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Sports injuries are injuries that occur during sport, athletic activities or exercising. In the United States, there are approximately 30 million teenagers and children combined who participate in some form of organized sport. Of those, about 3 million athletes age 14 years and under experience a sports injury annually. According to a study performed at Stanford University, 21% of the injuries observed in elite college athletes caused the affected athlete to miss at least 1 day of sport, and approximately 77% of these injuries involved the lower leg, ankle, or foot SITE. The leading cause of death related to sports injuries is traumatic head or neck injuries SITE. When an athlete complains of pain or an injury, the key to a diagnosis is to obtain a detailed history and examination. An example of a format used to guide an examination and treatment plan is a S.O.A.P note or, subjective, objective, assessment, plan. Prevention helps reduce potential sport injuries. It is important to establish sport-specific dynamic warm-ups, stretching, and exercises that can help prevent injuries common to each individual sport. Creating an injury prevention program is also vital to avoiding sport injury, which includes education on hydration, nutrition, monitoring team members “at risk”, monitoring at-risk behaviors, and improving technique. Season analysis reviews, preseason screenings and pre-participation examinations are also essential to recognizing pre-existing conditions or previous injuries that could cause further illness or injury. One technique that can be used in the process of preseason screening is the functional movement screen. The functional movement screen can assess movement patterns in athletes in order to find players who are at risk of certain injuries. Following various research about sport injury, it is shown that levels of anxiety, stress, and depression are elevated when an athlete experiences an injury depending on the type and severity of the injury.

Classification Traumatic injuries account for most injuries in collision sports such as ice hockey, rugby, Australian rules football, Gaelic football and American and Canadian football because of the high impact and nature of these sports.[citation needed] Collisions with the ground, objects, and other players are common, and unexpected dynamic forces on limbs and joints can cause sports injuries. Nearly two million people every year suffer sports-related injuries and receive treatment in emergency departments.[16] Fatigue is a contributing factor that results in many sport injuries. As an athlete there are times where you may run on low energy leading to the deterioration in technique or form, which results in a slower reaction time, and finally a loss in stability of muscle joints and an injury.

Traumatic injuries can include:

Contusion or bruise – damage to small blood vessels which causes bleeding within the tissues. Strain – trauma to a muscle due to overstretching and tearing of muscle fibers Sprain – an injury in a joint, caused by the ligament being stretched beyond its own capacity Wound – abrasion or puncture of the skin Bone fracture – break(s) in the bone Head injury – concussions or serious brain damage Spinal cord injury – damage to the central nervous system or spine Cramp – a strong muscle contraction that can be very painful lasting in few minutes but massaging the muscles can relieve the pain In sports medicine, a catastrophic injury is defined as severe trauma to the human head, spine, or brain.

A multi-player collision in a soccer game Concussions in sports became a major issue in the United States in the 2000s, as evidence connected repeated concussions and subconcussive hits with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and increased suicide risk. CTE is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in people with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including symptomatic concussions as well as subconcussive hits to the head that do not cause symptoms. It is most pronounced in football, and a related ailment (dementia pugilistica) afflicts boxers, but is also seen in other sports, and in females and adolescents. Often, it has been reported post-mortem.

Overuse and repetitive stress injury problems associated with sports include:

Runner's knee Tennis elbow Tendinosis Some activities have particular risks; see:

Bicycle safety Gun safety Sailing ship accidents Skateboarding#Safety Further information: Category:Overuse injuries Risk factors Intrinsic (Personal) Factors:

Gender Age, weight/body fat, height Congenital Irregularities: flat feet, high arch, knocked knees, bow leggedness Lack of muscular flexibility, coordination, balance, speed, strength, and endurance Malnutrition and lack of sleep Extrinsic Factors:

Sports specific and protective equipment: helmet, mouth guard, goggles, shin guards Condition of sports setting: maintenance of floor/field and weather environment Insufficient pregame warm up, over-training and fatigue Sports medicine Main article: Sports medicine Injuries are a common occurrence in professional sports and most teams have a staff of athletic trainers and close connections to the medical community. Many retain team physicians.

Controversy has arisen at times when teams have made decisions that could threaten a player's long-term health for short term gain. Sports medicine is the study and research of injuries in sport in order to prevent or reduce the severity of the injury.

Soft tissue injuries Main article: Soft tissue injury When soft tissue experiences trauma, the dead and damaged cells release chemicals, which initiate an inflammatory response. Inflammation is characterized by pain, localized swelling, heat, redness and a loss of function. Small blood vessels are damaged and opened up, producing bleeding within the tissue. In the body's normal reaction, a small blood clot is formed in order to stop this bleeding and from this clot special cells (called fibroblasts) begin the healing process by laying down scar tissue.

The inflammatory stage is therefore the first phase of healing. However, too much of an inflammatory response in the early stage can mean that the healing process takes longer and a return to activity is delayed.[citation needed] Sports injury treatments are intended to minimize the inflammatory phase of an injury, so that the overall healing process is accelerated. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are determinant for the healing process.

Further information: Healing Prevention Prevention helps reduce potential sport injuries and provides several benefits. Some benefits include a healthier athlete, longer duration of participation in the sport, potential for better performance, and reduced medical costs. Explaining the benefits to participate in sports injury prevention programs to coaches, team trainers, sports teams, and individual athletes will give them a glimpse at the likelihood for success by having the athletes feeling they are healthy, strong, comfortable, and capable to compete.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention Prevention can be broken up into three broad categories of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention involves the avoidance of injury. An example is ankle braces being worn as a team, even those with no history of previous ankle injuries. If primary prevention activities were effective, there would be a lesser chance of injuries occurring in the first place. Secondary prevention involves an early diagnosis and treatment should be acquired once an injury has occurred. The goal of obtaining early diagnosis is to ensure that the injury is receiving proper care and recovering correctly, therefore limiting the concern for other medical problems to stem from the initial traumatic event. Lastly, tertiary prevention is solely focused on the rehabilitation to reduce and correct an existing disability resulting from the traumatic event. An example in the case of an athlete who has obtained an ankle injury the rehabilitation would consist of balance exercises to acquire the strength and mobility back as well as wearing an ankle brace, while gradually returning to the sport.

Season Analysis It is most essential to establish participation in warm-ups, stretching, and exercises that focus on main muscle groups commonly used in the sport of interest. Participation in these events decreases the chances for getting muscle cramps, torn muscles, and stress fractures. A season analysis is one of the beneficial reviews for preventing player sport injuries. A season analysis is an attempt to identify risks before they occur by reviewing training methods, the competition schedule, traveling, and past injuries. If injuries have occurred in the past, the season analysis reviews the injury and looks for patterns to see if it may be related to a specific training event or competition program. For example, a stress fracture injury on a soccer team or cross country team may be correlated to a simultaneous increase in running and a change in running environment, like a transition from a soft to hard running surface. A season analysis can be documented as team-based results or individual athlete results. Other key program events that have been correlated to injury incidences are changes in training volume, changes in climate locations, selection for playing time in important matches, and poor sleep due to tight chaotic scheduling. It is important for team program directors and staff to implicate testing in order to ensure healthy, competitive, and confident athletes for their upcoming season.

Preseason Screening Another beneficial review for preventing player sport injuries is preseason screenings. A study found that the highest injury rate during practices across fifteen Division I, II, and III NCAA sports was in the preseason compared to in-season or postseason To prepare an athlete for the wide range of activities needed to partake in their sport pre-participation examinations are regularly completed on hundreds of thousands of athletes each year. It is extremely important that the physical exam is done properly in order to limit the risks of injury and also to diagnose early onsets of a possible injury. Preseason screenings consist of testing the mobility of joints (Ankles, wrists, hips, etc.), testing the stability of joints (knees, neck, etc.), testing the strength and power of muscles, and also testing breathing patterns. The objective of a preseason screening is to clear the athlete for participation and verify that there is no sign of injury or illness, which would represent a potential medical risk to the athlete (and risk of liability to the sports organization). Besides the physical examination and the fluidity of the movements of joints the preseason screenings often takes into account a nutrition aspect as well. It is important to maintain normal iron levels, blood pressure levels, fluid balance, adequate total energy intake, and normal glycogen levels. Nutrition can aid in injury prevention and rehabilitation, if one obtains the body's daily intake needs. Obtaining sufficient amount of calories, carbohydrates, fluids, protein, and vitamins and minerals is important for the overall health of the athlete and limits the risk of possible injuries. Iron deficiency, for example, is found in both male and female athletes; however 60 percent of female college athletes are affected by iron deficiency. There are many factors that can contribute to the loss in iron, like menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding, inadequate iron intake from the diet, general fatigue, weakness, among others. The consequences of iron deficiency, if not solved, can be an impaired athletic performance and a decline in immune and cognitive function.

Functional Movement Screen One technique used in the process of preseason screening is the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). Functional movement screening is an assessment used to evaluate movement patterns and asymmetries, which can provide insight into mechanical restrictions and potential risk for injury. Functional movement screening contains seven fundamental movement patterns that require a balance of both mobility and stability. These fundamental movement patterns provide an observable performance of basic locomotor, manipulative, and stabilizing movements. The tests place the individual athlete in extreme positions where weaknesses and imbalances become clear if proper stability and mobility is not functioning correctly. The seven fundamental movement patterns are a deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight-leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability. For example, the deep squat is a test that challenges total body mechanics. It is used to gauge bilateral, symmetrical, and functional mobility of the hips, knees, and ankles. The dowel held overhead gauges bilateral and symmetrical mobility of the shoulders and the thoracic spine. The ability to perform the deep squat technique requires appropriate pelvic rhythm, closed-kinetic chain dorsiflexion of the ankles, flexion of the knees and hips, extension of the thoracic spine, as well as flexion and abduction of the shoulders. There is a scoring system applied to each movement as follows a score of 3 is given to the athlete if they can perform the movement without any compensations, a score of 2 is given to the athlete if they can perform the movement, but operate on poor mechanics and compensatory patterns to achieve the movement, a score of 1 is given to the athlete if they cannot perform the movement pattern even with compensations, and finally, a 0 is given to the athlete if one has pain during any part of the movement or test. Three of the seven fundamental tests including shoulder mobility, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability have a clearance scoring associated with them meaning a pass or fail score. If the athlete fails this part of the test a score of 0 is given as the overall score. Once the scoring is complete the athlete and medical professional can review the documentation together and organize a set prevention program to help target and strengthen the areas of weakness in order to limit the risks of possible injuries.

Sport Injury Prevention for Kids There are approximately 8,000 children treated in emergency rooms each day for sports-related injures. It is also estimated that there are around 1.35 million kids suffering from sports-related injuries per year worldwide. This is why children need special attention and care when participating in sports.

youths can be easily injured playing contact sports like football. Proper equipment such as helmets and pads can be helpful in prevention According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), many sports-related injuries are predictable and preventable.

Exercise-based injury prevention has shown to reduce injury rates in different team sports. Sport-specific warm-up programs exist (e.g. “11+ Kids” for soccer) which have proven efficacious in reducing injury rates of children. Kids attending sports clinics tend to know the basic fundamentals of a particular sport. Injury awareness and prevention can also be learned in sports clinics. Warming up improves the blood flow in muscles. This brings more nutrients in different parts of the body, therefore bringing more energy throughout. Provide children the right equipment on a particular sport like helmets, shin guards, ankle braces, gloves and others to prevent injuries. Kids need to have breaks and drink water as well to keep them hydrated. Know certain first aid treatment on injuries to apply when there's an unforeseen accident. Sports Injury Prevalence in College Women Soccer seems to be the sport leading to most competitive injuries in NCAA female college athletes. Gymnastics, on the other hand, has the highest injury rate overall. For eight of the 13 major sports many injuries acquired during competition require at least seven days recovery before returning to the sport. In general, more females are injured during practice than in competition.

Costs Interventions targeted at decreasing the incidence of sports injuries can impact health-care costs, as well as family and societal resources. Sports injuries have direct and indirect costs. The direct costs are usually calculated by taking into account the cost of using healthcare resources to prevent, detect and treat injury. There is a need for research about how healthcare is used and the expenses that coincide with it. Included in these expenses are how different injuries may have different prognoses. Indirect costs may be taken into account as well, when an injury prevents an individual from returning to work it may hinder the economic benefit to themselves and others.

Sports-Related Emotional Stress Sport involvement can initiate both physical and mental demands on athletes. From youth little leagues to competing at a professional level, athletes are forced to learn ways to cope with stressors and frustrations that can arise from competition against others. Conducted research shows that levels of anxiety, stress, and depression are elevated following sports injuries. The pressure athletes experience is extensive; branching from coaches, parents, peers, and audiences. It is astonishing how one individual can endure so much pressure and remain so calm and collected. Positive mental motivation however is not experienced all the time. The pressure to win can cause significant emotional stress for an athlete. Many athletes experience the stressor involving winning as being the most important aspect of the match. If the match is not won, many athletes are punished and criticized for the loss, instead of being commended on their effort, sportsmanship, and hard work. After an occurrence of an injury many athletes display self-esteem issues, athletic identity crises, and high levels of post-traumatic distress, which are linked to avoidant coping skills.

See also Doping in sport Health issues in athletics Health issues in youth sports Squatting position Physical injuries in Yoga References 'Intrinsic and Extrinsic Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Australian Footballers' by John Orchard, Hugh Seward, Jeanne McGivern and Simon Hood "Epidemiology of Collegiate Injuries for 15 Sports 'Statistics on Youth Sports Safety by SWATA' '1.35 million youths a year have serious sports injuries' by USA Today Legislator's Page by At Your Own Risk Retrieved 8 Nov 2016 Kerr, Zachary Y, PhD; Marshall, Stephen W, PhD; Dompier, Thomas P, PhD; Corlette, Jill, MS; Klossner, David A, PhD; et al. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; Atlanta 64.48. (Dec 11, 2015). Further reading Armatas, V.1, Chondrou, E., Yiannakos, A., Galazoulas, Ch., Velkopoulos, C. Physical Training 2007. January 2007. 21 March 2009 . Cluett, Jonathan M.D. Medial Collateral Ligament Treatment. 29 May 2006. 16 April 2009 . Doermann, David. Continuum, The Magazine of the University of Utah. Spring 1998. 19 March 2009 . Lysaght, Michael J. Knee Injuries and Therapies in Competitive Athletes. 20 March 2009 . Selesnick, Harlan. Sports Injuries ESPN. 4 October 2007. Hunt, K. J., Hurwit, D., Robell, K., Gatewood, C., Botser, I. B., & Matheson, G. (2016). Incidence and Epidemiology of Foot and Ankle Injuries in Elite Collegiate Athletes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(2), 426-433 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Steinbke1316 (talk • contribs) 03:12, 15 November 2018 (UTC) External links Sports injuries at the National Health Service (NHS)

Parkinson's Disease Groups Peer Review
Overall, this is a great first draft of your Sports Injury Wikipage. We were unsure if you were editing the entire Wikipedia article for Sports Injury or just the section that pertains to the Epidemiology – “Sports Injury Prevalence” section because the entire article is posted in the sandbox. We chose to peer review just the “Sports Injury Prevalence” Section.

This is a solid start to the epidemiology of sports injuries. Overall you have a neutral tone and your sources seem appropriate for this Wikipedia article. Moving forward, we think that it would be beneficial to add specific facts or statistics pertaining to the incidence and prevalence of sports injury. For example, you could add a statistic about the annual incidence for sports injury in all professional sports within the United States and/or globally. Furthermore, you could compare these incidence and prevalence statistics between contact and non-contact sports. Additionally, you could compare incidence/prevalence rates between more demographics like age or race. These would be good additions moving forward. These comments aside, this is a strong draft of the epidemiology of sports injury section of the wiki article and seems to follow the guidelines for editing and posting Wikipedia articles as a whole. JRatanawong — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jratanawong (talk • contribs) 04:04, 27 November 2018 (UTC)