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Emil Durkheim (April 15, 1858 - November 15, 1917)
Durkheim’s was born in the town of Epinal in eastern France on the Moselle river, not far from the broader.His parents were Jewish;his father was descended from a long line of rabbis and was himself a rabbi. He decided quite early that he would follow the family tradition and become a rabbi himself. He studied Hebrew, the Old Treatment, and the Talmud, while at the same time following the regular course of instruction in secular schools. Durkheim was a brilliant student at the College d’Epinal and was awarded a variety of honours and prizes. His ambitions thus aroused,he transferred to one of the great French high schools, the Lycee Louis-le-Grand in Paris. He founded the first European university department of sociology along with Max Weber in 1895, and one of the first journals devoted to social science, L'Année Sociologique in 1898 ACADEMIC CAREER •	Durkheim embarked upon a career as a teacher in philosophy. From 1882 to 1887 he taught in a number of provincial Lycees in the neighborhood of Paris. He stay’s search in moral philosophy and social sciences. He was appointed to the staff of the university of Bordeaux in 1887. •	Durkheim’s main work are The division Of Labour in Society(1893), The Rules of Sociological Method (1895),suicide (1897),The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life(1912).He founded the journal L’Annee Sociologique in 1898, and, thereafter, most of his work appeared in it.L’ Annee was established by Durkhiem in order to promote research in sociology by drawing together the diverse studies of social phenomena being done by various scholars. Durkheim conception of sociology was that it was not merely a branch of social science but the foundation of all social sciences until the disciplines of history, politics, law, anthropology, and economics were placed upon sound sociological foundations, they could not be scientific. Durkheim's interest in social phenomena was spurred on by politics. France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War led to the fall of the regime of Napoleon III, which was then replaced by the Third Republic. This in turn resulted in a backlash against the new secular and republican rule, as many people considered a vigorously nationalistic approach necessary to rejuvenate France's fading power. •	Durkheim, a Jew and a staunch supporter of the Third Republic with a sympathy towards socialism, was thus in the political minority, a situation which galvanized him politically. By 1902 Durkheim had finally achieved his goal of attaining a prominent position in Paris when he became the chair of education at the Sorbonne. Because French universities are technically institutions for training secondary school teachers, this position gave Durkheim considerable influence — his lectures were the only ones that were mandatory. THEORIES AND IDEAS •	Durkheim was concerned primarily with how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in the modern era, when things such as shared religious and ethnic background could no longer be assumed. In order to study social life in modern societies, he sought to create one of the first scientific approaches to social phenomena. Along with Herbert Spencer, he was one of the first people to explain the existence and quality of different parts of a society by reference to what function they served in maintaining the quotidian (i.e. by how they make society "work"), and is thus sometimes seen as a precursor to functionalism. Durkheim also insisted that society was more than the sum of its parts.

ACHIEVEMENTS Durkheim was familiar with several foreign languages and reviewed academic papers in German, English, and Italian at length for L'Année Sociologique. It has been noted, however, at times with disapproval and amazement by non-French social scientists, that Durkheim traveled little and that, like many French scholars and the notable British anthropologist Sir James Frazer, he never undertook any fieldwork. The vast information Durkheim studied on the aboriginal tribes of Australia and New Guinea and on the Inuit was all collected by other anthropologists, travelers, or missionaries. He thus constructed concepts such as the sacred and totemism exactly in the same way that Karl Marx developed the concept of class. METHOD AND OBJECTIVITY In his Rules of the Sociological Method (1895), Durkheim expressed his will to establish a method which would guarantee sociology's truly scientific character. One of the questions raised by the author concerns the objectivity of the sociologist: how may one study an object which, from the very beginning, conditions and relates to the observer? According to Durkheim, observation must be as impartial and impersonal as possible, even though a "perfectly objective observation" in this sense may never be attained. Sociology should therefore privilege comparison rather than the study of singular independent facts. Consequently, a social fact must always be studied according to its relation with other social facts, never according to the individual who studies it. 	Durkheim argued that education has many functions:

1. To reinforce social solidarity - History: Learning about individuals who have done         good things for the many makes an individual feel insignificant. - Pledging allegiance: Makes individuals feel part of a group and therefore less likely to break rules. 2. To maintain social role - School is a society in miniature. It has a similar hierarchy, rules, expectations to the "outside world." It trains young people to fulfill roles. 3. To maintain division of labour. - School sorts students into skill groups, encouraging students to take up employment in fields best suited to their abilities. 	The Division of Labour in Society (1893) Rules of the Sociological Method (1895) On the Normality of Crime (1895) Suicide (1897) The Prohibition of Incest and its Origins (1897), L'Année Sociologique Sociology and its Scientific Domain (1900), translation of an Italian text entitled "La sociologia e il suo domino scientifico" The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (1912) Who Wanted War? (1914), in collaboration with Ernest Denis Germany Above All (1915) Social facts 	Durkhiem (1895/1982)proposed that the distinctive subject matter of sociology should be the study of social facts, social facts are the social structures and cultural norms and values that the external to, coercive of, actors students, social facts are to be treated as “things". This means that social facts must be acquiring data from outside of our own minds through observation and experimentation. 	Two types of social facts- (i) Material and (ii)Nonmaterial social facts 	Materialsocialfacts,such as styles of architecture, forms of technology,and legal codes,are the easier to understand of two because they are directly obsevable. Nonmaterial social facts Are to a certain extent, found in the minds of individuals. However it was belief that when people begin to interact in complex way, their interactions will “obey laws all their own”(Durkhiem1912). Different types of socialfacts-morality,collective conscience, collective representations, and social currents. The Division of Labor in Society-1893 has been called sociology’s first classic, and the development of the modern relation between individuals and society. is a study of  the forces that hold a society together. he distinguishes here between two types of societies,characterized respectively by  ‘mechanical solidarity 'and ‘organic solidarity'. the former are relatively to primitive communities in which there is not much economic specialization or status differentiation.The of such a cammunity ‘resemble' one another and the social bond between term is due to this resemblance. Suicide-1897 is a generally considered to be one of the most private and personal acts that individuals may have reasons for committing suicide, but these reason are not the real cause: is a generally considered to be one of the most private and personal acts that individuals may have reasons for committing suicide, but these reason are not the real cause: “they may be said to indicate the individual’s weak points, where the outside current bearing the impulse to self-destruction most easily finds introduction. But they are no part this current itself, and consequently can not help us to understand it” (1897/1951).

May 2012
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is invited to contribute, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Literacy, did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. See this edit, which I have reverted back into agreement with information in the cited supporting source. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 06:08, 8 May 2012 (UTC)