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Thank you.  Blanchardb - Me•MyEars•MyMouth - timed 12:52, 18 October 2008 (UTC)


 * A Short Explanation about Emily Bronte’s novel “Wuthering Heights” has been deleted again. Wikipedia is not the place to post original essays -- you might take a look at Wikibooks instead.  Please read WP:NOR and WP:NOT. NawlinWiki (talk) 13:12, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

An Overview on Wuthering Heights “Emily Bronte’s novel” Corresponding authors: Dr. Ehsan Shafighi, Roya Rasizadeh, and Malahat Shabani Minaabad Mohaghegh Ardabili university, Iran E-Mail : SHABANIML85@ yahoo.com Tel: +989143533955

Abstract: The novel of Wuthering Heights which is written by Emily Bronte is about England in 1847. In this essay, in addition of brief consideration of Emily Bronte's biography, we will give a short explanation about protagonists and characters. This study focuses on the human being’s historical relationships, social conflict aspects especially the generosity of characters, love and their appearance and finally the agnostic and religious background of the work. The most important ties that opens in this analysis, is the manifestation and attendance of Emily Bronte in the characters of two persons i.e. Heath cliff and Catherine. The main relationship in this novel is, the relationship between love and Evil. This relationship shows us what may happen if evil and love tied to each other. In this novel, Death is not only a literal happening or a plot device, but also is a psychological concern. So the early time death of human beings (almost all of them died before forty years old) intends to carry this thought, that the world after death, is the world of eternity which is completely evacuated of the entertainment of this modern life. But the other side of these forty years, the material life, which is showed shortly and briefly, is full of tension, wornness and disturbance. Key words: Novel, Wuthering Heights , Emily Bronte , criticism , England. Introduction: These three sisters, charlotte, Emily and Ann Bronte, are of greatest poets and historical authors of England who died before reaching to forty. Charlotte died in thirty – seven, Emily in thirty and Ann Bronte in twenty – nine. In the life of these three sisters love played a great rule. But it was failure for all of them. Emily loved his young teacher. But this teacher loved the elder sister, charlotte. Emily kept, this grief of love as a secret in her own, and only reflected it in her own book; and after her death, they understood her inner secret. In the history of literature and art of human being, it is seen less that three members of a family have had a failure and disappointed fate and died soon. But the result of these failures and disappointment is the three eternal literary works of England. “Jane Eyre” charlotte Bronte’s work, "Wuthering Heights” Emily Bronte’s work,  and “Vagness Ghary” Ann Bronte’s work are counted as the three literary  treasures in the history of England. Emily Bronte was a secluded person with self-possessed characteristic. Charlotte wrote to one of her friends: “ self-possessed makes me trouble. Asking her was nonsense . Because it didn’t have any answers. Less than it was speaking  about medicine and remedy which never accepted them. (Bahram Beygi, 1990. p. 18).  When had been sent for doctors, Emily didn’t want to see them. She hadn’t had any protest, she didn’t want any one for sympathy and help; didn’t permit anyone to do something for her and when anyone wanted to help her, she became angry.  Somerset Moam wrote about her novel and short story in his book: “she was a strange, secret and ambiguous person. She was fierce, unhappiness and secluded person…. Emily spoke scarcely with everyone. After the death of her aunt she returned to Harores and didn’t leave there”. (Dehghan, 1977. p. 29). The author of the history of the literature of the world writes: “for her brilliant novel -Wuthering Heights(1847)- and pieces of beautiful poems usually people knew Emily Bronte as the pleasant ugliness person among her sisters. Wuthering Heights which until today is counted extraordinarily masterpieces among the classical works of the world, is the greatest passionate story that swallows a generation. It is the story of ugly and abnormal person with lust and wonderful love (Rezaei, 1997. p. 73). A person wrote to lady Ghasekel _the author of Charlotte Bronte’s biography_ that Emily never showed any interest to any person and all of her love was saved for animals (Rezaei, 1997. p. 213). Somerse Maom writes about Wuthering House: that Wuthering House is one of the extraordinarily book. It is a bad book. It is a very good book. It is beautiful and pretty. It is ugly. It is wonderful, troublesome and excitement.( (Rezaei, 1997, p. 213) For some, it was unbelievable that the girl of a priest who had a monotonous secluded life and few knew her and no one knew any thing about her world, could write a book. This idea in my opinion is nonsense. Wuthering Heights was extremely romantic and by noticing morality, mental and spiritual characteristics of Emily Bronte and by noticing the doomed passionate of her, this book is the book that every one wants to be as its characters.( Rezaei, 1997, p. 214.).  As Henry Jimes says, "Feeling or sensing more than the way of occurring events doesn’t involve romance". For it is possible for Romance to work with magic affairs or at last have characters who don’t band to the social conditions. In novel, characters are involved in these kinds of necessities. (Parvini, 1986, p. 125) .Sticking the pieces of novel also apparently was suffering of a kind of apparent separation, but in the inner layers of  it  is puzzles and their connection. The new criticism wants to have a new glance without any social, historical and personal regards to the literary categories, and the lords of ‘Author Death’ invites us to volley on the temple of the author. Regardless of their opinions, we try to have impose on the personal categories and the kinds of literary. We search the triangles and corners that the self-answer writer is completely unfamiliar. But in this research we try to take a distance between this new thought and new criticism and more pay attention to the classic and logical analysis of the novel. On the other hand, Wuthering Heights has been analyzed for more than one hundred and fifty years. But in this writing it is tried without paying attention to the previous analyses just pay attention to the nature of this novel. Discussion and Results: Survey of Characters: Wuthering House is about England in 1847 and the people who are mentioned in this novel had lived in Yorkshire. The building of Wuthering House is the place which in the imposing of intensive winds is set in the winter. The narrator of the story, means ‘Lockwood’, is the new household of Girding ‘Kiras Tirash’. He is a man who is tired of the city’s roaring and wants to have a refresh soul. Unusual behaviors that he faced at first are the starting point of the excitement which announces the beginning point of the story. Mr. Lockwood who watches from the other side of the events, his second personality is manifested in the from of a good and patient servant, Mrs. Alen Diyin. She is a lonely person who has a normal behavior. In addition of these two main characters, Mr. Lockwood and Mrs. Allen are in all scenes and the people of the novel are the same. Mr. Allen who has interference in some of fates only in one or two cases perhaps for creating the variety and discarding monotonous taken out of the scene and other people attend. Joseph: A long – winded servant at Wuthering Heights, he was an elderly, nay, and old man with a strong base. He is the manifestation of a belief and religious opinion who spent most of his free time by reading Bible. None of the characters had any religious intention like him. Of course, he wasn’t as the noticeable character. His attendance in the process of adventure isn’t considered as the effective and readable matter or subject. Hindley Earnshaw: He was the lord of the Building of Wuthering Heights and the fields of around. He was a kind and nice man. A long his trip to Liverpool, he brought a black child whose parents were unknown with himself to the Building. And he said to his wife that he thought he was sent by God. But this creature was black and dirty, as if he had come of Satan. (Bahram Bigi ,1990. p. 41). At that moment, Mrs. Earnshaw wanted to take out the poor child and she was angry of his husband’s gift and blamed him. HeathCliff: HeathCliff was a child who had been born in the dirty, ragged and disordered environment and had been brought by Hindley to the Building of Wuthering Heights. He was a child with black-hair which hadn’t had any symmetry with new environment. He grew up with other members of the family. He was a child who didn’t feel any harmony with environment and was hated by others. He was unhappy for his abnormal behavior with others. Mrs. Servant was aware of his spiritual crisis. She sympathized with him in this way "my little son remember, if you have a kind and clean heart, it is better than you have blue eyes, and sooner you can gain people’s kindness". Heathcliff as the source of Angry and Hateness: In that building two characters supported Heathcliff; Hindly Earnshaw Landlord and his playmate girl, Katbrine. Kathrine had halfed whole of hateness which had reached to Heathcliff and patiently imposing the harshnesses and beatings. This childhood kindness gradually turned to deep love. After the death of Earnshaw, his son showed his hatness to Heathcliff. Because of special low position, Heathcliff get married with Catherine and their long love was based on this failure. This love and failure gave Catherine and Heathcliff the symbolic and metaphysical characteristic. And as we know, love itself is wishing of some unavailable thing and really as Araghoen said "there isn’t any successful love". Love isn’t always victorious: As the marriage of Catherine with Edgar couldn’t dry the source of love in the Heathcliff and Catharine's, love with its great and magnificent nature couldn’t prevent the marriage of Catherine and Edghar Linton, the landlord of Teras Kiras Ghiring. Edgar Linton was well-bred handsome and ideal gentleman. But with these full assortment of gentlemanly characteristics, proved useless in Edgar’s clashes with his foil, Heathcliff and cathrinc. After her decision ,Cathrine said to Mrs. Alen on her marriage with Edgar: "As being in paradise, getting married with Edgar doesn’t satisfy me too. If I get marry to Heathcliff, I will lose my position. Thus he never understands how much I love him. My love to him isn’t because of his face and appearance, we in fact, are like a spirit in two bodies. Our spirits are completely similar to each other. But the soul of Edgar hasn’t had any similarity with me. Like the difference between light and thunderbolt with dew and fire, from spiritual manner, there is a difference between us too. (Bahram Beygi, 1990. p. 105). Heathcliff is the Investment of Hateness and Love: Heathcliff had been absent for three years. In his absent periods, he beloved, its result was the hateness that had reached to its highest point in that period. It was the stored investment which its source hadn’t been  clear and with the help of these hateness and love one can reach to the Building of Wuthering Heights with its whole proportions. In the absence of Heathcliff, Cathrine and Edgar had apparently lived well. Edgar liked his own young and beautiful wife. And he boasted upon having such a beautiful wife. But he felt the shadow of his own rival upon his own life. Catherine was somehow delivered from the reformative action. The marriage of Catherine with Edgar was optional and fateful. After three years, Heathcliff reached to likely destructive fate and fires the existence of Catherine and in spite of being the provider like Edgar Linton, he could enter into his own beloved heart and he visited her. Visiting Heathcliff and Catherine was equal to the awareness of Catherine and was like the storm which destroyed Cathrine’ dream. Isabella: Edgar Linton’s sister, who was deceived by his handsome appearance, was involved in his deathful webs and died. Heathcliff get married not for her ownself but for his own predetermined purposes. Heathcliff is a fate that couldn’t escape of that. Isabella who was Linton’s sister, was the sacrifice of this adventure. She never set in favor of kindness of Heathcliff during her common life with him and died in the corner of London with humiliation. And she left only a boy called Linton, the son of Heathcliff, who later must have been the heir of Heathcliff’s proportions and his agent to do his Satan plans. Catherine became ill, and hopeless, love, insanity and hundred secrets had filled her existence. In the last visiting that Mrs. Alen had arranged, she victimed her own body and died. Heathcliff is the composing of destructivity: Heathcliff ,the deathful lover, went so intensively that he opened the grave of his beloved and embarrassed her. When, at first, Catherine left the scene, apparently, it seems all the adventures had reached to the end. But the writer reconstructed her existence and spilled it in the frame of second generation. The kind of frame had been reconstructed was Catherine, her small child. There was a second Catherine like the first one in the shadow of Heathcliff. The son of Isabella, Linton, that should be the agent of love and was equal to him , couldn’t reach to this position. Heathcliff in his three absent years had saved investment, and took the building “Wuthering House”. The last event that must have taken place was the marriage of Linton, his son, with second Catherine, Edgar’s daughter. One of the strange and funny stage of the story was the love of Catherine, Edger’s daughter, to Linton’s cousin,  Heathcliff’s son who hadn’t had any similarity to his father but meanwhile had healthy problem. They created a lie love among themselves. Catherine loved him and at nights far from her father’s eyes visited him, whom neither spiritually nor physically hadn’t had any attraction. And in my opinion the limited space of the story had created funny stages. And more funny part is imprisoning Catherine in a room in Wuthering House by Heathcliff and enforced her to  marry with Linton who was sick and was full of hatefulness. Any way, this enforced marriage was the last stage of omen fate with the name of Heathcliff that governed  through the story. Heathcliff the two-aspects of human being which is full of contrasts: Both of these two characteristics are reflectors of Emily Bronte’s own characterizations which appeared in the form of Heathcliff. Samers Moam says, "In my opinion Emily Bronte herself was Catherine Earnshaw who is   full of severe sensuous feeling and I believe she herself was Heathcliff, " Samers Moam says, "it isn’t strange that she puts herself in two bodies. We never are unique. In our existence, there are many characters who are often unhappy of being with each other. And it is the characteristic of author who has this ability  to give existence to the characters who is part of him ". The End of Adventure: By Edgar and Linton’s death and Heathcliff’s last work, the sorrowful clouds had been banished and lightened the foggy and dark space. By coming Hearton Earnshaw, who inspite of his capability worked as a servant and changed every thing with his marriage to the second Catherine had changed everything. And finally he destructed everything which Heathcliff has made and once more overlapped the quite and common space, and life continued. Graham Hoof writes: "every truth isn’t upon a fact, it is possible to allow  a novelist to invent a province. But the political groups should be mainly the same groups that have existed at that time". The relationship must neither be in its level nor its deep concept be upon the correct and factual base. (Dehghan, 1977, p. 122). Anyway, the subject is expanding and generally every novel against history has an uncertain boundary, and one part of it is historical is a report of social reality. The Historical Aspects of Novel: Every narrative consists of series cause and effect chains of events in time and place. Every narrative which is started with a fix situation, consists of series changes. It is created with specific cause and effect. Graham Hoof says, "every criticism which is written about the novel, ignorance of its dependence on the facts of history, consists of lie realities which can be general but appears empty". (Parvini, 1986. p.123). Arnold Kotel’s believes about this novel is wonderful:  "This novel is about England in 1847, the people who mentioned in this novel, don’t live in any places but are in Yorkshayer. Heathcliff wasn’t born in the regions of Biro but in the dirty and crowded place in Liverpool. It is about the life and social facilities of marriages, the importance of education, the assessment of religion,  the relationship among richness, poverty and etc.( Parvini, 1986. p.123) The only element which has a middle spiritual manner is Mrs. Alen Din, the servant of Wuthering House. No one feels the quite feeling in speaking with others. Individuals are strangers with each other and no one feeling any closure with others that be very enjoyable for him. Human Being’s Relationships and Social Struggles by Emphasizing on Psychological Analysis: If we limit literary criticism to the psychological aspects ,we may be far from the realities. Looking at a poetry or a work from psychological point of view may make us to ignore the aesthetical aspects of it. Most of the great literary works inspite of Frod’s followers’ believes cann’t be put in this form. Dr. Mohammad Mandoveir in his famous book speaks about the applying of psychology in the literary type of criticism," we accept applying of psychology in the study of literary, but we always prevent entering the scientific psychological terms in its own literary investigations. And we don’t place the general rule of this science in the literary results". (Mandoveoir, 1967. p.79). He adds,"it is clear that we can recognize the psychological characteristics of individuals without using of these terms, and recognizing human being’s soul and ordering the psychological theories of scientists are the main problems" .( Mandoveoir, 1967. p.79) The Ethical Aspects of Novel: The ethical criticism has an old antecedent. Often Plato(347-427) is known as the adherents of this opinion. Because he liked the poets who had a moral role in his own world, he viewed the literary works from moral point, think about its context than its method of expression. In 20 century, the commoner of this kind of criticism are the writers who are known as anthropology human beings. The ethical criticism of one work is necessary like the social or historical criticism. If we don’t allow the critics to have remarkable opinion about the moral aspect of literary work, it is possible the unknown and unaware persons don’t have any place in expression. Catherine and even Heathcliff are in the serve of morals. In some cases Mrs. Alen Din and Joseph and Mr. Edgar are defenders of morals and are the agent of human being’s valuable relationships. Of course Samers Moam sets this work in the range of one of ten works of famous novels. The generosity of Characters: The most important point that cannot be ignored is the generosity of characters. By noticing the death of the author in 30, the death of her sister is interestingly reflected in the same age in this novel as if the writer cannot think about the older age. His trying in tracing the time of persons is interesting. The average age of persons is thirty. All of the characters were ill and died soon. Catherine, Edgar Linton, Linton, the son of Heathcliff and Isabella, and Isabella herself, the sister of Edgar, died soon. The generosity is one of the fundamental characteristics of this work. The hopelessness governs all over the story and lack of deep dependence to life is seen everywhere and perhaps the trying for breaking the skin of the life and reaching to quietness is an explanation of this generosity. But there are several samples that confirm its other side. Once, Catherine has seen in his dream, the other side of the paradise. Her crying and begging in awaking and returning to her own world is the narrative of her desire to this life and living on the earth. Anyway, there are contrasts in the selecting of the type of life and its place.

Love and its Manifestation: In the form of literary works the theme of the love is moral and it is the perfection of virtues for the lover. But it is amazing that by noticing depth and dignity, this love brings in destruction for Heathcliff. Sometimes the manner of Heathcliff is very hateful so that prevents human being from reading the novel, but the reader never supports it. If we can compare Heathcliff with Othello and put DezdMona against Catherine, the result is that Othello has reached to a dignity with his dark space and violence upon the shadow of love and observes his face as a human being and gives delight and happiness to the reader. DezdMona is the victim of misunderstanding but in spite of that, Othello can enjoy of others protections and arouses the sense of reader’s sympathy. Except in the case of victory and poverty, the only sense that can be aroused is hatefulness. (Naserrolmalek, 1997. p.45). But it is wonderful that this hateful creature has been loved very much. Here we want to refer to some examples about the Catherine’s love to Heathcliff and compare them with a character that the reader has in his own mind; " at this moment, Catherine is crying. He is alone ? We should leave each other? Who can separate us from each other, Alen is certain until I am alive, no one can separate me from Heathcliff. I will not change whole of Linton family with a hair of Heathcliff.  Isabella, Heathcliff’s wife, also cannot avoid of remarking this wandering. "I surprise if Catherine knew him well and was familiar with his manner, how she had loved him deeply. This Satan is sculpture. O’ God I wish to see the trace remained of him on the earth. Conclusion The novel of Wuthering Heights, Bronte’s work, is a masterpiece which in the Eighteenth century literature of England is more enjoyable than the  remaining work. In this novel in addition to all important aspects such as history, society, psychology and gnosticism, the aspect of humanity is more important. Human being as the two-sided being character who has a connection with the earth and life at the same time, is connected with the other thousand chains to the other sense of the world. Man loves both aspects and cannot ignore any of them. Heathcliff and Catherine, who are the manifestation of one aspect of human being, are the two main characters of novel. Heathcliff is the aspect of materialism, wildness, and desires of this world, and Catherine is the aspect of heaven and is separated from this material world. The composition of these two aspects with each other is the main identification of man’s reflection. Undoubtedly if Emily has reached to this conclusion or not, it isn’t important, what is more important is the results of thoughts and approaches which were analyzed. Even the continuous of thought and believes in the other characters and in the second generation narrates this fact that although the building of Wuthering Heights had reached to a quite and temporary tranquility, the material aspect never remained completely inactive.

References: 1. Ahmadi, Babak, 2000. From pictorial signs to context. Markaz publication. The third eddition. 2. Bahram Beygi, Ali Asghar, 1990, Translation of Wutheting Heights, Bronte, Emile. No publication. Tehran. Tenth edition. 3. Dehghan, Kaveh ,1977. About Novel and Short story, Moam Samers. – Pocket book publication. Tehran. 4. Khoramshahi, Bahaaddin,2000. Translation of the eternal pain, Migel Davnamono. Nahid publication – Tehran. The Fourth edition. 5. Mandoor, Mohammad, 1967, About criticism and literary. Translated by Dr. Ali Shariati. Nashr publication. 6. Mir Sadeghi, Meymanat,1994. poetical lexical. Mahnaz book. 7. Parvini, Nasrin, 1986. About critics, Hoof Graham. Amirkabir publication. 8. Rezaei, Arabali,1997, Translation of the history of world literature, Bakner Teravic. Foorrozan publication, Tehran. The second edition. 9. Rommi Jalaladdin, Mohammad, 1996. Masnavi Manavi in the correction of Rinoladdin Nikelson. Toos publication. Tehran. 10. Naserolmolk, Abolgasem, 1996. Translation of Otello tragedy. Nilofar publication. Tehran. Third edition. 11.Mihankhah, Zahra,1994.Translation of guidelines of literary critics, Vilfered Elgorin and etal. Etelaat publication. Tehran. Second edition.

'An Overview on Wuthering Heights “Emily Bronte’s novel”' listed for deletion
A page that you have been involved in editing, An Overview on Wuthering Heights “Emily Bronte’s novel”, has been listed for deletion; you may wish to participate in the deletion discussion. Thank you.  Blanchardb - Me•MyEars•MyMouth - timed 13:53, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

October 2008
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