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June 2016
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Turbo Frequencies for Richland APUs
In regards to the APU list article; may I please ask what exactly the turbo frequencies mean by 1, 2 and 3? And also your sources? I would like to learn more about how the APUs utilize turbo too. If only AMD gave turbo bin numbers for each mode, like Intel does... 146.90.122.144 (talk) 21:13, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

CPU Power Management
The power management used by AMD processors is partially described in the "bios kernel developer's guide" for the appropriate processors. The document describes cpu register values and accepted values regarding power management, including frequency and voltage values, and adjustable power, current, and temperature limits. The default values are usually lower than the maximum values the device is designed for. The "base frequency is the default frequency used, if the "low power" and "turbo" frequencies are not used. The some processors have more than one frequency & voltage combination defined as "turbo". The number of combinations and their uses depends on the model. Not all models are different designs. One design may be divided into different models that differ in model number and default values, but share the same maximum values. Processors that allow these values to be set manually allow for operation to be set as required by the user. If a power or current limit is used, the processor frequency and/or voltage may be reduced to prevent the processor from exceeding the set values. If low power frequencies are used, the frequency may be reduced if it is determined that a higher frequency is not "required to maintain performance". How this is determined is usually controlled by the operating system, and can be adjusted, if the software allows it. The frequencies are changed very rapidly, however, monitoring software usually won't accurately or correctly represent this.

The processors have default values set, which result in a particular way of operation, and are usually chosen for compatibility with various motherboards.

In a well designed system, the frequencies would be set to the lowest value that doesn't reduce software performance, and doesn't exceed the electrical specifications of the hardware.

Processors could be made that adjust the frequency and voltage independently, and separately for different parts of the processor. This would requires a more complex design.

Processors and memory devices have a fixed minimum latency, determined by design. The latency is specified in seconds, usually with a prefix of nano (1x10^-9). The latency is independent of frequency when timings are adjustable. Timings are specified in clock cycles. If the frequency is increased, each clock cycle will be shorter, requiring the number of cycles to be greater in order to keep the latency at or above the minimum. Processors, unlike memory devices, don't have adjustable timings, they are determined by the hardware design. This limits the processor frequency to the value that results in the minimum latency. Higher latencies usually allow lower voltages, but higher voltages will not reduce the minimum latency. Also, the voltage required for the minimum latency is not always the maximum operating voltage. For example, a memory device may require 1.35 V to operate at the minimum latency, but may have a maximum operating voltage of 1.50 V. Memory frequency is usually limited by the memory controller. The memory timings are adjustable, but if the memory controller's timings are fixed and don't allow correct operation at higher memory frequencies, this will limit the frequency.

The performance of the voltage regulators and power supplies can also limit the operating frequency and latencies of devices.

Errors, system crashes and abnormal behaviour are usually a result of latencies lower than possible with the current voltage or electrical specifications. System hangs can be a sign of insufficient electrical supply, usually caused by the voltage regulator. If the device draws more current than the voltage regulator can provide correctly without causing a shutdown, the system can hang. System shut downs can be caused by current draw that exceeds the maximum level the power supply or voltage regulator can supply, or by temperatures exceeding the shutdown level. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.97.131.0 (talk) 02:56, 6 January 2017 (UTC)