User talk:Rrsyre

In morphology and lexicography, a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) is the canonical form, dictionary form, or citation form of a set of words (headword)

Categories[edit] Categories (Greek Κατηγορίαι Katēgoriai; Latin Categoriae) Of things said without any combination, (subject – predicate connection) each signifies either substance or quantity or qualification or a relative or where or when or being-in-a-position or having or doing or being affected. To give a rough idea, examples of substance are man, horse; of quantity: four-foot, five-foot; of qualification: white, grammatical; of a relative: double, half, larger; of where: in the Lyceum, in the market-place; of when: yesterday, last-year; of being-in-a-position: is-lying, is sitting; of having: has-shoes-on, has-armour-on; of doing: cutting, burning; of being-affected: being-cut, being-burned. 1b25-2a10; J. L. Ackrill (tr.), 1984-1995 Aristotle notes five predicates: property, accident, difference, genus, definition. Three are physical attributes. Two are non-physical: grouping according to property, also called defining, and naming the group also called classification, categorization, labeling, or just speech. Categories and predicates refer to observing and thinking as a study of logic. The categories make sense as the limits on predication. There is no substance of substance, quantity of quantity, quality of quality, or relation of relation. Today we talk of paradox, antinomy, or just self-referential nonsense of temporal reference to the non-temporal. In place of reference to eternal truths we more productively speak of undecidable statements or the Turing halting problem viewing all information as computation. Combining physical and non-physical objects relates, at least remotely if not completely, to acts of perception and conception. As the last great proponent of the Categories, Emmanuel Kant, said: Percepts without concepts are blind, concepts without percepts are empty. We might add: things said without combination are not said things. Without metaphor as a tool of communication such speech fails to inform notwithstanding the perils of turning metaphor into metaphysics. Clearly, Aristotle’s categories include relative pronouns (who, what, where, when, how, and why) and grammatical combination conflating adjectives with whole categories like quality, called qualification in the actual act of communication of ideas or concepts which in speech between two persons momentarily (temporally) imparts or fails to impart information. When dialectic (two persons talking) becomes text human beings begin the journey of broadcasting their information and misinformation to each other. In today’s computer connected world the distribution of informing and misinforming text is one person to many people over individual, non-temporal channels (recorded podcasts). The significant disruption in society as peril and promise is called information warfare and, equivalently, misinformation warfare (trolling for likes and dislikes). Cyber warfare (hacking) includes the physical destruction of connected information networks through computer coding alone. The necessary logical connections (non-causal) in program coding cause physical harm because the information networks are also code. Modern propositional logic eliminates category talk except in the presentation of Aristotle’s syllogistic logic where two composite sentences (subject – predicate connections) called the major and minor premises unite in one subject – predicate combination called the true conclusion when non-contradictory and false conclusion when contradictory. Aristotle said true and false predication requires subject – predicate composite statement. Propositional logic corrects with the symbol of universal quantification, “for all” (∀), and the existential quantifier, ‘there exists”, (∃). True and false are then seen as stated variable values of terms and sentences. Quantity, quality, relation, substance and other lemmas (word sets) become “rules of thumb” for rapid indexing apart from the work horse of logical (necessary, definitional, analytic) connection. Ordinary language philosophers are content to note that all philosophical questions point to information and misinformation arising from proper and improper use of common language. Perhaps their contention is itself undecidable. Rrsyre (talk) 19:54, 26 May 2018 (UTC)