User talk:Sprlei

January 2015
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PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
GERMANY Johann Bernhard Basedow(1723-1790) - was born in Hamburg. -	He went to Denmark as a teacher. -	Went back to Germany and decided to spend time in “reforming educational methods.” In 1774 – he was able to realize his objective of establishing a school at Dessau that he called the Philanthropinum -	In this school, physical education played an important part in daily program of all students. Activities included: dancing, fencing, riding, jumping, wrestling, swimming, skating, & marching. -	This was first school in modern Europe that admitted children from all classes of society and that offered a program in which physical education was part of the curriculum.

Johann Christoph Friedrich Guts Muths (1759-1839) -	Was influential in the field of physical education through his association with Schnepfenthal Education Institute, which had been founded by Christian GottfhilfSalzman(1744-1811) -	His beliefs and practices in physical education were recorded for history in various books, two of which are of special importance; Gymnastics for the Young and Games.

Friedrich LudwidJahn (1778-1852) -	Is a name associated with the “Turnverein”, an institution of gymnasts that has been in evidence ever since its innovation by Jahn. -	He made it his life’s work and ambition to help bring about an independent Germany free from foreign control. -	He believed that he could help in this movement by molding German youth into strong and hardly citizen who would be capable of throwing off this yoke.

Hasenheide – an exercise ground outside the city, put up by Jahn. Die Deutsche Turnkunst – book has been used as instruction guide incorporated by Jahn.

Adolph Spiess (1810-1858) -	He was the founder of school gymnastics in Germany. -	He helped to make physical education a part of school life. -	His own theory was that the school should be interested in the total growth of the child-mental, emotional, physical and social.

Sweden

Per Henrik Ling (1776-1839) -	Is symbolic of the rise of physical education to a place of importance in Sweden. -	He noted for establishing the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics at Stockholm, where teachers of Physical Education received their preparation in one of the three categories: Educational gymnastics, Military gymnastics, Medical gymnastics. The Lingiad – held at Stockholm, in which representatives of many nations of the world participated. It is a tribute for Ling.

Ling’s Greatest Contribution -	Strove to make physical education a science.

Lars Gabriel Branting (1799-1881) -	In 1839, he became the director of Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics. -	He spent the major part of his time in the area of “Medical Gymnastics”.

GustafNyblaeus (1816-1902) -	Specialized in “Military Gymnastics”. -	The innovation during tenure is inclusion of women in the school. In 1820 – law was passed, requiring a physical education course on secondary level.

Hjalmar Fredrik Ling (1820-1886) -	He was largely responsible for physical education becoming an essential subject for all institution level.

Denmark

Franz Nachtegall (1777-1847) -	He had a direct influence in introducing physical education into the public schools of Denmark and preparing teachers of this subject. -	He achieved some degree of skill in vaulting and fencing. -	He received an appointment of Director of Gymnastics for all Denmarks.

In 1804 – Nachtegall became the first director of a Training School for Teachers of Gymnastics in the Army. In 1847- Nachtegall died but the expansion of physical education and sport in Denmark did not stop. Some of the advances of his death are: -organization of Danish Rifle Clubs or gymnastic societies -the introduction of the Ling system of gymnastics -complete civilian supervision and control programs of physical education as opposed to military supervision and control. -greater provision for teacher education -government aid -the incorporation of sports and games into program.

NielsBukh (1880-1950) -	Contributed one of the innovation in the field of physical education and sport and his “Primitive Gymnastics”. -	In 1925 he toured to United States with some of his students, demonstrating his primitive gymnastics.