheim that studies a societies as a total units or entries and of course Karl Max even though a communist he contributed in the sociology that the society ha 3 classes .Max Weber one of the founders of symbolic interactionism that focusses on social life, and last is Georg Simmel that believes that there's a different of human individual potential. In Philippines ,sociology also came and it was first forerunners are fr. Valentin Marin ,Cylde E. Helfin, Serafin Macaraig and Dr. Frank Lynch S.J.They believe that theres four major theoritical perspective used by sociologist: the sociological perspective,Conflict Perspective,Functionalist Perspective and the Symbolic Interactionist. Each theoritical perspectives have different sociologist that support their perspectives. Social Inquiry is like a process of survey that surveys the composition of a society and its goal is to obtain an understanding of the observable social world.

gara2x
Deloach 1 Juvenile Criminals This newest phenomenon in the world of crime is perhaps the most dangerous challenge facing society and law enforcement ever. They are younger, more brutal, and completely unafraid of the law. Violent teenage criminals are increasingly vicious. Young people, often from broken homes or so-called dysfunctional families, who commit murder, rape, robbery, kidnapping, and other violent acts. These emotionally damaged young people, often are the products of sexual or physical abuse. They live in an aimless and violent present and have no sense of the past and no hope for the future. These young criminals commit unspeakably brutal crimes against other people, often to gratify whatever urges or desires drive them at the moment and their utter lack of remorse is shocking (Worsham 1997). Studies reveal that the major cause of violent crime is not poverty but family breakdown; specifically, the absence of a father in the household. Today, one-fourth of all the children in the United States are living in fatherless homes which adds up to 19 million children without fathers. Compared to children in two parent family homes, these children will be twice as likely to drop out of school, twice as likely to have children out of wedlock, and they stand more than three times the chance of ending up in poverty, and almost ten times more likely to commit violent crime and ending up in jail (Easton 1995). The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, reported that the rise in violent crime over the past 30 years runs directly parallel to the rise in fatherless families. In every state in our country, according to the Heritage foundation, the rate for juvenile crime is closely linked to the percentage of children raised in single-parent families. While it has long been thought that poverty is the primary cause of crime, the facts simply do not support this view. Teenage criminal behavior has its roots in habitual deprivation of parental love and affection going back to early infancy, according to the Heritage Foundation. A father's attention to his son has enormous positive effects on a boy's emotional and social development. Deloach 2 But a boy abandoned by his father is deprived of a deep sense of personal security. In a well-functioning family the very presence of the father embodies authority and this paternal authority is critical to the prevention of psychopathology and delinquency. The overwhelming common factor that can be isolated in determining whether young people will be criminal in their behavior is moral poverty, Parker says (Parker 1996). Psychologists can predict by the age of 6 who'll be the super-predators. According to experts, child abuse and parents addicted to alcohol ruins these children’s lives. Each generation of crime-prone boys has been about three times as dangerous as the one before it. Psychologists believe the downhill slide into utter moral bankruptcy is about to speed up because each generation of youth criminals is growing up in more extreme conditions of moral poverty than the one before it. Moral poverty is defined as growing up surrounded by deviant, delinquent, and criminal adults in abusive, violence-ridden, fatherless, godless, and jobless settings. The super-predator is a breed of criminal so dangerous that even the older inmates working their way through life sentences complain that their youthful counterparts are out of control. Super predators are raised in homes void of loving, capable, responsible adults who teach you right from wrong. It is the poverty of being without parents, guardians, relatives, friends, teachers, coaches, clergy and others who habituate you to feel joy at others' joy, pain at others' pain, happiness when you do right, remorse when you do wrong. It is the poverty of growing up in the virtual absence of people who teach these lessons by their own everyday example, and who insist that you follow suit and behave accordingly (Zoglin 1996). “The need to rebuild and resurrect the civil society (families, churches, community groups) of high-crime, drug-plagued urban neighborhoods is not an intellectual or research hypothesis that requires testing. It's a moral and social imperative that requires doing - and doing now (Duin 1996).” A super predator is actually a young psychopath or psychotic, almost completely without Deloach 3 ambition, and are often of below average intelligence. They do not recognize, intellectually or otherwise, any rules of society. While psychopaths and the super-predator both share the inability to feel emotion, the psychopath can feign it to achieve a result. The super predator seems completely incapable of even that. More interestingly, the super predator is remarkably candid. They will more often than not admit not only to their crimes, but also as to the why. They feel as if nothing wrong was done and would do it again if placed in the same situation. When asked what was triggering the explosion of violence among today's young street criminals, a group of life-term New Jersey prisoners did not voice the conventional explanations such as economic poverty or joblessness. Instead, these hardened men cited the absence of people - family, adults, teachers, preachers, coaches who would care enough about young males to nurture and discipline them (Zoglin 1996). Even more shocking than the sheer volume of violent juvenile crime is the brutality of the crime committed for trivial motives: a pair of sneakers, a jacket, a real or imagined insult, and a momentary cheap thrill. For example: a 59-year-old man out on a morning stroll in Lake Tahoe was fatally shot four times by teenagers looking for someone to scare. The police say the four teenagers, just 15 and 16 years old, were thrill shooting. Another example can be the case of a 12-year-old and two other youths were charged with kidnapping a 57-year-old man and taking a joy ride in his Toyota. As the man pleaded for his life, the juveniles shot him to death (Duin 1996). Deloach 4 `Works Cited 1. Duin, Julia “Alarm over crime puts focus on our nation's moral crisis”., The Washington Times, 11-17-1996, pp 31. 2. Easton, Nina J “The Crime Doctor Is In; But Not Everyone Likes Professor. JohnDiIulio's Message,” There Is No Big Fix; Home Edition., Los Angeles Times, 05-02-1995, pp E-1. 3. Parker, Shafer, Violence With a Youthful Face.., Vol. 23, Alberta Report /Western Report, 06-17-1996, pp 27. 4. Richard Zoglin Reported By Sam Allis/Boston And Ratu Kamlani, “New York, Crime: Now For the Bad News: A Teenage Time Bomb ”, TIME, 01-15-1996, pp 52+. 5. Worsham, James-Blakely, Stephen-al, et, Crime and Drugs., Vol. 85, Nation's Business, 02-01-1997, pp 24. Word Count: 1090 Brandi L. Robinson Soc 200 Telecourse July 3,2000 Writing 4/1 Culture is the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought typical of a population or community at a given times. (Webster’s II New College Dictionary pg. 274)Culture is also the modes of thought, behavior, and production that are handed down from one generation to the next by means of communication interaction-through speech, gestures, writing, building, and all other communication among humans – rather by genetic transmission of heredity. (The Sociological Imagination pg.6) Although I am part of the American culture, I consider my cultural heritage to be with that of the African American society. Black culture is a phenomenal subject representing the life style, imagination and accomplishments of my people. The most outstanding and unique characteristic that makes my culture one of a kind is our music, language and gestures, and writings. The four most popular and unique categories of Black music are Rhythm and Blues, Blues, Jazz, and Gospel. Rhythm and Blues is a combination of the swinging rhythm of jazz and other “race” music with the lyrical content, sonic gestures, and format of the blues. Blues is an African American music that transverses a wide range of emotions and musical styles. “Feeling blue” is expressed in songs whose verse laments injustice or express longing for a better life and lost loves, jobs, and money, the blues also is a raucous dance music that celebrates pleasure and success. Gospel music refers to African American Protestant vocal music that celebrates Christine Doctrine in emotive. Jazz is a music that consists of musical instruments such as saxophones, flutes, and clarinets. African American music has lyrics that basically tell a real true story and have constant rhyme. Music has been the basis of the African American culture since the years of slavery, they used music then to survive and today’s culture is still keeping music strong. Language and gestures are another important identity of the African American culture. There are two subdivisions of our language that area called slang and Ebonics. Slang and Ebonics are just codes for the English language. Gestures in our culture are also a means of communication. For example, when people of the African American culture want to speak to one and another or say hello they nod their heads upward. Another example of gestures is the rolling of the eyes. These gestures suggest that someone is ignoring or calling the person they are speaking with a liar. Basically our way of communication is the same as the next culture except African Americans try to be communicating with unity among their culture. Another important distinction with African American culture is the writers and their writing. Most of the writers of the African American culture write about their true real life experience. African American writers usually don’t write fiction the write non-fiction, and poetry. This is a way for them to express their feelings, concerns, and happiness on any issue dealing with there experiences. Another thing that the African American culture is known for is the extended family. People of this culture include friends, neighbors, and associates as part of their family. This is one of the most tight nit cultures that exist in today’s world. I feel that after the past that this culture has overcome that our culture has united as one. Word Count: 567 Gender in Society …everyone does gender without thinking about it (Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, p.13). When I was young I did not think about my gender role. I did not think about the day to day events in my life that effected my gender. When I look back I can find so many instances of gender in my life. So, I am taking one of the smallest instances because of the many ways it relates to not only gender building, but maintaining. As a child I remember very cold winters in Omaha. My sister and I loved to play outside in the snow. So, my parents bought us matching snowsuits. They were pink with lavender trim. My friend, Charlie, who lived up the street, had a snowsuit too. His was black and red with a logo of a racecar on the back. As a child I never thought of the implications of my snowsuit. It was functional and I suppose I thought the color pink was pretty at the time. My room was pink, my bike was pink, and Barbie’s corvette was pink. Why should it be any other way? As I look back at the photographs of the three of us playing as children I see what implications the pink snowsuit had on my gender. Not only that but how we played together. All of us had hoods on our snowsuits to cover our ears. With out the difference in the pink and black snowsuits you may have not been able to tell who the boy was and who the two girls were. My long blonde hair was pulled back under the hood and all of us had childlike chubby faces with big smiles. Charlie was always building big, macho, snow forts and my sister and I were making snow angels. The snow angels were pretty and soft, like the pink snowsuits. The snow fort was supposed to be tough, a boy thing. We could all play together, but even by age four, Charlie knew that making snow angels were not a tough thing to do so he refused. He was going to make the fort to protect my sister and I. He was going to build something better and bigger. According to Lorber, social statuses, such as gender, must be constructed through teaching, learning, and enforcement. Gender is thus both ascribed and achieved (West and Zimmerman 1987). So how is it that by age four, that we were constructed to know so much about what was supposedly masculine and what was supposedly feminine? There are different theories about how children are gendered. Most parents create a gendered world for their newborn by naming, birth announcements, and dress (Lorber, p.25). Lorber believes that children are gendered from birth. This is easy to do in our social institution. Gender statuses are made very important in American society. The way people behave and act reflects not only upon the individual, but their families as well. Parents tend to want their new born baby girls to be described as delicate and beautiful. On the other hand, boys should be described as strong, handsome, and alert. Gendering starts even before a baby is born with the decorating of a room in light colors such a pink, blue and yellow. Gendering does not end at childbirth; it is an ongoing process that develops thoroughly throughout our lives. Lorber makes a good point about the process of gendering; …individuals learn what is expected, see what is expected, act and react in expected ways, and this simultaneously maintain the gender order (Lorber, p.32). I, at four years old, was aware that I was not expected to build a big, tough fort. Everyone would think my dainty snow angels were precious and everyone would think Charlie’s fort was brilliant and tough. By putting my sister and I in pink snowsuits my parents were making a point that we were girls. If I were to have worn Charlie’s black snowsuit my neighbors would have thought it was a hand me down from my brother. Even the way we interacted with each other show domination and gender roles. Charlie was strong and rough while my sister and I were docile and easy going. Charlie made the rules when we played and my sister and I followed them. In Sandra Bem’s book, The Lenses of Gender, she begins with the first lens, androcenterism. It is stated as male-centeredness because it simply describes how society is structured (Sandra Bem, Introduction to the Lenses of Gender, p.2). Man’s experiences are seen as the norm and females experiences as not the norm. This does not necessarily mean that he is superior to her, but simply that man is treated as human and woman as other (Bem, p.2). Bem sees three different aspects of a woman’s relationship to a man. First, that men see women’s difference from man and inferiority to man. Second, that man see women’s domestic and reproductive function, as he will be the head of the household. Third, that men see women as a way to satisfy their sexual needs. In the situation of girls building snow angels and boys building snow forts I thought androcentrism would have little relevance. But, in the tradition of American culture, Charlie was building the snow fort to protect us. He was making a shelter and was commended for his idea and hard work. If we look into the deeper meaning of what was happening, he was viewed as making something useful. My sister and I were viewed as making something pretty, and rather useless. Therefore, supporting the idea that male experiences are normal and female experiences are not normal or as important as male experiences. Charlie took a role to protect us, almost like Bem’s second idea, that men see women as domesticated and he had his need to protect them and head up that household. Also, as in Bem’s first idea of how men view women, Charlie thought building the snow fort would be difficult, giving us girls the easier job. At the time, I did not feel inferior but it was inferior and we both knew better then to help with his big job of building the snow fort. Charlie was proud of his massive creation, and my sister and I were proud of the angels scattered all over the lawn. But, to an outsider, it would seem that my sister and I were waiting for Charlie to get done so we could play in the fort he built for us. Lorber believes that as gendered beings we go along with these norms and expectations to build a sense of worth and identity (Lorber, p.35). We have been taught that things like Bem’s view of antrocentrism is normal and that we have no need to stray from the reality that society gives us. If we do we might be alienated, not desired, and end up alone. Bem’s second lens of gender is polarization. She defines this as the male-female difference (Bem p.2). She believes that the male-female difference is superimposed on so many aspects of the social world that a cultural connection is forged between sex and virtually every other aspect of the human experience (Bem, p.2). In other words, the masculine way of doing something is usually seen as the correct way and it forms a societal norm. At age four, my gender was apparent to not only myself but also all of our neighbors and friends. It has been said, that parents dress their children to display the category of girl or boy from birth so that they don’t have to answer the question. What they don’t realize is that they are marking their children for different treatment by society. …others treat those in one gender differently from those in the other, and the children respond to the different treatment by feeling and behaving differently (Lorber, p.14). Society, our parents, and our race mark us by gender. They do it by the clothes we wear and the activities we are involved in. We are seen as masculine or feminine. Girls that have more masculine qualities are not seen as being masculine but instead, tomboys. Boys that have more feminine traits are not seen as feminine but instead, weak. We label the members of society based on their gender. Bem’s third lens of gender is biological essentialism. It views the other two lenses as natural because of biological differences (Bem, p2). This seems to influence our culture the most with the argument that men and women are biologically different sexually, then they must play different roles in life. Biology between men and women is different. No one denies that. But it is history, not biology, which is determining the gender norms. Biology does not put little girls in pink and little boys in blue. Biology does not teach girls to build snow angels and boys to build snow forts. Accepting biology as the reason for gender norms is an easy way out. Bem puts it best when she says No matter how many subtle biological differences there are between the sexes there may someday prove to be, both the size and the significance of those biological differences will depend, in every single instance, on the situational context in which men and women live their lives (Bem, p.38). Power by males in society has led to gender stratification, until people stop supporting it you can consider it androcentrism, biological essentialism or polarization. Any of them are good reasons as to why we are so gendered. But, until we get to the root of the problem, which lies in political power and our environment, not much can be done to change the norm. Individuals are born sexed but not gendered, and they have to be taught to be masculine or feminine (Lorber, p.22). As a child, in my pink snowsuit, playing with my little sister and Charlie, I saw nothing wrong with the scenario. When I look back I see that the clothes we wore, the games we played and the way we interacted had us molded into our gender roles by a very young age. Gender began with our parents. I only hope that through education we can slowly break down the gender barrier through a new generation. Word Count: 1717 Gender in Society …everyone does gender without thinking about it (Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, p.13). When I was young I did not think about my gender role. I did not think about the day to day events in my life that effected my gender. When I look back I can find so many instances of gender in my life. So, I am taking one of the smallest instances because of the many ways it relates to not only gender building, but maintaining. As a child I remember very cold winters in Omaha. My sister and I loved to play outside in the snow. So, my parents bought us matching snowsuits. They were pink with lavender trim. My friend, Charlie, who lived up the street, had a snowsuit too. His was black and red with a logo of a racecar on the back. As a child I never thought of the implications of my snowsuit. It was functional and I suppose I thought the color pink was pretty at the time. My room was pink, my bike was pink, and Barbie’s corvette was pink. Why should it be any other way? As I look back at the photographs of the three of us playing as children I see what implications the pink snowsuit had on my gender. Not only that but how we played together. All of us had hoods on our snowsuits to cover our ears. With out the difference in the pink and black snowsuits you may have not been able to tell who the boy was and who the two girls were. My long blonde hair was pulled back under the hood and all of us had childlike chubby faces with big smiles. Charlie was always building big, macho, snow forts and my sister and I were making snow angels. The snow angels were pretty and soft, like the pink snowsuits. The snow fort was supposed to be tough, a boy thing. We could all play together, but even by age four, Charlie knew that making snow angels were not a tough thing to do so he refused. He was going to make the fort to protect my sister and I. He was going to build something better and bigger. According to Lorber, social statuses, such as gender, must be constructed through teaching, learning, and enforcement. Gender is thus both ascribed and achieved (West and Zimmerman 1987). So how is it that by age four, that we were constructed to know so much about what was supposedly masculine and what was supposedly feminine? There are different theories about how children are gendered. Most parents create a gendered world for their newborn by naming, birth announcements, and dress (Lorber, p.25). Lorber believes that children are gendered from birth. This is easy to do in our social institution. Gender statuses are made very important in American society. The way people behave and act reflects not only upon the individual, but their families as well. Parents tend to want their new born baby girls to be described as delicate and beautiful. On the other hand, boys should be described as strong, handsome, and alert. Gendering starts even before a baby is born with the decorating of a room in light colors such a pink, blue and yellow. Gendering does not end at childbirth; it is an ongoing process that develops thoroughly throughout our lives. Lorber makes a good point about the process of gendering; …individuals learn what is expected, see what is expected, act and react in expected ways, and this simultaneously maintain the gender order (Lorber, p.32). I, at four years old, was aware that I was not expected to build a big, tough fort. Everyone would think my dainty snow angels were precious and everyone would think Charlie’s fort was brilliant and tough. By putting my sister and I in pink snowsuits my parents were making a point that we were girls. If I were to have worn Charlie’s black snowsuit my neighbors would have thought it was a hand me down from my brother. Even the way we interacted with each other show domination and gender roles. Charlie was strong and rough while my sister and I were docile and easy going. Charlie made the rules when we played and my sister and I followed them. In Sandra Bem’s book, The Lenses of Gender, she begins with the first lens, androcenterism. It is stated as male-centeredness because it simply describes how society is structured (Sandra Bem, Introduction to the Lenses of Gender, p.2). Man’s experiences are seen as the norm and females experiences as not the norm. This does not necessarily mean that he is superior to her, but simply that man is treated as human and woman as other (Bem, p.2). Bem sees three different aspects of a woman’s relationship to a man. First, that men see women’s difference from man and inferiority to man. Second, that man see women’s domestic and reproductive function, as he will be the head of the household. Third, that men see women as a way to satisfy their sexual needs. In the situation of girls building snow angels and boys building snow forts I thought androcentrism would have little relevance. But, in the tradition of American culture, Charlie was building the snow fort to protect us. He was making a shelter and was commended for his idea and hard work. If we look into the deeper meaning of what was happening, he was viewed as making something useful. My sister and I were viewed as making something pretty, and rather useless. Therefore, supporting the idea that male experiences are normal and female experiences are not normal or as important as male experiences. Charlie took a role to protect us, almost like Bem’s second idea, that men see women as domesticated and he had his need to protect them and head up that household. Also, as in Bem’s first idea of how men view women, Charlie thought building the snow fort would be difficult, giving us girls the easier job. At the time, I did not feel inferior but it was inferior and we both knew better then to help with his big job of building the snow fort. Charlie was proud of his massive creation, and my sister and I were proud of the angels scattered all over the lawn. But, to an outsider, it would seem that my sister and I were waiting for Charlie to get done so we could play in the fort he built for us. Lorber believes that as gendered beings we go along with these norms and expectations to build a sense of worth and identity (Lorber, p.35). We have been taught that things like Bem’s view of antrocentrism is normal and that we have no need to stray from the reality that society gives us. If we do we might be alienated, not desired, and end up alone. Bem’s second lens of gender is polarization. She defines this as the male-female difference (Bem p.2). She believes that the male-female difference is superimposed on so many aspects of the social world that a cultural connection is forged between sex and virtually every other aspect of the human experience (Bem, p.2). In other words, the masculine way of doing something is usually seen as the correct way and it forms a societal norm. At age four, my gender was apparent to not only myself but also all of our neighbors and friends. It has been said, that parents dress their children to display the category of girl or boy from birth so that they don’t have to answer the question. What they don’t realize is that they are marking their children for different treatment by society. …others treat those in one gender differently from those in the other, and the children respond to the different treatment by feeling and behaving differently (Lorber, p.14). Society, our parents, and our race mark us by gender. They do it by the clothes we wear and the activities we are involved in. We are seen as masculine or feminine. Girls that have more masculine qualities are not seen as being masculine but instead, tomboys. Boys that have more feminine traits are not seen as feminine but instead, weak. We label the members of society based on their gender. Bem’s third lens of gender is biological essentialism. It views the other two lenses as natural because of biological differences (Bem, p2). This seems to influence our culture the most with the argument that men and women are biologically different sexually, then they must play different roles in life. Biology between men and women is different. No one denies that. But it is history, not biology, which is determining the gender norms. Biology does not put little girls in pink and little boys in blue. Biology does not teach girls to build snow angels and boys to build snow forts. Accepting biology as the reason for gender norms is an easy way out. Bem puts it best when she says No matter how many subtle biological differences there are between the sexes there may someday prove to be, both the size and the significance of those biological differences will depend, in every single instance, on the situational context in which men and women live their lives (Bem, p.38). Power by males in society has led to gender stratification, until people stop supporting it you can consider it androcentrism, biological essentialism or polarization. Any of them are good reasons as to why we are so gendered. But, until we get to the root of the problem, which lies in political power and our environment, not much can be done to change the norm. Individuals are born sexed but not gendered, and they have to be taught to be masculine or feminine (Lorber, p.22). As a child, in my pink snowsuit, playing with my little sister and Charlie, I saw nothing wrong with the scenario. When I look back I see that the clothes we wore, the games we played and the way we interacted had us molded into our gender roles by a very young age. Gender began with our parents. I only hope that through education we can slowly break down the gender barrier through a new generation. Word Count: 1717

gara2x
Deloach 1 Juvenile Criminals This newest phenomenon in the world of crime is perhaps the most dangerous challenge facing society and law enforcement ever. They are younger, more brutal, and completely unafraid of the law. Violent teenage criminals are increasingly vicious. Young people, often from broken homes or so-called dysfunctional families, who commit murder, rape, robbery, kidnapping, and other violent acts. These emotionally damaged young people, often are the products of sexual or physical abuse. They live in an aimless and violent present and have no sense of the past and no hope for the future. These young criminals commit unspeakably brutal crimes against other people, often to gratify whatever urges or desires drive them at the moment and their utter lack of remorse is shocking (Worsham 1997). Studies reveal that the major cause of violent crime is not poverty but family breakdown; specifically, the absence of a father in the household. Today, one-fourth of all the children in the United States are living in fatherless homes which adds up to 19 million children without fathers. Compared to children in two parent family homes, these children will be twice as likely to drop out of school, twice as likely to have children out of wedlock, and they stand more than three times the chance of ending up in poverty, and almost ten times more likely to commit violent crime and ending up in jail (Easton 1995). The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, reported that the rise in violent crime over the past 30 years runs directly parallel to the rise in fatherless families. In every state in our country, according to the Heritage foundation, the rate for juvenile crime is closely linked to the percentage of children raised in single-parent families. While it has long been thought that poverty is the primary cause of crime, the facts simply do not support this view. Teenage criminal behavior has its roots in habitual deprivation of parental love and affection going back to early infancy, according to the Heritage Foundation. A father's attention to his son has enormous positive effects on a boy's emotional and social development. Deloach 2 But a boy abandoned by his father is deprived of a deep sense of personal security. In a well-functioning family the very presence of the father embodies authority and this paternal authority is critical to the prevention of psychopathology and delinquency. The overwhelming common factor that can be isolated in determining whether young people will be criminal in their behavior is moral poverty, Parker says (Parker 1996). Psychologists can predict by the age of 6 who'll be the super-predators. According to experts, child abuse and parents addicted to alcohol ruins these children’s lives. Each generation of crime-prone boys has been about three times as dangerous as the one before it. Psychologists believe the downhill slide into utter moral bankruptcy is about to speed up because each generation of youth criminals is growing up in more extreme conditions of moral poverty than the one before it. Moral poverty is defined as growing up surrounded by deviant, delinquent, and criminal adults in abusive, violence-ridden, fatherless, godless, and jobless settings. The super-predator is a breed of criminal so dangerous that even the older inmates working their way through life sentences complain that their youthful counterparts are out of control. Super predators are raised in homes void of loving, capable, responsible adults who teach you right from wrong. It is the poverty of being without parents, guardians, relatives, friends, teachers, coaches, clergy and others who habituate you to feel joy at others' joy, pain at others' pain, happiness when you do right, remorse when you do wrong. It is the poverty of growing up in the virtual absence of people who teach these lessons by their own everyday example, and who insist that you follow suit and behave accordingly (Zoglin 1996). “The need to rebuild and resurrect the civil society (families, churches, community groups) of high-crime, drug-plagued urban neighborhoods is not an intellectual or research hypothesis that requires testing. It's a moral and social imperative that requires doing - and doing now (Duin 1996).” A super predator is actually a young psychopath or psychotic, almost completely without Deloach 3 ambition, and are often of below average intelligence. They do not recognize, intellectually or otherwise, any rules of society. While psychopaths and the super-predator both share the inability to feel emotion, the psychopath can feign it to achieve a result. The super predator seems completely incapable of even that. More interestingly, the super predator is remarkably candid. They will more often than not admit not only to their crimes, but also as to the why. They feel as if nothing wrong was done and would do it again if placed in the same situation. When asked what was triggering the explosion of violence among today's young street criminals, a group of life-term New Jersey prisoners did not voice the conventional explanations such as economic poverty or joblessness. Instead, these hardened men cited the absence of people - family, adults, teachers, preachers, coaches who would care enough about young males to nurture and discipline them (Zoglin 1996). Even more shocking than the sheer volume of violent juvenile crime is the brutality of the crime committed for trivial motives: a pair of sneakers, a jacket, a real or imagined insult, and a momentary cheap thrill. For example: a 59-year-old man out on a morning stroll in Lake Tahoe was fatally shot four times by teenagers looking for someone to scare. The police say the four teenagers, just 15 and 16 years old, were thrill shooting. Another example can be the case of a 12-year-old and two other youths were charged with kidnapping a 57-year-old man and taking a joy ride in his Toyota. As the man pleaded for his life, the juveniles shot him to death (Duin 1996). Deloach 4 `Works Cited 1. Duin, Julia “Alarm over crime puts focus on our nation's moral crisis”., The Washington Times, 11-17-1996, pp 31. 2. Easton, Nina J “The Crime Doctor Is In; But Not Everyone Likes Professor. JohnDiIulio's Message,” There Is No Big Fix; Home Edition., Los Angeles Times, 05-02-1995, pp E-1. 3. Parker, Shafer, Violence With a Youthful Face.., Vol. 23, Alberta Report /Western Report, 06-17-1996, pp 27. 4. Richard Zoglin Reported By Sam Allis/Boston And Ratu Kamlani, “New York, Crime: Now For the Bad News: A Teenage Time Bomb ”, TIME, 01-15-1996, pp 52+. 5. Worsham, James-Blakely, Stephen-al, et, Crime and Drugs., Vol. 85, Nation's Business, 02-01-1997, pp 24. Word Count: 1090 Brandi L. Robinson Soc 200 Telecourse July 3,2000 Writing 4/1 Culture is the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought typical of a population or community at a given times. (Webster’s II New College Dictionary pg. 274)Culture is also the modes of thought, behavior, and production that are handed down from one generation to the next by means of communication interaction-through speech, gestures, writing, building, and all other communication among humans – rather by genetic transmission of heredity. (The Sociological Imagination pg.6) Although I am part of the American culture, I consider my cultural heritage to be with that of the African American society. Black culture is a phenomenal subject representing the life style, imagination and accomplishments of my people. The most outstanding and unique characteristic that makes my culture one of a kind is our music, language and gestures, and writings. The four most popular and unique categories of Black music are Rhythm and Blues, Blues, Jazz, and Gospel. Rhythm and Blues is a combination of the swinging rhythm of jazz and other “race” music with the lyrical content, sonic gestures, and format of the blues. Blues is an African American music that transverses a wide range of emotions and musical styles. “Feeling blue” is expressed in songs whose verse laments injustice or express longing for a better life and lost loves, jobs, and money, the blues also is a raucous dance music that celebrates pleasure and success. Gospel music refers to African American Protestant vocal music that celebrates Christine Doctrine in emotive. Jazz is a music that consists of musical instruments such as saxophones, flutes, and clarinets. African American music has lyrics that basically tell a real true story and have constant rhyme. Music has been the basis of the African American culture since the years of slavery, they used music then to survive and today’s culture is still keeping music strong. Language and gestures are another important identity of the African American culture. There are two subdivisions of our language that area called slang and Ebonics. Slang and Ebonics are just codes for the English language. Gestures in our culture are also a means of communication. For example, when people of the African American culture want to speak to one and another or say hello they nod their heads upward. Another example of gestures is the rolling of the eyes. These gestures suggest that someone is ignoring or calling the person they are speaking with a liar. Basically our way of communication is the same as the next culture except African Americans try to be communicating with unity among their culture. Another important distinction with African American culture is the writers and their writing. Most of the writers of the African American culture write about their true real life experience. African American writers usually don’t write fiction the write non-fiction, and poetry. This is a way for them to express their feelings, concerns, and happiness on any issue dealing with there experiences. Another thing that the African American culture is known for is the extended family. People of this culture include friends, neighbors, and associates as part of their family. This is one of the most tight nit cultures that exist in today’s world. I feel that after the past that this culture has overcome that our culture has united as one. Word Count: 567 Gender in Society …everyone does gender without thinking about it (Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, p.13). When I was young I did not think about my gender role. I did not think about the day to day events in my life that effected my gender. When I look back I can find so many instances of gender in my life. So, I am taking one of the smallest instances because of the many ways it relates to not only gender building, but maintaining. As a child I remember very cold winters in Omaha. My sister and I loved to play outside in the snow. So, my parents bought us matching snowsuits. They were pink with lavender trim. My friend, Charlie, who lived up the street, had a snowsuit too. His was black and red with a logo of a racecar on the back. As a child I never thought of the implications of my snowsuit. It was functional and I suppose I thought the color pink was pretty at the time. My room was pink, my bike was pink, and Barbie’s corvette was pink. Why should it be any other way? As I look back at the photographs of the three of us playing as children I see what implications the pink snowsuit had on my gender. Not only that but how we played together. All of us had hoods on our snowsuits to cover our ears. With out the difference in the pink and black snowsuits you may have not been able to tell who the boy was and who the two girls were. My long blonde hair was pulled back under the hood and all of us had childlike chubby faces with big smiles. Charlie was always building big, macho, snow forts and my sister and I were making snow angels. The snow angels were pretty and soft, like the pink snowsuits. The snow fort was supposed to be tough, a boy thing. We could all play together, but even by age four, Charlie knew that making snow angels were not a tough thing to do so he refused. He was going to make the fort to protect my sister and I. He was going to build something better and bigger. According to Lorber, social statuses, such as gender, must be constructed through teaching, learning, and enforcement. Gender is thus both ascribed and achieved (West and Zimmerman 1987). So how is it that by age four, that we were constructed to know so much about what was supposedly masculine and what was supposedly feminine? There are different theories about how children are gendered. Most parents create a gendered world for their newborn by naming, birth announcements, and dress (Lorber, p.25). Lorber believes that children are gendered from birth. This is easy to do in our social institution. Gender statuses are made very important in American society. The way people behave and act reflects not only upon the individual, but their families as well. Parents tend to want their new born baby girls to be described as delicate and beautiful. On the other hand, boys should be described as strong, handsome, and alert. Gendering starts even before a baby is born with the decorating of a room in light colors such a pink, blue and yellow. Gendering does not end at childbirth; it is an ongoing process that develops thoroughly throughout our lives. Lorber makes a good point about the process of gendering; …individuals learn what is expected, see what is expected, act and react in expected ways, and this simultaneously maintain the gender order (Lorber, p.32). I, at four years old, was aware that I was not expected to build a big, tough fort. Everyone would think my dainty snow angels were precious and everyone would think Charlie’s fort was brilliant and tough. By putting my sister and I in pink snowsuits my parents were making a point that we were girls. If I were to have worn Charlie’s black snowsuit my neighbors would have thought it was a hand me down from my brother. Even the way we interacted with each other show domination and gender roles. Charlie was strong and rough while my sister and I were docile and easy going. Charlie made the rules when we played and my sister and I followed them. In Sandra Bem’s book, The Lenses of Gender, she begins with the first lens, androcenterism. It is stated as male-centeredness because it simply describes how society is structured (Sandra Bem, Introduction to the Lenses of Gender, p.2). Man’s experiences are seen as the norm and females experiences as not the norm. This does not necessarily mean that he is superior to her, but simply that man is treated as human and woman as other (Bem, p.2). Bem sees three different aspects of a woman’s relationship to a man. First, that men see women’s difference from man and inferiority to man. Second, that man see women’s domestic and reproductive function, as he will be the head of the household. Third, that men see women as a way to satisfy their sexual needs. In the situation of girls building snow angels and boys building snow forts I thought androcentrism would have little relevance. But, in the tradition of American culture, Charlie was building the snow fort to protect us. He was making a shelter and was commended for his idea and hard work. If we look into the deeper meaning of what was happening, he was viewed as making something useful. My sister and I were viewed as making something pretty, and rather useless. Therefore, supporting the idea that male experiences are normal and female experiences are not normal or as important as male experiences. Charlie took a role to protect us, almost like Bem’s second idea, that men see women as domesticated and he had his need to protect them and head up that household. Also, as in Bem’s first idea of how men view women, Charlie thought building the snow fort would be difficult, giving us girls the easier job. At the time, I did not feel inferior but it was inferior and we both knew better then to help with his big job of building the snow fort. Charlie was proud of his massive creation, and my sister and I were proud of the angels scattered all over the lawn. But, to an outsider, it would seem that my sister and I were waiting for Charlie to get done so we could play in the fort he built for us. Lorber believes that as gendered beings we go along with these norms and expectations to build a sense of worth and identity (Lorber, p.35). We have been taught that things like Bem’s view of antrocentrism is normal and that we have no need to stray from the reality that society gives us. If we do we might be alienated, not desired, and end up alone. Bem’s second lens of gender is polarization. She defines this as the male-female difference (Bem p.2). She believes that the male-female difference is superimposed on so many aspects of the social world that a cultural connection is forged between sex and virtually every other aspect of the human experience (Bem, p.2). In other words, the masculine way of doing something is usually seen as the correct way and it forms a societal norm. At age four, my gender was apparent to not only myself but also all of our neighbors and friends. It has been said, that parents dress their children to display the category of girl or boy from birth so that they don’t have to answer the question. What they don’t realize is that they are marking their children for different treatment by society. …others treat those in one gender differently from those in the other, and the children respond to the different treatment by feeling and behaving differently (Lorber, p.14). Society, our parents, and our race mark us by gender. They do it by the clothes we wear and the activities we are involved in. We are seen as masculine or feminine. Girls that have more masculine qualities are not seen as being masculine but instead, tomboys. Boys that have more feminine traits are not seen as feminine but instead, weak. We label the members of society based on their gender. Bem’s third lens of gender is biological essentialism. It views the other two lenses as natural because of biological differences (Bem, p2). This seems to influence our culture the most with the argument that men and women are biologically different sexually, then they must play different roles in life. Biology between men and women is different. No one denies that. But it is history, not biology, which is determining the gender norms. Biology does not put little girls in pink and little boys in blue. Biology does not teach girls to build snow angels and boys to build snow forts. Accepting biology as the reason for gender norms is an easy way out. Bem puts it best when she says No matter how many subtle biological differences there are between the sexes there may someday prove to be, both the size and the significance of those biological differences will depend, in every single instance, on the situational context in which men and women live their lives (Bem, p.38). Power by males in society has led to gender stratification, until people stop supporting it you can consider it androcentrism, biological essentialism or polarization. Any of them are good reasons as to why we are so gendered. But, until we get to the root of the problem, which lies in political power and our environment, not much can be done to change the norm. Individuals are born sexed but not gendered, and they have to be taught to be masculine or feminine (Lorber, p.22). As a child, in my pink snowsuit, playing with my little sister and Charlie, I saw nothing wrong with the scenario. When I look back I see that the clothes we wore, the games we played and the way we interacted had us molded into our gender roles by a very young age. Gender began with our parents. I only hope that through education we can slowly break down the gender barrier through a new generation. Word Count: 1717 Gender in Society …everyone does gender without thinking about it (Judith Lorber, Paradoxes of Gender, p.13). When I was young I did not think about my gender role. I did not think about the day to day events in my life that effected my gender. When I look back I can find so many instances of gender in my life. So, I am taking one of the smallest instances because of the many ways it relates to not only gender building, but maintaining. As a child I remember very cold winters in Omaha. My sister and I loved to play outside in the snow. So, my parents bought us matching snowsuits. They were pink with lavender trim. My friend, Charlie, who lived up the street, had a snowsuit too. His was black and red with a logo of a racecar on the back. As a child I never thought of the implications of my snowsuit. It was functional and I suppose I thought the color pink was pretty at the time. My room was pink, my bike was pink, and Barbie’s corvette was pink. Why should it be any other way? As I look back at the photographs of the three of us playing as children I see what implications the pink snowsuit had on my gender. Not only that but how we played together. All of us had hoods on our snowsuits to cover our ears. With out the difference in the pink and black snowsuits you may have not been able to tell who the boy was and who the two girls were. My long blonde hair was pulled back under the hood and all of us had childlike chubby faces with big smiles. Charlie was always building big, macho, snow forts and my sister and I were making snow angels. The snow angels were pretty and soft, like the pink snowsuits. The snow fort was supposed to be tough, a boy thing. We could all play together, but even by age four, Charlie knew that making snow angels were not a tough thing to do so he refused. He was going to make the fort to protect my sister and I. He was going to build something better and bigger. According to Lorber, social statuses, such as gender, must be constructed through teaching, learning, and enforcement. Gender is thus both ascribed and achieved (West and Zimmerman 1987). So how is it that by age four, that we were constructed to know so much about what was supposedly masculine and what was supposedly feminine? There are different theories about how children are gendered. Most parents create a gendered world for their newborn by naming, birth announcements, and dress (Lorber, p.25). Lorber believes that children are gendered from birth. This is easy to do in our social institution. Gender statuses are made very important in American society. The way people behave and act reflects not only upon the individual, but their families as well. Parents tend to want their new born baby girls to be described as delicate and beautiful. On the other hand, boys should be described as strong, handsome, and alert. Gendering starts even before a baby is born with the decorating of a room in light colors such a pink, blue and yellow. Gendering does not end at childbirth; it is an ongoing process that develops thoroughly throughout our lives. Lorber makes a good point about the process of gendering; …individuals learn what is expected, see what is expected, act and react in expected ways, and this simultaneously maintain the gender order (Lorber, p.32). I, at four years old, was aware that I was not expected to build a big, tough fort. Everyone would think my dainty snow angels were precious and everyone would think Charlie’s fort was brilliant and tough. By putting my sister and I in pink snowsuits my parents were making a point that we were girls. If I were to have worn Charlie’s black snowsuit my neighbors would have thought it was a hand me down from my brother. Even the way we interacted with each other show domination and gender roles. Charlie was strong and rough while my sister and I were docile and easy going. Charlie made the rules when we played and my sister and I followed them. In Sandra Bem’s book, The Lenses of Gender, she begins with the first lens, androcenterism. It is stated as male-centeredness because it simply describes how society is structured (Sandra Bem, Introduction to the Lenses of Gender, p.2). Man’s experiences are seen as the norm and females experiences as not the norm. This does not necessarily mean that he is superior to her, but simply that man is treated as human and woman as other (Bem, p.2). Bem sees three different aspects of a woman’s relationship to a man. First, that men see women’s difference from man and inferiority to man. Second, that man see women’s domestic and reproductive function, as he will be the head of the household. Third, that men see women as a way to satisfy their sexual needs. In the situation of girls building snow angels and boys building snow forts I thought androcentrism would have little relevance. But, in the tradition of American culture, Charlie was building the snow fort to protect us. He was making a shelter and was commended for his idea and hard work. If we look into the deeper meaning of what was happening, he was viewed as making something useful. My sister and I were viewed as making something pretty, and rather useless. Therefore, supporting the idea that male experiences are normal and female experiences are not normal or as important as male experiences. Charlie took a role to protect us, almost like Bem’s second idea, that men see women as domesticated and he had his need to protect them and head up that household. Also, as in Bem’s first idea of how men view women, Charlie thought building the snow fort would be difficult, giving us girls the easier job. At the time, I did not feel inferior but it was inferior and we both knew better then to help with his big job of building the snow fort. Charlie was proud of his massive creation, and my sister and I were proud of the angels scattered all over the lawn. But, to an outsider, it would seem that my sister and I were waiting for Charlie to get done so we could play in the fort he built for us. Lorber believes that as gendered beings we go along with these norms and expectations to build a sense of worth and identity (Lorber, p.35). We have been taught that things like Bem’s view of antrocentrism is normal and that we have no need to stray from the reality that society gives us. If we do we might be alienated, not desired, and end up alone. Bem’s second lens of gender is polarization. She defines this as the male-female difference (Bem p.2). She believes that the male-female difference is superimposed on so many aspects of the social world that a cultural connection is forged between sex and virtually every other aspect of the human experience (Bem, p.2). In other words, the masculine way of doing something is usually seen as the correct way and it forms a societal norm. At age four, my gender was apparent to not only myself but also all of our neighbors and friends. It has been said, that parents dress their children to display the category of girl or boy from birth so that they don’t have to answer the question. What they don’t realize is that they are marking their children for different treatment by society. …others treat those in one gender differently from those in the other, and the children respond to the different treatment by feeling and behaving differently (Lorber, p.14). Society, our parents, and our race mark us by gender. They do it by the clothes we wear and the activities we are involved in. We are seen as masculine or feminine. Girls that have more masculine qualities are not seen as being masculine but instead, tomboys. Boys that have more feminine traits are not seen as feminine but instead, weak. We label the members of society based on their gender. Bem’s third lens of gender is biological essentialism. It views the other two lenses as natural because of biological differences (Bem, p2). This seems to influence our culture the most with the argument that men and women are biologically different sexually, then they must play different roles in life. Biology between men and women is different. No one denies that. But it is history, not biology, which is determining the gender norms. Biology does not put little girls in pink and little boys in blue. Biology does not teach girls to build snow angels and boys to build snow forts. Accepting biology as the reason for gender norms is an easy way out. Bem puts it best when she says No matter how many subtle biological differences there are between the sexes there may someday prove to be, both the size and the significance of those biological differences will depend, in every single instance, on the situational context in which men and women live their lives (Bem, p.38). Power by males in society has led to gender stratification, until people stop supporting it you can consider it androcentrism, biological essentialism or polarization. Any of them are good reasons as to why we are so gendered. But, until we get to the root of the problem, which lies in political power and our environment, not much can be done to change the norm. Individuals are born sexed but not gendered, and they have to be taught to be masculine or feminine (Lorber, p.22). As a child, in my pink snowsuit, playing with my little sister and Charlie, I saw nothing wrong with the scenario. When I look back I see that the clothes we wore, the games we played and the way we interacted had us molded into our gender roles by a very young age. Gender began with our parents. I only hope that through education we can slowly break down the gender barrier through a new generation. Word Count: 1717

sibay
Exercise #5 Lead and Mercury Poisoning

For me, in this topic lead is very dangerous in our health s well in our environment. In the water areas ,its living organism is affected of this poison,same as the mercury ,what happened in Minamata Bay Region of Japan,that the people there was diagnosed caused by mercury .This is now serve as the violent reaction caught from the mercury. These are many various types of poison that surrounds us,but the effect of lead and mercury has a different effect. Because this is not directly bring us to death instead it slowly attacks but not in just which part in yo it used to attack with.

We are not preferring to kill our own lives for sure, so as for as possible avoidance is a must.

Exercise #6 Philippines Issues Typhoon Alert in Rice Areas

In this issue ,we all know that typhoon is a big destroyer when it comes to our country,because it will destroy our permanent properties. The Luzon is the most widely distracted by the great catastroph specially the super typhoon decades. And we always be the one to suffer this problem because we are abusing our environment. Its not too late for us to save.There's stilll hope if people will begin to awaken there spiritual part of themselves.

Exercise #7 Earthquake Devastates Philippines

In this issue on July 16,1990 Philippines was suffered a big damage because of earthquake over a region of about 7700 square miles, extending northwest from Manila through the densely populated Central plains of Luzon and into the mountains of the Cordillera Central. Because of what happened most of the people was dead while the other was injured. And the property of people was destroyed  or seriously damage like building and houses.

Exercise # Flash FLood Hits Manila Philippines Thousands Homeless Hundreds Dead or Missing

Based on the article write by Mathaba, tropical storm named Kestana also known as Ondoy has a huge damage made during the time that the storm strike in our Philippine Archipelago there's a lot of our co-Filipinos lost their belongings all the things they own was gone by the flood,and they had no chance in saving it. Ondoy is very tragic to their Families involved, the worst thing is the disaster assistance was delayed and the flood was so sudden,very unexpected,that's why theres a lot of peoples hit by the flood. At 5 am there are already 51 people dead and 21 missing. There are almost 2,000 people evacuate in Manila alone Metro Manila for me is very prove to flood because of the garbage that block on the drainage. The Province Village has a lot of damage there house was wrecked ,cars and even their lives. the victim of Ondoy wa very pitiful because of the horrorful experience the felt. thanks to the Airforce who rendered their help to our co-Filipino they used rubber boats rope and anything that can be used to saved people lives. When you watch to at that time the emphaty you felt at the victim of Ondoy was very deep. In time that need you can see a true hero even through they don't know the people but they help .Its a camaderie ,there are 45 brgy's in NCR,69 in neighboring provinces affected and declaired under state of calamity. Secretary Gilbert Teodoro Jr. a chairman of NDCC and OCD said that storm Ondoy is worst floodeven in 42 yrs. in our country. The PNRC their help easily because of the vehicles blocking there way to the affected area. Ondoy was very harmful and left a lot of damages to the live of our fellow Filipino. So I think we should be more careful to our surrounding and take care of our environment.

Dedication

THis letter is dedicated to my beloved mother. I just wanna say that I love you ,even though that I can't say this to you personally. I want you to know that I'm so proud of you for being so good to us. Even were slightly foolish to you .Were very sorry but we didn't meant it ........... Once again I Love You with all our Heart and Soul......

heeiede
Exercise #9 Volcano :Mount Bulusan Explosion Effects Thousands

Many volcanoes in our country are active ,we know that the volcano will explode many peoples are in danger. Many are suffered can they breathe the ash it is possible many of them are not in good health,especially to the children and also all the animals will suffered 63are died and all living thing near in the volcano will effected many of them will evacuate to safe their lives. Happened in Sorsogon Philippine Army are help to all the residents who are effected in volcano. They give foods and vitamins to all of people who are affected to avoid sickness. And the Philippine National Police search and rescue for those who has effected of the mount Bulusan .Many properties will destroy when the volcano are pity. For those people near in the volcano,always prepared when the volcano will explode so that they can safe their live. And always pray to our Almighty God.

Exercise #8 Impact of Mining Activity in Tubay: Mountain Deformation

In our mountains they are so many foods are getting there. Some peoples are climb to the mountains to get their foods. They are suffered everyday to climb. That's why many of them are entered to work of this mining .Because mining are the one livelihood in every places in our country. They are not thinking that it so dangerous to feel their familys good that they are not to eat any kind of foodsthey get anywhere. Many peoples are worked this kind of work feel better and buy anything that they needed,anything that they want.IF they can get golds,cooper, and silver.They can easilly  get big moneys becauseof mining. But its dangerous to all peoples worked there. There are many snake there inside the mining and especially now are always rain, there are posibility the mountains are collapse

Dedication

I hereby and lovingly dedicated to my beloved parents and my sister for full support in my studying .Even though I can't give them a higher grade,but they are always in my side to encourage in times of stress and trials. Im just trying myself to study hard but that's only I can gave I'm so thankful for having like them,also too my teachers specially to Sir Urlie being a part in my studying I like the way you  teach because  too always give challenge in raection to enchance my knowledge. Most of all I'm so thankful in our God because He is the creator be this world. Thank you ....God Bless

mirena
Mirena - An Introduction

The Mirena IUD is the most effective method of birth control (family planning). A Mirena (levonorgestrel - LNG IUS) is similar in shape and size to some intra-uterine contraceptive devices (Figure 14.1 ; IUCDs - CoilsQ17.1) that have been used in family planning for many years. A Mirena slowly releases the hormone levonorgestrel locally within the uterine cavity.

Mirena

Figure 14.1 Mirena IUS in a uterus.

Although primarily a method of birth control, the Mirena has found a place in the management of heavy periods, PMS, HRT and endometriosis. The Mirena had been available for routine clinical use in Scandinavia for five years before it was licensed in the UK in May 1995. How does the Mirena work?

Although the Mirena is physically similar to other IUCDs, its main mode of action is similar to progestogen-only pills. The mucus in the neck of the womb remains thick and hostile to sperm throughout the menstrual cycle; this thick mucus prevents sperm reaching the eggs and fertilisation is therefore unlikely to occur. Furthermore, the lining of the uterus is kept thin by the Mirena so that even if an egg should be fertilised, a pregnancy cannot be supported. For some, the question of how the IUCD prevents pregnancy is critical. As IUCDs are effective partly after fertilisation, they may not be acceptable in some cultures. The Mirena functions almost entirely to prevent fertilisation. How is the Mirena introduced into the uterus?

Like other intrauterine devices, a Mirena is best introduced at the end of or just after a period. It has a slightly larger diameter (5mm) than most other devices so the neck of the womb may have to be stretched a little (dilated). This can usually be accomplished with a local anaesthetic injection. If there is an indication to perform a D and C operation - (heavy periods, for example), the Mirena can be introduced under the same anaesthetic.

Prostaglandins provide a medical means to open the cervix. Some gynaecologists prescribe Misoprostol 2 x 200 mg introduced deep into the vagina three hours before planned introduction may assist. Ibuprofen 400 mg one hour before insertion provides very effective pain relief and may be repeated a few hours later. Erythromax capsule (erythromycin 250mg) is sometimes used about an hour before insertion to reduce the chance of infection. How quickly will a Mirena work?

Provided the Mirena is introduced at the correct time, it is effective immediately. It can be introduced at any time if you are currently taking the pill. Generally, we recommend waiting until the first check, which is usually scheduled about six weeks after fitting. For How long will my Mirena work?

The Mirena is licensed for five years although there is some evidence that it may be effective for at least eight years. How failsafe is the Mirena?

The Mirena is associated with only 0.2 pregnancies/100 woman years (Pearl Index). This is less than combined pills, progesterone only pills, other IUDs, and even female sterilisation (0.4/100 women years). What side effects can occur with the Mirena?

Spotting for the first two or three months after insertion is a relatively frequent side-effect. As with other intrauterine devices, a Mirena could be expelled from the womb - it should be checked about six weeks after insertion. Very rarely, the device can go through the uterus (perforation).

There is no evidence that the Mirena increases body weight.0601 What will happen to my periods after a Mirena is introduced?

Blood loss diminishes quite markedly with a Mirena and this will be a bonus for you if your periods are heavy and painful. You may, however, experience a tendency for spotting through the first two or three months after introduction. A panty liner will usually suffice. The spotting will almost always settle down. Some women stop seeing their periods altogether although the cycle will return once the device is removed. From a medical point of view there is no anxiety if your periods are absent if you have a Mirena. It is a natural phenomenon before puberty, during pregnancy and breast-feeding and after the menopause. Periods are not required by the body to get rid of waste material. How would a Mirena affect my fertility?

When the Mirena is removed from your uterus, fertility will be restored immediately. What value is Mirena for premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Premenstrual syndrome is a common problem although for the majority of women the symptoms are only mild (Premenstrual Syndrome - PMS). Some women, however, have more major and sometimes debilitating difficulties. Oestrogens often given as a small implant introduced under the skin with local anaesthetic, can alleviate symptoms but if the uterus is present progestogens must also be given to prevent the lining of the womb becoming too thick. Until recently, the progestogens had to be administered as tablets taken cyclically for about 12 days each month (to produce a withdrawal bleed and this could reproduce PMS type problems). If a Mirena is introduced, there will be no cyclical thickening of the lining of the womb and no cyclical progestogen tablets are required. What value is LNG-IUS with Hormone Replacement Therapy?

If the womb is present, oestrogen replacement therapy must be accompanied by progestogens. LNG-IUS can be used as the progestogen (HRT Progestogen). Could the Mirena have a place in the management of endometriosis?

Retrograde menstruation (retrograde menstruation) is a significant cause of endometriosis. From a theoretical point of view, as the Mirena is associated with reduced menstrual flow, the retrograde menstruation should be reduced, perhaps reducing the endometriosis. Further research is required in this exciting area.0701

Intrauterine progestogen (Mirena-LNG-IUS) is effective in symptom control throughout the 3 years on the device, and discontinuation is greatest between 3 and 6 months. For those patients with improvement in symptoms, it is an acceptable long-term alternative.0503 TheMirena is effective in symptom control throughout the 3 years on the device, and discontinuation is greatest between 3 and 6 months. For those patients with improvement in symptoms, it is an acceptable long-term alternative. The levonorgestrel intrauterine system is an effective hormonal option for treating symptomatic endometriosis (minimal to moderate). It also alters the American Fertility Society staging of disease. With a continuation rate of 68% after 6 months, it has the potential for providing long-term therapy in a substantial number of sufferers, although this would require further study and verification.0401 The Mirena greatly reduces pain associated with endometriosis and adenomyosis and delays disease recurrence. Irregular bleeding and spotting is the main side effects. Administration of GnRHa in advance does not improve the bleeding symptoms.0

the egg. In some cases, a woman may choose to have a hysterectomy. This is when the entire uterus (and possibly the fallopian tubes, ovaries and/or cervix) is removed. Unlike a tubal ligation, a hysterectomy is not reversible.

Make a Safe Choice Order Epigee Birth Control Guide While a tubal ligation is generally regarded as a permanent type of birth control, tubal ligation reversal surgery is available. However, depending on how your tubal ligation affected your fallopian tubes, you may not be a candidate for reversal surgery. Even if you do have your tubal ligation reversed, you may still not be able to get pregnant. Success rates for pregnancy after a tubal ligation reversal range between 70% and 80%. Additionally, there is an increased risk of experiencing an ectopic pregnancy.

How it is Done Tubal ligations are usually done nowadays through laparoscopic surgery. This type of surgery involves making a small incision just under your navel and inserting small, thin instruments through a tiny tube to perform the procedure. The operation can be done under general or local anesthetic and is usually an outpatient procedure. In some cases, a hospital stay of one night may be required. Women can usually return to their normal activities after a week.

In 2002, a new, non-surgical method of blocking the fallopian tubes was put on the market. Essure has the same effectiveness rate as surgical sterilization and the procedure can be done in your doctor's office. This method of tubal ligation involves having a small coil placed into your fallopian tubes thereby creating a barrier. It takes between three and six months before this type of tubal ligation becomes effective. To have the barriers removed, though, will require surgery. Therefore, this method of tubal ligation should be considered just as permanent a solution as surgical sterilization.

Risks of Tubal Ligation As with any type of surgery, there are risks involved with having your tubes tied, including infection and uterine perforation. Additionally, women who have had their tubes tied and become pregnant are more likely to experience an ectopic pregnancy. Other possible risks associated with having your tubes tied include menstrual cycle disturbances and gynecological problems.

While a tubal ligation is an effective way of preventing pregnancy, it offers absolutely no protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Therefore, it will still be necessary to use condoms unless you are in a relationship with someone that has tested negative for STDs.

Costs The initial cost of a tubal ligation can be expensive, ranging between $1,000 and $3,000. However, because the effects are permanent and long lasting, it may be a more cost-effective solution for some women. Some private insurance companies may also cover some of the cost. Check with your insurance provider to see if you are covered.

For women that are sure that they do not want any more children, or any children at all, having a tubal ligation can be a successful means of birth control. Although tubal ligation reversal surgery is available, all women should consider having their tubes tied as a permanent solution. Therefore, it is best to take your time and talk with your doctor as well as your partner so that you can be sure that this is the right decision for you.

For more information about tubal ligation, chat with other women in our birth control forum.

Visit Contraception Information Resource to learn more about tubal ligation.

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