User talk:SportsKnowlede

-In 1895, William G. Morgan created the game of volleyball, however it was first referred to as “Mintonette.” -Morgan was an instructor at YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts -He blended elements of baseball, basketball, tennis, and handball -He needed a game for his classes of businessmen to play that involved less physical contact than the game of basketball -He first used a tennis net for the game and raised it to 6 feet 6 inches so that it would be above the average man’s height -The game was renamed “volleyball” after someone made the comment to William that the teams were “volleying the ball back and forth.” -July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of volleyball was played. -In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport. -In 1916 the NCAA was asked by the YMCA to help in revising the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs. -In 1920 the 1st YMCA championship was held in New York, but only YMCA teams were allowed to participate -In 1928 the United States Volleyball Association was created allowing both YMCA and NCAA teams to participate. -The first true men’s NCAA championship took place in 1970. UCLA won. -The first NCAA women’s championship took place in 1981. USC won. -Volleyball first appeared in the 1924 Paris Olympics as a demonstration event. -Volleyball became an official Olympic event in 1964 in Tokyo. USSR won the men’s and Japan won the women’s. -The United States have won 3 gold medals and 1 bronze medal in men’s volleyball and 3 silver medals and 1 bronze medal in women’s volleyball. -USSR has won the most Olympic volleyball medals with 12 total. (6 men, 6 women) Beach Volleyball -The first accounts of beach volleyball were in Santa Monica, CA in the 1920’s where families would play 6v6. -During the 1930’s the game evolved to 4v4 then 3v3 and final to the classic 2v2. -In the 1950’s tournaments started to take place on California beaches. -A beach volleyball court is 8m x 16m rather than the 9m x 18m indoor court. -Beach volleyballs are lighter and slightly larger. -Beach volleyball is played best 2 out of 3 sets. -The first 2 sets are played to 21 and the 3rd is played to 15.

Volleyball Positions Setters have the task for orchestrating the offense of the team. They aim for second touch and their main responsibility is to place the ball in the air where the attackers can place the ball into the opponents' court for a point. They have to be able to operate with the hitters, manage the tempo of their side of the court and choose the right attackers to set. Setters need to have swift and skillful appraisal and tactical accuracy, and must be quick at moving around the court. Liberos are defensive players who are responsible for receiving the attack or serve. They are usually the players on the court with the quickest reaction time and best passing skills. Libero means 'free' in Italian—they receive this name as they have the ability to substitute for any other player on the court during each play. They do not necessarily need to be tall, as they never play at the net, which allows shorter players with strong passing and defensive skills to excel in the position and play an important role in the team's success. A player designated as a libero for a match may not play other roles during that match. Liberos wear a different color jersey than their teammates. Middle blockers or Middle hitters are players that can perform very fast attacks that usually take place near the setter. They are specialized in blocking, since they must attempt to stop equally fast plays from their opponents and then quickly set up a double block at the sides of the court. In non-beginners play, every team will have two middle hitters. Outside hitters or Left side hitters attack from near the left antenna. The outside hitter is usually the most consistent hitter on the team and gets the most sets. Inaccurate first passes usually result in a set to the outside hitter rather than middle or opposite. Since most sets to the outside are high, the outside hitter may take a longer approach, always starting from outside the court sideline. In non-beginners play, there are again two outside hitters on every team in every match. Opposite hitters or Right-side hitters carry the defensive workload for a volleyball team in the front row. Their primary responsibilities are to put up a well formed block against the opponents' Outside Hitters and serve as a backup setter. Sets to the opposite usually go to the right side of the antennae. Defensive Specialist is used in addition to a Libero. This position does not have unique rules like the libero position, instead, these players are used to substitute out a poor back row defender using regular substitution rules. A defensive specialist is often used if you have a particularly poor back court defender in right side or left side, but your team is already using a libero to take out your middles. Most often, the situation involves a team using a right side player with a big block who must be subbed out in the back row because they aren't able to effectively play back court defense.

Formations The three standard volleyball formations are known as "4–2", "6–2" and "5–1", which refers to the number of hitters and setters respectively. 4–2 is a basic formation used only in beginners' play, while 5–1 is by far the most common formation in high-level play. 4–2 The 4–2 formation has four hitters and two setters. The setters usually set from the middle front or right front position. The team will therefore have two front-row attackers at all times. In the international 4–2, the setters set from the right front position. The international 4–2 translates more easily into other forms of offense. The setters line up opposite each other in the rotation. The typical lineup has two outside hitters. By aligning like positions opposite themselves in the rotation, there will always be one of each position in the front and back rows. After service, the players in the front row move into their assigned positions, so that the setter is always in middle front. Alternatively, the setter moves into the right front and has both a middle and an outside attacker; the disadvantage here lies in the lack of an offside hitter, allowing one of the other team's blockers to "cheat in" on a middle block. The clear disadvantage to this offensive formation is that there are only two attackers, leaving a team with fewer offensive weapons. Another aspect is to see the setter as an attacking force, albeit a weakened force, because when the setter is in the front court they are able to 'tip' or 'dump', so when the ball is close to the net on the second touch, the setter may opt to hit the ball over with one hand. This means that the blocker who would otherwise not have to block the setter is engaged and may allow one of the hitters to have an easier attack. 6–2 In the 6–2 formation, a player always comes forward from the back row to set. The three front row players are all in attacking positions. Thus, all six players act as hitters at one time or another, while two can act as setters. So the 6–2 formation is actually a 4–2 system, but the back-row setter penetrates to set. The 6–2 lineup thus requires two setters, who line up opposite to each other in the rotation. In addition to the setters, a typical lineup will have two middle hitters and two outside hitters. By aligning like positions opposite themselves in the rotation, there will always be one of each position in the front and back rows. After service, the players in the front row move into their assigned positions. The advantage of the 6–2 is that there are always three front-row hitters available, maximizing the offensive possibilities. However, not only does the 6–2 require a team to possess two people capable of performing the highly specialized role of setter, it also requires both of those players to be effective offensive hitters when not in the setter position. At the international level, only the Cuban National Women's Team employs this kind of formation. It is also used in Women's NCAA play, partially due to the variant rules used which allow 15 substitutions per set (as opposed to the 6 allowed in the standard rules). 5–1 The 5–1 formation has only one player who assumes setting responsibilities regardless of his or her position in the rotation. The team will therefore have three front-row attackers when the setter is in the back row, and only two when the setter is in the front row, for a total of five possible attackers. The player opposite the setter in a 5–1 rotation is called the opposite hitter. In general, opposite hitters do not pass; they stand behind their teammates when the opponent is serving. The opposite hitter may be used as a third attack option (back-row attack) when the setter is in the front row: this is the normal option used to increase the attack capabilities of modern volleyball teams. Normally the opposite hitter is the most technical skilled hitter of the team. Back-row attacks generally come from the back-right position, known as zone 1, but are increasingly performed from back-center in high-level play. The big advantage of this system is that the setter always has 3 hitters to vary sets with. If the setter does this well, the opponent's middle blocker may not have enough time to block with the outside blocker, increasing the chance for the attacking team to make a point. There is another advantage, the same as that of a 4–2 formation: when the setter is a front-row player, he or she is allowed to jump and "dump" the ball onto the opponent's side. This too can confuse the opponent's blocking players: the setter can jump and dump or can set to one of the hitters. A good setter knows this and thus won't only jump to dump or to set for a quick hit, but when setting outside as well to confuse the opponent. The 5–1 offense is actually a mix of 6–2 and 4–2: when the setter is in the front row, the offense looks like a 4–2; when the setter is in the back row, the offense looks like a 6–2.

The Christian Perspective of Being Healthy and Sportsmanship To most Christians, God is not so just concerned with your “soul”. He’s concerned with every aspect of your being which includes physical (proper rest and nutrition), physiological (emotional status), relational (family matters for example), and spiritual (trusting and obeying God’s word). With this in mind, a healthy biblical balance is achieved when all four of these aspects are stable. Maintaining these four aspects is a lifelong challenge (involving negative consequences) and a life enhancing task (involving positive results). How can we sustain the physical aspect of a healthy biblical balance? Our daily lifestyle decisions: In regards to Christian faith, we determine our own destiny as far as preserving our physical health. Many activities such as taking a daily jog or playing football help us perform our sacred duty of honoring our bodies which are the temple of the Spirit. Here are some bible verses that regard to healthy living: The Lord guides us into healthy living: “The LORD will guide you continually, watering your life when you are dry and keeping you healthy, too. You will be like a well-watered garden, like an ever-flowing spring” (Isaiah 58:11, NLT) Using food for comfort isn’t helpful: “Food does not bring us near to God” (1 Corinthians 8:8a). Physical training can positively relate to spiritual training: “Remember that in a race everyone runs, but only one person gets the prize. You also must run in such a way that you will win. All athletes practice strict self-control. They do it to win a prize that will fade away, but we do it for an eternal prize. So I run straight to the goal with purpose in every step. I am not like a boxer who misses his punches. I discipline my body like an athlete, training it to do what it should. Otherwise, I fear that after preaching to others I myself might be disqualified” (1 Corinthians 9:24-27, NLT). It is clear that, the modern day quest for health is convoluted with injections, prescriptions, procedures, and personal trainers. Many of these things often fails to produce the health and peace of mind most people desire. Christians designate this phenomenon as the missing demission. In summary, The Western world has developed a distorted perspective about health because they have lost the compass designed for this area of life. They have lost track of basic guidelines provided by our Creator in the operating manual for human beings The Bible. In consideration of sportsmanship, Christian’s can find many good fundamentals weaved throughout Scripture. Be a team player. Just like in the body of Christ, we each have different talents and strengths, that when used together, can accomplish great things. (1 Corinthians 12:27) No one person can win without the help and support of others. Ecclesiastes 4:9-10 says, Two are better than one, because they have a good reward for their toil. For if they fall, one will lift up his fellow. But woe to him who is alone when he falls and has not another to lift him up! Encourage your teammates. Criticizing teammates for a strikeout or a missed catch distracts from the focus of working together and gives your opponent an advantage. Also, avoid trash-talking the other team. Words are powerful and you don’t want to use them to harm others.

Ephesians 4:29 says,

Do not let any unwholesome talk come out of your mouths, but only what is helpful for building others up according to their needs, that it may benefit those who listen. Body Positivity and Health 1 Corinthians 6:19 says, Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own. We are told to take care of our bodies because we are God’s vessels on Earth. Our body is not our own in that we were created for a purpose by our God. It is our duty to protect our bodies and health so that God can use us.

Psalm 139:14 says I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your works are wonderful, I know it full well. We are created in the image of God. How amazing is it that God poured part of his being into us? God made us and said that we were beautiful and wonderful. We need to love the bodies that God has given us. We are his creation, and when it comes to our health, we need to remember that our bodies have value to God.

Volleyball Rules The playing court is 18 meters (59 feet) long by 9 meters (29 feet, 6 inches) wide. Attack Line—A solid (uninterrupted) line is drawn in each team court between the sidelines, parallel to the center line. The edge of the attack line farthest from the center line measures 3 meters (9 feet, 10 inches) from the axis of the center line. The net is 1 meter (39 inches) in width throughout the full length when stretched and at least 9.5 meters (31 feet, 2 inches) in length, and is placed vertically over the axis of the center line. The height of the net measured from the center of the court is 2.24 meters (7 feet, 4 1/8 inches). A team consists of six players. Under no circumstances may a team play with fewer than six players. The right-back position is designated as position No. 1, and the positions are numbered counterclockwise through No. 6. A team scores a point when: The ball contacts the opponent’s court; or The opposing team commits a fault; or The opposing team is assessed a penalty, or an opposing team member is expelled or disqualified. Any playing action contrary to the rules is a playing fault. A double fault occurs when opponents simultaneously commit faults. The rally is replayed. If faults by opponents occur at approximately the same time, the first referee must determine which fault occurred first and penalize only that fault. If it cannot be determined which fault occurred first, a double fault is declared. A rally is the sequence of playing actions from the moment of the service contact by the server until the ball is out of play. A rally is completed when the playing actions result in a point awarded to either team. If the serving team wins a rally, it scores a point and continues to serve. If the receiving team wins a rally, it scores a point and gains the right to serve; its players must rotate one position clockwise before serving. For each non-deciding set, a team that scores 25 points and has at least a two point advantage over the opponent wins that set. If the score is tied 24-24, play continues until one team has a lead of two points. A deciding set is won when a team scores 15 points and has at least a two-point advantage over the opponent. All matches consist of the best three out of five sets. The first team to win three sets is the winner of the match. At the time the ball is contacted for the serve, each team must be completely within its own team court (except the server in position No. 1 on the serving team) in two rows of three players. The placement of players must conform to the service order In the front or back row, the right-side player must have at least part of one foot closer to the right sideline than the feet of the center player in the corresponding row, and the left-side player must have at least part of one foot closer to the left sideline than the feet of the center player in the corresponding row. Each front-row player must have at least part of one foot closer to the center line than the feet of the corresponding back-row player. Each team is entitled to a maximum of two timeouts per set. Each team is entitled to 15 substitutions per set. Each player is allowed unlimited entries within the team limit. Players re-entering the set must assume their original position in the serving order in relation to other teammates. One libero player may be designated for each set by indicating that player’s number on the lineup sheet for that set. The libero is restricted to perform as a back-row player and is not allowed to complete an attack-hit from anywhere if, at the moment of contact, the ball is entirely above the top of the net. The libero may not block or attempt to block. In one rotation, the libero may replace the player in position No. 1 to serve. The libero is allowed to replace any player in a back-row position. Replacements involving the libero are not counted as substitutions and are unlimited. The service is the act of putting the ball into play by the player in position No. 1 who hits the ball with one hand (open or closed) or any part of one arm in an effort to direct the ball into the opponent’s team court from the service zone. The first service of the match and any deciding set is executed by the team determined by the coin toss. The other sets start with service by the team that did not serve first in the previous set. The first referee authorizes the service after having checked that the server is in possession of the ball on the playing surface and in the free zone beyond the end line and that the teams are ready to play. Any team not ready to play within a reasonable time is assessed a delay sanction. After being clearly released or tossed from the hand(s) of the server, the ball must be hit cleanly for service. The server must contact the ball for service within eight seconds after the first referee authorizes service. Each team is allowed a maximum of three successive hits of the ball (in addition to blocking) in order to return the ball to the opponent. A player who contacts the ball, or is contacted by the ball other than during blocking action, is considered to have played the ball, and such action constitutes a team hit. If the ball is clearly touched only by a player’s hair, it is not considered a contact by that player. A player may not contact the ball with two separate and consecutive motions. The ball may contact any part of the body. The ball must be hit cleanly and not caught or thrown. Prolonged contact with the ball is a fault. The ball can rebound in any direction. An attack-hit is an action, other than a block or a serve that directs the ball toward the opponent. An attack-hit is completed the instant the ball completely crosses the vertical plane of the net or is touched by an opponent. It is illegal for a player to complete an attack-hit on the opponent’s service while the ball is in the front zone and entirely above the top of the net. A player cannot initiate an attack-hit while the ball is completely on the opponent’s side of the net. If the initial contact with the ball is above the attacker’s side of the net and the follow-through causes the attacker’s hand or arm to cross the net without contacting an opponent or the net, this action does not constitute a fault. A back-row player who is in the front zone may not complete an attack- hit if, at contact, the ball is entirely above the top of the net. Blocking is the action of a player(s) close to the net that deflects the ball coming from the opponent by reaching higher than the top of the net. A blocked ball is considered to have crossed the net. The blocking action ends when the blocking player makes a subsequent attempt to play the ball. A block contact is not counted as a team hit. After a block contact, a team is entitled to three hits to return the ball to the opponents. The first hit after the block may be executed by any player, including the player who blocked the ball. Multiple contacts of the ball by a player(s) participating in a block are legal during one attempt to deflect the ball. Multiple contacts of the ball during a block are considered a single contact, even though the ball may make multiple contacts with one or more players of the block. Blocking a served ball is a fault. The crossing space is the part of the vertical plane of the net limited at the sides by each antenna and its imaginary extension, and by the ceiling. A ball sent to the opponent’s playing area must pass over the net within the crossing space. A ball that has crossed the net plane to the opponent’s free zone partly or totally outside the crossing space after a team’s first contact or block may be played back to a teammate, provided a center line fault is not committed and the ball, when retrieved, crosses the net plane partly or totally outside the crossing space on the same side of the court. The opponent(s) may not prevent this action. The ball is out of play when it completely crosses the space under the net. The ball may touch the net while crossing it. A ball driven into the net may be recovered within the limits of the three team hits. If the ball touches the net after a team’s third hit and does not cross the net, the first referee should not stop play until the ball is contacted for the fourth time or has touched the playing surface. Contact with the net by a player is not a fault, unless it is made during an action of playing the ball, or it interferes with the play. Playing the ball may include actions in which the player(s) does not actually touch the ball. The ball is “in” when it touches the floor of the playing court, including the boundary lines. The ball is “out” when: It strikes the floor and no part of the ball contacts either a boundary line or the area within the boundary lines; It contacts a floor/wall obstruction outside the court, a wall or a person out of play It contacts any object above a nonplaying area; It contacts an antenna, the net outside an antenna, the net post, the referee’s stand, or any supporting apparatus for the net or net post; It completely crosses the vertical plane of the net partly or totally outside the crossing space after a team’s second or third contact

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