User talk:Siddkumaran/sandbox

Jeshua Peer Review
How Fake News Spreads and Goes Viral:

This is a good start! I think especially as the political content of the topic is developed, more related to other social media platforms should be added. Facebook and Russia etc., it is good to mention in the intro some well-known instances of the issue.

Research on Fake News:

"Since the 2016 presidential election, fake news has been a popular topic of discussion by President Trump and news outlets. The reality of fake news had become omnipresent, and a lot of research has gone into understanding, identifying, and combating fake news."

The above is true, but how is it being done? What are popular methods used? You mention ML and AI later on but I think you may want to consider bringing it up front instead. The rest of the content clearly states the role of technology in identifying and combating fake news. It may be useful for readers to have 1 or 2 more examples - success and failures with combating fake news.

Detecting Fake News:

Again, good job outlining this. I think that some examples would also be useful here.

Combating Fake News:

"First of all, consumers should critically examine the legitimacy of sources when reading in online platforms.[9] In addition to consumer’s self-awareness, technology companies should invest money and effort into developing programs to identify and detect fake news."

Here it may be beneficial to breakdown the different efforts and abilities that individuals, corporations, etc. have in relation to combating fake news. Right now the argument seems to flow that some parties are responsible and others are not. Is that your intention? Ultimately individuals should definitely be responsible, but how is this sorted/standardized? Is the government putting out public information to help individuals understand this?

Popularity of Fake News:

"individuals can easily access to fake news or similar content." This sentence seems incomplete, do you mean "gain access to..."?

"spread virally" on the internet" I'm not sure that this usage of the word "viral" is common, I would get a second opinion.

JeshuaKJohn (talk) 22:20, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

Peer Review
Peer review of first draft of article:

This first draft is really informative and thorough -- great job!

Suggestions: 1. Put citation directly after this sentence: "On Twitter, false tweets have a much higher chance of being retweeted than truthful tweets." Otherwise, it looks unclear as to where you got this information. 2. "More so, it is humans who have more power to disseminate false news and information as opposed to bots and click-farms." Avoid double usage of more in this sentence. 3. "humans are attracted to events and information that are surprising and new, and, as a result, causes high-arousal in the brain." grammatical error: plural events and information - should be plural verb "cause" 4. "The reality of fake news had become omnipresent" - sounds a little borderline persuasive / overgeneralized assertion? 5. "One research found evidence" - one researcher? 6. "selectively targeted on conservatives" - targeted towards? 7. "The researchers found that social media sites, Facebook in particular, to be a powerful platform" - should be "were a powerful platform" 8. "Recently, a lot of work..." - would avoid words like "recently" just because they change depending on when the reader is reading the article - could be right now, could be 2 years from now 9. "There is still not enough good training data for machine learning and AI scientists to use to create very accurate predictive models on detecting fake news." - sounds like your own personal argument/opinion? 10. "become increasingly prevalent over the last few years, with over a 100 incorrect articles" - typo (over a 100) 11 "rumors spread incessantly" - sounds like your own opinion? 12. "quite difficult to detect" - sounds like it's coming from your own experience -> "can be difficult to detect" 13. "ents.[8] specifically" - typo: missed capitalization 14. "in part because the purpose is to confuse and generate clicks" - wording is misleading, sounds like you're trying to confuse clicks 15. "specifically some features can be designed to assess if a picture was legitimate, and provides us more clarity on the news" - avoid usage of first person 16. "There is also many social context features" - grammatical error, should be "there are" 17. "it requires a lot of effort to cut off the spread of fake news" - be careful with tone here, sounds subjective 18. "In addition to consumer’s self-awareness" - grammatical error, should be "consumers'" because plural consumers 19. "It also depends on journalists and news agencies to create reliable contents" - typo, "reliable content" 20. "so consumers can access to accurate information" - typo, "consumers can access accurate information" 21. "If more media agencies and publishers can be held accountable for their content, combined with technological advancement, these strategies enable everyone to identify fake news and make judgments based on legitimate information" 22. grammatical errors in this sentence/wording doesn't flow (should be if.. then.. construction) - also, without a source, this sounds like personal opinion 23. "Compared to traditional newspaper and magazines, researchers at Pew Research Center discovered that over 60% of Americans access news through social media" - misplaced modifier, researchers are not the ones who are being compared 24. "With the popularity of social media, individuals can easily access to fake news or similar content." - grammatical error, no need for "to" 25. "As a result, fake news have been extremely popular with its viewer population and its ability to spread virally on the internet." - inconsistency as to whether fake news is singular or plural. Arieleliu (talk) 22:42, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Hannah's peer review of this article
Hi there! My changes have been bolded and these changes include: grammatical edits and rewording. I have bolded my notes throughout the article. I only included parts of the article that I believe need edits. I really appreciate the research that has gone into your first draft. There is a bunch of good information. My biggest recommendation is to read through it a few more times and change the language. It feels quite argumentative rather than encyclopedic. Popularity of Fake News section does a good job at giving information in an encyclopedic way-use it as a template for others. This not a major change but I think it's helpful. Other than that, great job!

How Fake News Spreads and Goes Viral:

Fake news has the tendency to become viral among the public. With the presence of social media platforms like Twitter, it becomes much easier for false information to diffuse quickly. '''*Note: I would include another social media platform besides Twitter as well because it could appear that Twitter is the only place fake news is disseminated. Additionally, this feels a bit like an argument is being made so reword the first two sentences to give more context about when fake news was starting to spread on social media platforms. This will make it feel more encyclopedic.''' Research has found that false political information tends to spread “3 times” as fast as compared to other false news.[1] On Twitter, false tweets have a much higher chance of being retweeted than truthful tweets. More so, it is humans who have more power to disseminate false news and information as opposed to bots and click-farms. '''*Note: I would hyperlink bots and click-farms to their Wiki pages as some people may not be familiar with these. I like the use of research here.'''

The tendency for humans to spread false information has to do with human behavior; according to research, humans are attracted to events and information that are surprising and new, and, as a result, causes high-arousal in the brain.[2][3] This ultimately leads humans to retweet or share false information, which is usually characterized with clickbaity and eye-catching titles. This prevents people from stopping to verify the information. As a result, massive online communities form around a piece of false news without any prior fact checking or verification of the veracity of the information. '''Note: I like the information presented here but I am not sure you want to include this as it feels like you are giving evidence for an argument. I would stick with your first half of this section unless you can change language a bit.

Research on Fake News:

Since the 2016 presidential election, fake news has been a popular topic of discussion by President Trump and news outlets. The reality of fake news had become omnipresent, and a lot of research has gone into understanding, identifying, and combating fake news. Also, a number of researchers began with the usage of fake news to influence the 2016 presidential campaign. One research study found evidence of pro-Trump fake news being selectively targeted towards conservatives and pro-Trump supporters in 2016.[4] The researchers found that social media sites, Facebook in particular, tend to be a powerful platforms to spread certain fake news to targeted groups to appeal to their sentiments during the 2016 presidential race.

Additionally, researchers from Stanford, NYU, and NBER found evidence to show how engagement with fake news on Facebook and Twitter was high throughout 2016. *Note: In general? or in regard to the 2016 election? Clarify this.'''[5]

Recently, a lot of work has gone into detecting and identifying fake news through machine learning and artificial intelligence. *Note: instead of using recently give more specific time frame because we don't know the next time this article will be updated

In 2018, researchers at MIT’s CSAIL (Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab) created and tested a machine learning algorithm to identify false information by looking for common patterns, words, and symbols that typically appear in fake news.[6] More so, they released an open-source dataset with a large catalog of historical news sources with their veracity scores to encourage other researchers to explore and develop new methods and technologies for detecting fake news. Despite the ongoing research at top universities and institutions, there is much debate on the effectiveness of such technology in identifying fake news which has lead to more research in understanding fake news and its characteristics. *Note: the two sentences that follows my note should be deleted as it feels a bit like an argument is being made and I feel with the changes I just made they are no longer necessary. The two sentences that should be deleted are here: There is still not enough good training data for machine learning and AI scientists to use to create very accurate predictive models on detecting fake news. Nonetheless, a lot of research is still ongoing to better understand fake news and its characteristics.'''

Detecting Fake News:

Fake News has become increasingly prevalent over the last few years, with over 100 incorrect articles and rumors spread incessantly just with regard to the election.[7] *Note: state which election and again include which years because we don't know when the article will be updated next

Combating Fake News:

Fake news can be very dangerous with promotion of false information and the ability to influence public opinions. '''*Note: don't use the word dangerous as feels opinion like. I would just say "Fake new promotes false information and has the ability to influence public opinion.'''

First of all, consumers should critically examine the legitimacy of sources when reading in online platforms.[9] In addition to consumer’s self-awareness, technology companies should invest money and effort into developing programs to identify and detect fake news.[10] It also depends on journalists and news agencies to create reliable contents so consumers can access to accurate information. If more media agencies and publishers can be held accountable for their content, combined with technological advancement, these strategies enable everyone to identify fake news and make judgments based on legitimate information. *Note: Do not incorporate this last section right above this note because it gives an opinion of what SHOULD be done.

Hannah 3/12/19 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hannahdobrott (talk • contribs) 19:22, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

Isabel's Peer Review of this Article
Hi,

Your edits into this article appear deeply researched and well backed up by reputable sources. However, I would be more careful about including information that suggests how the reader should behave. This can appear biased. My following edits are based on that:

Detecting Fake News Section

When identifying a source of information, one must look at many attributes, including but not limited to the content of the email and social media engagements.[8] specifically, the language is typically more inflammatory in fake news than real articles, in part because the purpose is to confuse and generate clicks.[8]

My edit --> The language in fake news is typically more inflammatory than in real articles in order to confuse and generate clicks.

Combating Fake News Section

Fake news can be very dangerous with promotion of false information and the ability to influence public opinions. With the prevalence of social media and other digital media platforms, it requires a lot of effort to cut off the spread of fake news. First of all, consumers should critically examine the legitimacy of sources when reading in online platforms.[9] In addition to consumer’s self-awareness, technology companies should invest money and effort into developing programs to identify and detect fake news.[10] It also depends on journalists and news agencies to create reliable contents so consumers can access to accurate information. If more media agencies and publishers can be held accountable for their content, combined with technological advancement, these strategies enable everyone to identify fake news and make judgments based on legitimate information.

--> I think this section as a whole veers too much into telling the reader what to do. I think this is useful information for people, but I'm not sure if it should be something that they should find on Wikipedia.

Peer Review
First of all, would your five subsections be incorporated into the pre-existing sections or will they be new subsections? I do think that you're off to a good start with briefly summarized and relevant information.

How Fake News Spreads and Goes Viral:

Research has found that false political information tends to spread “3 times” as fast as compared to other false news.[1] On Twitter, false tweets have a much higher chance of being retweeted than truthful tweets. More so, it is humans who have more power to disseminate false news and information as opposed to bots and click-farms. The tendency for humans to spread false information has to do with human behavior; according to research, humans are attracted to events and information that are surprising and new, and, as a result, causes high-arousal in the brain. '''This makes it seem that false information is usually or always unrealistic. Also, do people share it because it is simply new and triggering or because they know it is fake? Would they still share it if they knew it was false information?'''

Detecting Fake News:

This section is very interesting to read, I would recommend including definitions or examples of the terminology people may not understand (n-gram encoding, bag of words).

Combating Fake News:

The potential precautions and solutions are great, but has any of this occurred yet? Are there any companies who have already worked on combating fake news, and if so have they succeeded?

Cxndyoh (talk) 07:27, 14 March 2019 (UTC)