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Black Feminism Lovethatraven (talk) 15:22, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

Celebrities Alice Walker is an author who best known for her novels the “Meridian” and “The Color Purple”. She also has written tons of other novels, poems, short stories, and essays. She first introduced the word “Womanist” in her novel called “In search of our Mothers; Gardens: Womanist Prose, which was published in 1983. Walker written that novel out of a reaction that the term “feminism” did not take into consideration of the perspectives of black women. This novel sought to expand the ideology of the Women’s Liberation Movement that primarily focused on “white middle-class women problems”. How the term “Womanist” expands the Women’s Liberation Movement is that it includes the issues on race and class that also impacts the feminism cause. It is important to know that that term “Womanist, which is now called “Black Feminism” which is an expansion to the term feminism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crpennington (talk • contribs) 13:25, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

Beverly Guy- Sheftall is a writer, editor, activist, and professor at Spellman College, teaching courses in feminist theory and Global Black Feminism. Also, she is the founding director of the “Women’s Research and Resource Center”. As a professor she decided to help broaden the exclusivity in the Women’s Studies Movement by making sure that it fully represented African Americans. Beverly Guy- Sheftall did that by publishing articles about black feminism and editing books that were written by other African American women. In later years she coedited a book called “Sturdy Black Bridges: Visions of Black Women in Literature”, which happened to be the first “anthropology of African American women’s writings. She has been rewarded with numerous fellowships and awards such as the “Woodrow Wilson Fellowship for dissertations in Women’s Studies”. She continues to be an advocated in the black feminism community by advocating for social justice for African American women. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crpennington (talk • contribs) 16:31, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

1960S and 1970s- Dani The 1960s and 1970s were a time of social unrest, especially for black women. During this time period, society began to see a leverage in an uprising of black feminism. One of the foundation texts of black feminism is An Argument for Black Women's Liberation as a Revolutionary Force, authored by Mary Ann Weathers and published in 1969 in Cell 16's radical feminist magazine No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation.[19] Weathers states her belief that "women's liberation should be considered as a strategy for an eventual tie-up with the entire revolutionary movement consisting of women, men, and children", but she posits that "[w]e women must start this thing rolling"[19] This dealt with the problem of letting people take advantage of black women. It also discussed slave culture along with other problematic issues dealing with race. The civil rights movement impacted black feminism greatly, mentioning how women were excluded during this time and paved the way for the discussion of intersectional feminism.

Black Lives Matter- Raven Black Lives Matter, an activist movement that was formed to campaign against racism and police brutality against African Americans. The Black Lives Matter Global Network is a chapter-based, member-led organization whose mission is to build local power and to intervene in violence inflicted on Black communities by the state and vigilantes (BLM, n.d). This has contributed to a revitalization and re-examining of the Black Feminist movement. [50] The movement itself was started by three African American women, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi. It was in response to the acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s murderer, George Zimmerman (BLM, n.d). While these men played a major part in Black Lives Matter movement, Rekia Boyd, Michelle Cusseaux, Tanisha Anderson, Shelly Frey, Yvette Smith, Eleanor Bumpurs, and others were also been killed, assaulted, and victimized by the police but these cases were silent. This has been viewed as a Black Feminist Movement first, rather than as a part of the larger feminist movement.[51] Black Lives Matter largely accepts the intersectionality of women of color, and how interlocking systems of oppression work against African American women in particular.[52] The movement has also been critical of White Feminism as only focusing on the oppression of white women and not looking at how intersectionality of class, race, and culture have been harming marginalized groups.[53] According to BLM, “As organizers who work with everyday people, BLM members see and understand significant gaps in movement spaces and leadership. Black liberation movements in this country have created room, space, and leadership mostly for Black heterosexual, cisgender men—leaving women, queer and transgender people, and others either out of the movement or in the background to move the work forward with little or no recognition. As a network, we have always recognized the need to center the leadership of women and queer and trans people” (n.d.). According to academic scholar Angela Davis, “Black Women face a triple oppression” of racism, classism, and sexism and Black Lives Matter has been a largely grassroots movement focused on including intersectional voices.[54] Activism of Black Feminists in Black Lives Matter include the protests of political candidates such as Bernie Sanders, Donald Trump, and Hillary Clinton and hashtags such as #oscarssowhite, and #sayhername.[55] “The Say Her Name hashtag was initiative launched in May, documents and analyzes black women’s experiences of police violence and explains what we lose when we ignore them We not only miss half the facts, we fundamentally fail to grasp how the laws, policies, and the culture that underpin gender inequalities are reinforced by America’s racial divide” (Asoka & Chatelain, 2015).

1920-1960- Myiesha Myieshar (talk) 05:11, 19 March 2018 (UTC) The Parents' Committee were trying their best to rid laws that didn't allow them to dispense birth control in 1920. In 1923, they set up a clinic so women who were poor could receive birth control as well. The Chicago Health Department did not want to give them the license to be able to do this, so they began advocating for centers that dispensed birth control and advocating from their doctor. They later founded the Illinois Birth Control League that set up centers now known as Planned Parent Hood. The Women World's Fair, 1925-1928 April 18-25 was a fair designed by feminists to inform other women on jobs opportunities, as well as present women's accomplishments. It was held at the American Exposition Palace with over 160,000 visitors and 280 booths for women, by women.

Although many wave metaphors of feminist and Civil Rights activism leave out the few decades after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, this was a particularly important moment in the development of black feminist activism.[14] During this period, a few radical black female activists joined the Communist party or focused on union activism. Although they did not all identify as feminists, their theorizing included important works that are the foundation for theories of intersectionality--integrating race, gender, and class. In 1940, for example, Esther V. Cooper (married name Esther Cooper Jackson) wrote a M.A. thesis called "The Negro Woman Domestic Worker in Relation to Trade Unionism."[15] And in 1949 Claudia Jones wrote "An End to the Neglect of the Problems of the Negro Woman."[16]

Other feminist activism and organizing happened around cases of racial and sexual violence. For example, Esther Cooper and Rosa Parks organized to help Recy Taylor. In 1944, Taylor was the victim of a gang rape; Parks and Cooper attempted to bring the culprits to justice.[17] Black feminist activists focused on other similar cases, such as the 1949 arrest of and then death sentence issued to Rosa Lee Ingram, a victim of sexual violence. Defenders of Ingram included the famous black feminist Mary Church Terrell, who was an octogenarian at the time.[18]

Outside of the US: Cora The Women’s March of 1956 took place in Pretoria, South Africa and was a historical moment in women’s history. An estimated 20,000 South African women from all backgrounds marched on the Union Buildings of Pretoria to protest pass laws. Black feminism first started to emerged in the United Kingdom in the 1970s. Black British feminism served as an intellectual and theoretical movement. The movement wanted to showcase how being black and a women in the United Kingdom disrupted what it meant to be white and a women in the United Kingdom. The African Feminist Forum is a biennial conference that brings together African feminism activists to deliberate on issues of key concern to the feminist movement. It took place for the first time in November 2006 in Accra, Ghana Starting around 2000, the third wave of feminism in France took interest in the relations between sexism and racism, with a certain amount of studies dedicated to black feminism. This new focus was displayed by the translation, in 2007, of the first anthology of U.S. black feminist texts.[81] http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/444.html