User talk:Srikahta mishra

Annexure-III(c-i) BRIEF OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT (ugc sponsored project) The post-Vedic language in which the first poetic spark was finished in the earliest epic. The posterior Sanskrit language gave birth to a long and rich literary tradition of legendary literature. Simultaneously, a grate enlightening tradition of grammatical speculations and other grammatical & technical literature has developed and continued – all in the classical Sanskrit language and other regional languages. The science of grammar (vyakarana), which developed in ancient India, with special reference to the eastern Indian grammarians aims at establishing the richness of the grammatical tradition of ancient India communicated through the Sanskrit language. Sanskrit language is regarded as one of the most colorful traditions of ancient Indian cultural heritage and exhibits an uninterrupted growth and development of its grammar by various schools of grammarians since more than two thousand years. The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of vyākaraņa is one of the six Vedanga disciplines. It has its roots in late Vedic India, and includes the famous work, Aşţādhyāyī, of Pāņini (ca. 4th century BCE). This impetus for linguistic analysis and grammar in India originates in the need to be able to obtain a strict interpretation for the Vedic texts. The work of the very early Indian grammarians has been lost; for example, the work of Sakatayana (roughly 8th c. BCE) and Panini. One of the views of Sakatayana that was to prove controversial in coming centuries was that most nouns are etymologically derivable from verbs. In his monumental work on etymology, Nirukta, Yaska supported this claim based on the large number of nouns that were derived from verbs through a derivation process that became known as krit-pratyaya; this relates to the nature of the root morphemes. A few centuries after Yaska, Pāņini’s extensive analysis of the process of phonology, morphology and syntax, the Aşţādhyāyī, laid down the basis for centuries of commentaries and expositions by the subsequent Sanskrit grammarians. Pāņini’s approach was amazingly formal; his production rules for deriving complex structures and sentences represent modern finite state machines. Indeed many of the developments in Indian mathematics, especially the place value notational system may have originated from Pāņinian analysis. Each developed language has its grammar. In the Vedic and classical Sanskrit, various aspects of grammar have been dealt with in the Pratisakhya, Siksha and Vyakarana texts. The scope of Vyakarana is wider than what is commonly known as grammar. Sanskrit grammar brings under its purview phonetics, etymology, accentuation, syntax, word-formation from stems and roots and the like. Vyakarana is pre-eminently the foremost and greatest of the six supplementary accessories of the Vedas (i.e., vedangas). The gradual development of a language can be understood only from the historical study of its grammar. Panini (circa 6th Cant. B.C.) is the oldest known grammarian of India whose complete work has come down to us, and he is the greatest grammarian that Indian tradition has ever produced. He is the founder of a scientific and extremely methodical system of grammar, which have survived ravages of time that passed over the treasury of Sanskrit language. The Aşţādhyāyī, of Pāņini is composed in the most concise form of language known as sutra. It consists of nearly 4000 sutras. The beginning portion of Panini’s work consists of mainly sanja-sutras devoted to the explanation of different technical terms used in the later rules. This is a feature that we lamentaley miss in the Navya-Nyaya system of philosophy which is otherwise well known for its scientific approach. Panini is the highest authority on all grammatical matters in Sanskrit. Panini mentions by name at least ten of his predecessors whose works are not yet recovered. The later grammarians have tried to incript various usages in the Sanskrit language, kipping in mind Panini as the final court of appeal. The Sanskrit grammatical tradition may be divided into three categories: pre-Paninian, Paninian and post-Paninians. The post-Paninian tradition is of two categories, one following the Paninian tradition and the other deviating from the Paninian school. Again, the whole Sanskrit grammatical traditionmay be divided for our purpose into two categories: one forming the Eastern Indian tradition and the rest forming the other than Eastern Indian tradition. In the post-Paninian age the Katantra, Mugdhabodha, Sankshiptasara, Harinamamrita, Saraswata, Prayogaratnamala etc. represent the Eastern Indian grammatical tradition. A large number of unpublished Sanskrit manuscripts on the post-Paninian grammatical studies are lying in different libraries. Mention may be made of the name of some major institutes in Kolkata, e.g., The Asiatic Society, Government Sanskrit College, Calcutta University, Sanskrit Sahitya Parishad etc. It is quite interesting to discern that almost all the non-Paninian systems, which developed in ancient India, are indebted to the Paninian school. Sometimes the difference lies mainly in nomenclature, as it happens in the case of tin-suffixes denoting various moods and tenses (lakaras). This explains the utmost importance attached to the Paninian system of grammar. The Prayogaratnamālā-vyākaraņam, as a matter of fact, lays claim to a wide sphere of influence stretching almost throughout the length and breadth of the province of Assam and even beyond its frontiers as far as Cooachbehar and some parts of erstwhile East Pakistan, an area roughly equivalent to the kingdom of ancient Kamarupa. In this part of the country the book is read and looked upon by the classical scholars and students with a sense of deep sanctity and referred to as the unquestioned authority on all grammatical niceties. Dt. 12.11.2010                          (Paurnamasi Panda) Lect. in Sanskrit K.A. Mahavidyalaya,Kanpur Dist: Cuttack, ORISSA-754037 Mobile:+91-9938653990