User talk:Stewart.1090

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Your submission at Articles for creation: sandbox (September 16)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.


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Fiddle  Faddle  10:52, 16 September 2014 (UTC)

From Monkeys to Humans, The Evolutionary Change of HIV
INTRODUCTION Thirty four million. Human Immunodeficiency Virus commonly known as HIV is currently living in thirty four million people globally. As the world population continues to exponentially increase, the rate of infection of HIV has surprisingly decreased. One would think, “Wouldn’t rate of infection of HIV increase due to the increase of population size?”  According to aids.gov, a website managed by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Service, believes the frequency of HIV in small and developing countries has decreased in the past decade. As we speak, there is still no known cure for the HIV, but there are preventive measures that can be taken into account to help lower the rate of infection of the virus among the human population. But, how has does the virus seem to stay ahead of the curve of technology and medication that has recently developed? As you may wonder, where did HIV come from and what evolutionary monumental strides has it made to infect the human population? Being able to determine the origin and introduction of the HIV to human population is important to discover to allow one to focus on the variables that caused an adaptation and the spread of the virus. BACKGROUND OF HIV HIV, also known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a virus that only infects humans and weakens their immune system by destroying T-cells and CD4 cells that fight disease and infections. Once a human is infected with HIV, typically through contact of bodily fluids, the virus tends to become AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. When someone has developed AIDS, there is no cure. They will eventually lose control of their body and die. However, there are treatments that can help slow the process of HIV developing into AIDS. To combat the virus, ART, Antiretroviral Therapy, is a combination of medication that keeps the virus from developing into AIDS and allows patients to live a normally life expectancy. The cost of ART is proximally $379,668 (cdc.gov), which makes one wonder how someone help slow or inhibit the epidemic among the human population, especially considering the 70% of HIV infected population live in the sub-Saharan Africa, where poverty is also a problem. ORIGIN OF HIV HIV belongs to Lentivirus genus of the Retrovitadae family, where typically their host are characteristically primates, sheep, goats, horses, cat, and cattle (Peeters, et. al 2007), one begins to wonder how the virus adapted or evolved to infect humans. AIDS has agents that are related to lentiviruses from primate, which is known as simian immunodeficiency virus or SIV. These SIVs are to most probable to have a result of cross species transmissions because the closest SIV related to HIV-1, which causes AIDS, are SIVcpz in chimpanzees. The SIVcpz is produced when recombination of viruses occurs within the species of chimpanzees. These SIVcpz were only seen in west African primates where there were not any noticed in Asian primates. Thus suggesting that HIV-1 comes from west Africa. The cross species transmission that gave rise to HIV-1, which causes AIDS, occurred around the west equatorial Africa. The location of this action is the home of chimpanzees that have a population of the SIVcpz. The mode of transmission is still unknown, but there is reason to think that human contact to blood or other fluids of infected primates from various actions like hunting or biting is the mode. Along with the previous stated reasons for transmission, migration due to human interaction has caused the virus to go to through some evolutionary change too. With the increase of human interaction with the animals that carry SIVs, the virus has grown some kind inhibitor that does not allow it to be assayed when there is a human screening for HIV-1. This unread or unscreened virus allows for the human to spread the disease even though they have been screened for a virus of similar characteristics. METHODS OF HOW HIV GOT INTO HUMANS In order to determine the genetic variation in the primates’ leniviruses, primates were infected with different strains from the three different groups. This helped locate the source of the origin of the HIV. To discover how humans were able to get infected with SIV, which typically do not grow or inhibit humans, the markets were visited where bushmeat, butchered hunted meat, was sold. This exposure to the blood of both primate and human was likely to occur. Not only through meat markets could have the humans contacted the virus, the virus could have been injected into them through the polio vaccine. The polio vaccine was produced through the kidneys of primates to make sure they were safe to use on humans, but some of these primates may have SIVcpz, which is known to cause HIV-1. Understanding how the human got infected with the SIVs, the time frame of infection was also important to discover as it allowed for one to understand when groups of the HIV strain began to divide. To determine this molecular clock of the HIV-1, sequences were used to help determine the existence of HIV M group around 1960 (Sharp, et.al ), but due to the technology and lack of complexity of nucleotide sequencing that is now available, which shows that M group has been around longer than one. This new technology also allows one to see the evolution of the HIV.

DATA OF HIV THROUGH PHYLOGENETICS Through phylogenetics, the study of evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices, identification of drug resistance mutational pathways, mechanisms of drug resistance, and the role of recombination in the diversification have been shown. As shown in the figure below, one can see recombinants and little subtypes of the HIV due to how fast the virus can evolve to drugs and other environmental factors that increase evolutionary changes.

(Rambaur, Andrew, et al, 2004). DISCUSSION Knowing that human and the HIV-1 are coevolving, it has been hard for a cure to for the virus because it mutates at a rate of 0.1-0.2 mutations per generation (Castro-Nalla, et. al 2011). Thus, when a new drug is made it is only meant to target a key stage in the cycle of the replication of a virus, but the HIV has been known to do reverse transcription, thus counter acting anything that has been treated. Because HIV can do reverse transcription, recombination has allowed the virus to have multi and diverse genomic material, thus making it harder to produce a product that will kill or prevent the virus to spread. That is why ART is a slow the process. Also the virus can perform recombination within the same cell to produce material from both parents. Not only does perform reverse transcription prevent researchers to find a cure, but they wonder if the drugs given to the patients lead to some cardiomyopathy. With this discovery, the use of echocardiogram can help for see that most of the patients tend to have some heart problem associated with the drugs given to them to help slow the process down. Thus, as people with HIV need to understand that routine echocardiograms are needed to monitor and treat the cardiac disease. (MsKinney, 2002).

References 1) Paul M. Sharp, Elizabeth Bailes, Roy R. Chaudhuri, Cynthia M. Rodenburg, Mario O. Santiago and Beatrice H. Hahn Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 356, No. 1410, Origins of HIV and the AIDS Epidemic (Jun. 29, 2001), pp. 867-876 2)Rambaur, Andrew, et al. “The Causes and Consequences of HIV Evolution.” Nature Reviews. Genetics 5.1 (2004): 52-61. MEDLINE with Full Text. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. 3) Watters, JK, and DK Lewis. "Hiv Infection, Race, and Drug-Treatment History." Aids (london, England). 4.7 (1990). Print. 4) The Origins of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Viruses: Where and When? Paul M. Sharp, Elizabeth Bailes, Roy R. Chaudhuri, Cynthia M. Rodenburg, Mario O.Santiago and Beatrice H. Hahn. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 356, No. 1410, Origins of HIV and the AIDS Epidemic (Jun. 29, 2001), pp. 867-876 5) Castro-Nallar, Eduardo, Marcos Perez-Losada, Gregory F. Burton, and Keith A. Crandall. "The Evolution of HIV: Inferences Using Phylogenetics." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62.2 (2012): 777-92. Elsevier. Web. 29 Sept. 2014. 6) Heuverswyn, Fran Van, MSc, and Martine Peeters, PhD. "The Origins of HIV and Implication for the Global Epidemic." Current Infectious Disease Report 9.4 (2007): 338-46. Current Science Inc. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. 7) Jones, Leandro R., Dario A. Dilernia, Julieta M. Manrique, Franco Moretti, Horacio Salomon, and Manuel Gomez-Carrillo. "In-Depth Analysis of the Origins of HUV Type 1 Subye C in South America." AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 25.10 (2009): 951-59. Web. 8) McKinney, Ross E. "Shooting at a Moving Target: Natural History Studies and the Rapidly Improving State of Anti-HIV Treatment." The Journal of Pediatrics 141.3 (2002): 301-02. Web. 10 Oct. 2014. 9) Ross E. McKinney Jr, Shooting at a moving target: Natural history studies and the rapidly improving state of anti-HIV treatment, The Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 141, Issue 3, September 2002, Pages 301-302. Print. 10 Oct. 2014. Stewart.1090 (talk) 22:53, 17 November 2014 (UTC)Corey Stewart

Your draft article, User:Stewart.1090/sandbox


Hello, Stewart.1090. It has been over six months since you last edited your WP:AFC draft article submission, entitled "sandbox".

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Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. JMHamo (talk) 20:33, 26 May 2015 (UTC)