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Batteries BATTERY OPERATIONS Shelf Life The shelf  life  of  a  battery  is  the  time  which  a  battery  may  be  stored  and  not  lose  more  than 10 percent of its original capacity. Charge and Discharge The charge  of a battery may refer to as one of two things:   (1) the relative state of capacity of the battery, or (2) the actual act of applying current flow in the reverse direction to return the battery to a fully-charged state. Discharge, simply stated, is the act of drawing current from a battery. Summary Battery operations are summarized below. Battery Operations Summary The output voltage of a battery connected in series is equal to the sum of the cell voltages. A battery  that  is  connected  in  parallel  has  the  advantage  of  a  greater  current- carrying capability. Secondary cells can be recharged; primary cells cannot be recharged. The unit for battery capacity is the ampere-hour. Internal resistance in a battery will decrease the battery voltage when a load is placed on the battery. Shelf life is a term that is used to measure the time that a battery may sit idle and not lose more than 10 percent of its charge. The charge of a battery may refer to one of two things:  (1) the relative state of capacity  of  the  battery,  or  (2) the  actual  act  of  applying  current  flow  in  the reverse direction to restore the battery to a fully-charged condition. Discharge refers to the act of drawing current from a battery.

When you needed a portable convenient power source, you can rely on batteries. Batteries of all shapes and size supply power to everyday electronics like toys and power tools, but batteries also work where we don't see them too. During a power top critical needs like hospitals and military operations. The versatility of batteries is reflected in the have two common elements that combine to make power: an electrolyte and a heavy metal

Lead- Acid Automobile Batteries: Ninety- six percent of all lead- acid batteries are recycled. Almost any retailer that sells lead- acid batteries collects used batteries for recycling, as required by most state law. Reclaimer crush batteries into nickel- sized pieces and separate the plastic components. They send the plastic to a re processor for manufacture into new plastic products and deliver purified lead to battery manufacturers and other industries. A typical lead-acid battery contains 60 to 80 percent recycled lead and plastic

Non- Automotive Lead- Based Batteries: Gel cell and sealed lead-acid batteries are commonly used to power industrial equipment, emergency lighting, and alarm systems. The same recycling process applies as with automotive batteries. An automotive store or a local waste agency may accept the batteries for recycling everyday people go to the store, pay good money for something and take it home and throw it away. Have you ever done that? Sure you have. Have you ever bought a candy bar? What did you do with the wrapper? Everyday we throw away millions of tons of garbage and where dose it go? Probably to a landfill. And what happens to it? Some of it stays in the landfill for a long time let's take a look at somethings that might being your garbage and see how long they last.

The maximality of lithium that could be available be available for recycling was estimated by assuming that all material could be recovered after a 10-year (United Stats) or 15-year rest of world service life. The availability of receded material would reduce annual U.S. demand in 2050 from over 50,000 tonnes to about 12,000 tonnes, after a peaking the 2030's of 25,000 tonnes, which is approximately equal to current world production (top graph)

According to a 2005 estimate the world wide battery industry generates US $48 billion in sales each year with 6% annual growth.

Battery come in many shapes and sizes from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and wrist watches to battery bank the size of rooms that provide stand by power for telephone exchanges and computer data cent

Batteries

We seem to take batteries for granted these days, barely giving them a second thought. Most gadgets need batteries in one form or another, and most batteries are not great for the environment. Rechargeable batteries reduce the number of one-use batteries that we use, but rechargeable batteries still use harmful materials.

Well here are some interesting facts about batteries to encourage you to think a little more carefully about what batteries you buy. 1. The First Batteries

The first battery was created by Alessandro Volta in 1798. The first rechargeable battery has been around since 1859, when French physicist Gaston Plante invented the lead acid cell. The lead acid cell is still used in cars today.

However, evidence of batteries dates back to over 2000 years ago. In 1938, Wilhelm Konig discovered in Iraq a 5 inch pottery jar containing a copper cylinder encased in an iron rod. This is believed to be an ancient form of battery. 2. Rechargeable Batteries

Batteries work due to a chemical reaction inside the battery that causes electrons to flow from the negative to positive terminal of the battery. When all of the chemicals inside the battery have reacted, the battery is spent. When you recharge a battery, you’re essentially reversing the chemical reaction using electrical energy. 3. Battery Energy Usage

The energy used to manufacture rechargeable and single-use batteries is 50 times greater than the electrical energy they produce when been discharged. 4. The Memory Effect

This is an effect that nickel-cadmium (NiCad) rechargeable batteries suffer from. If a NiCad battery is recharged before being discharged fully, it ‘forgets’ that it is able to discharge any more energy.

For example, pretend a battery is capable of storing 100 units of energy. You use 40 units, then charge the battery up again to 100 units. In your mind, the battery contains 100 units again, but the memory effect means the battery essentially can only release up to 40 units of energy. 5. No Battery Lasts Forever

All batteries, including rechargeables, eventually die. This is because the chemicals inside the battery degrade over time and with usage. 6. UK Battery Regulations

From 1st January 2010, all manufacturers and importers of batteries in to the UK will be responsible for the cost of collection and recovery of waste batteries. Thankfully, there are battery recycling services who will handle the battery recycling for you. It won’t be long before other countries start to follow this regulation too.

Button Cells 7. Mercury in Batteries

The single largest source of mercury metal is found in household batteries, particularly in alkaline and button cells.

Legislation from the EU Parliament, namely WEEE Directive 2003, states that manufacturers of alkaline batteries have made a commitment to remove all mercury from batteries. However, mercury is an integral part of button batteries and cannot be eliminated completely. 8. Nickel Cadmium in Batteries

One NiCad mobile phone or power tool battery is enough to pollute 600,000 litres of water! That’s equivalent to a third of an Olympic sized swimming pool. 9. Losing Charge

Rechargeable batteries will lose a percentage of their charge each day when left off the charger. Therefore try and charge rechargeable batteries hours before you intend to use them.

You should also avoid leaving rechargeable batteries discharged for long periods of time, otherwise the batteries will degrade much more quickly when left discharged for 6 months or more. 10. Terms such as “Heavy Duty” are misleading

Since there are no real industry standards for batteries, many terms used by battery manufacturers have become misleading marketing hype. Although the terms didn’t start out as being misleading, “Heavy Duty” batteries are often the least powerful batteries you can buy!