User talk:Sadieahmed

Genetic-variants that cause Type 2 Diabetes in indian population

India has the largest number of diabetic patients in worldwide, nearly 49.9 million people are suffering with

diabetes, and it is expected to be 60.9 million by 2025. Recent research has confirmed that ten new genes,'''

TCF7L2, SLC30A8, HHEX, PPARG, KCNJ11, FTO, IGF2BP2, CDKAL1, CDKN2A, CDKN2B''',

and Chromosome 11, are highly associated with Type 2 Diabetes. Furthermore, variation in these

genes expression impaired pancreatic beta cells production and secretion of insulin. Insulin is a

hormone that regulate the sugar level in body system and impair in its function results in hyperglycemia.

In addition, discoveries of these new genes that associated with T2D is a new step toward the cure of

this disease.

Indian population has the largest number of diabetic patients. Nearly 40.9 million people are suffering

from Type 2 diabetes. In addition, it has been expecting that this number will be further

increase to 60.9 million by the year 2025 (Sicree, 2006). India has a total population of 17.7

billion populations,world’s sixth largest population. Moreover, it is estimating that more than

three million people died from Type 2 Diabetes every year; Death ratio of T2D is more than HIV/Aids.

What is Diabetes? Diabetes is a chronic disease in which body is not able to produce

enough insulin, a hormone secrete by pancreas, to regulate the blood sugar result in

hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a leading cause of arthrosclerosis, renal disease, and blindness.

Socioeconomic and Diabetes In India, as developing country, almost 25 % of family income has spent on diabetes medical

bills and medicine. Furthermore, studies has shown that urban population has more diabetic patients

than rural population; according to survey results 11.1 % urban and 3 % rural population[13].

Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS) surveyed the two residential areas in Chennai;

CUPS studies revealed that middle- income group members have more diabetic ratio as

compared to low-income group; 12.4 % and 6.4 % respectively in age group above 20 years old[9]

However, studies also revealed that the complication due to T2D in low-income group society

more than middle-income society because of limited medical facilities. Any gender or

age group does not specify type 2 Diabetes occurrence, both men and women have shown

almost same susceptibility to this disease. Recent studies showed that 11.2 percentage man

and 10.2 percentage women have type 2 Diabetes.

Type 2 Diabetes, an inheritable disease:

Heredity plays a significant role in developing type 2 diabetes. The risk of T2D become

three to five times greater if somebody with a family medical history of the type 2 diabetes

than people without a family history of the disease do. A family medical history represents

valuable genomic information and reveals the combined interactions

between environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors.

Modern Research:

For decades, geneticists conduct research in many different areas, including biomedical

genetics, developmental genetics, biochemical and molecular genetics, and population genetics

in diagnosing the genetic building of T2D9 Cauchi, 2008). Recently, Geneticist identified

four new genes that associated with the prevalence in type 2 diabetes, as well as confirmed

revious six other genetic variants contribute in increasing the risk of T2D[15]

Ten Variants genes that associated with Type 2 Diabetes:

Recently, National Institute of Health research have confirmed that ten genes variations

are involve in developing type 2 diabetes. These variants genes are TCF7L2, SLC30A8,

HHEX, PPARG, KCNJ11 and FTO (Sanghera, 2008), IGF2BP2, CDKAL1, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and

Chromosome 11. The studies indicated that TCF7L2 gene codes for insulin-like

growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2; this protein is play an important role in

regulating insulin secretion[16]; whereas CDKAL1 gene code for a protein called CDK5

that influence in stimulating insulin and producing insulin-producing cells, beta cells.

On the other hand, abnormal activity of CDK5 lead to the degeneration of beta cells.

activity of CDK5 in the pancreas may lead to the degeneration of beta cells. CDKAL2A

and CDKN2B, genes inhibit the influence the growth of beta cells [11]. According

to Non- Insulin DDK Director Griffin P. Rodgers, M.D., said, "These genetic findings

are exciting news for diabetes research.” According to National Institutes of Health

[11], "This achievement represents a major milestone in our battle against diabetes.

It will accelerate efforts to understand the genetic risk factors for this disease,

as well as explore how these genetic factors interact with each other and with

lifestyle factors. Such research are opening the door to the era of personalized

medicine. Our current one-size-fits-all approach will soon give way to more

individualized strategies based on each person’s unique genetic make-up."

Discussion

India has the largest number of type 2 diabetic patients because of cultural

and environmental changes, consumption of unhealthy food, and decrease in physical

activity. The high risk of T2D incidence is common among both adults and children.

In addition, family history of diabetes has recognized as an important risk

factor of the disease[15]. National Institutes of Health has proved

the evidence in genetic –variants in ten genes which play an important role in secretion

and function of insulin. Indian researchers indicated that gene TCF7L2 variants are

strongly associated with T2D in Indian population[4]. Modern research finding

of genetic-variants will hopefully opens new door in prevention and treatment of this disease.

As said by, NIDDK Director Griffin P. Rodgers, M.D.“These genetic findings are exciting

news for diabetes research. While more work remains to be done, the newly identified

genetic variants may point us in the direction of valuable new drug targets for

the prevention or treatment of type 2 diabetes.”

Reference

1. Adam, Mynott. “India battles diabetes ‘epidemic’.” BBC News, Chennai, India. BBC News.

“India predicts diabetes explosion.” Tuesday, 6 February, 2001, 17:11 GMT 2.Cauchi S, Froguel, P. “TCF7L2 genetic defect and type 2 diabetes.” 2008 Apr;8(2) 149-55.

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/

3.Charles, Rotimi. A Genome wide search for T2D susceptibility .” online PDF file

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/

4.Chandak, G.R., Janipalli, C.S., Bhaskar, S., Kulkami, S.R., Mohankrishma, P.,

5.Hattersley, A.T., Frayling, T.M., Yajnik, C.S. “Common Variants in the TCF7L2 gene are

strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the population.” Jan; 50(1):63-7

6.Dr. Boehnke said. "Once susceptibility genes are identified, researchers then can use

this information to develop better approaches to detecting, treating and preventing disease.”

7.David, Mendosa. “ Diabetes in India.” 2001

8. Elias A. Zerhouni, M.D (Director). “Researchers Identify New Genetic Risk Factors

for Type 2 Diabetes. Landmark Study Shows At Least 10 Genetic Variants Are Associated

With Adult Onset Diabetes.” National Institutes of Heath Genome 2007

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13.Robert Sladek, Ghislain Rocheleau, Johan Rung, Christian Dina, Lishuang.

“A genome-wide association study identifies novel risk loci for type 2 Diabetes.”

Nature 445, 881-885 (22 February 2007) doi:10.1038/nature05616; Received 11

November 2006; Accepted January 2007; Published online 11 February 2007.

14. Saikat, Noegi. “India World’s diabetes Capital.” September 3, 2007

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Mehra, N.K., Mulvihill,J.J., Ferrell, R.E., Nath, S.K., Kamboh, M.I. “ Impact of nine

common type 2 diabetes risk polymorphisms in Asian variants confer a significant risk.”

Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City,

OK, USA July 2008  Dharambir-Sanghera@ouhsc.edu

16. Sicree R, Shaw J, Zimmet P. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. In:

Gan D, Editor Diabetes Atlas. International Diabetes Federation. 3rd ed.Belgium:

International Diabetes Federation; 2006 p. 15-103.