User talk:Stollen15

d== Group 35 (The Last One) ==

Quantum Teleportation

Members are : Michael Berg, Cory Kahoun, Sean Stoll, Josh Oakgrove

Meeting Times for the Paper
Feb. 22th and 28th, March 7th from 6-8pm.

March 29 from 6pm-8pm and April 6 from 9am-10am in the library

Web Link
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-teleportation-with-ions

Video Link
http://themkce.ning.com/video/quantum-teleportation-video

Outline for Paper
Outline for Research Intro: Our technology is Quantum information exchange based on Quantum entanglement of ytterbium ions.

Why: This will work in conjunction with quantum computing to allow for the secure and speedy transfer of data.

How: Information is stored by orienting electron spin of atoms Teleportation of information is accomplished through the quantum entangle of ytterbium ions.

Outline for Researcher

Who are the main researchers on the project? Steven Olmschenk is the head researcher. What is their background? He is a grad student from the University of Chicago with bachelors in Physics with a Specialization in Astrophysics and a bachelor in Mathematics. He went to the University of Michigan and got his M.S. in physics in 2005, his M.S.E. in Electrical Engineering in August 2007, and his Ph.D. in Physics expected mid-2009. Who did they study under? Advisor: Professor Christopher Monroe at the University of Michigan and Professor Mark Oreglia at the University of Chicago. Where are they doing this research? At the University of Maryland. Do they have a formal group? They have a formal group of about 10-12 people. They have 2 Assistant Professors, 6 Grad Students, and about 4 Under-Grad Students. Graduate students? They have around 6 Grad Students in there group. How are they funded? 2008-2012, Army Research Office and IARPA ($1,950,000), “Trapped Ion Quantum Networks,” PI with co-PI L.-M. Duan (Univ. Michigan). What is their motivation for doing this? Their motivation is that they enjoy talking and doing experiments on Quantum Teleportation. How would you describe the culture of the research area? I think that the culture of this research area is quite interesting. There are a lot of cool ideas that they are trying to prove, especially Quantum Teleportation. I look forward to getting to know all about this research topic. How has government been involved? The government only really has been involved in the group by giving those grants and money for their work.

Outline for Impacts

I will be writing on the Impacts that this new technology Quantum Teleportation that is being researched all around the world. This outline will include what problems may occur when this technology is introduced. It will also cover the positives that come from this new technology. The problems or solutions that Quantum Teleportation could bring to the world. Effects on the environment What environmentalist may do or say Then political perspective Cost of Institutions for developing Quantum Teleportation The legal problems that could effect this new product Laws and restrictions Income of the nation as a whole to fund this Security (national, state) Dangers that may occur What may need to be tightened High security risks Rules and regulations put on the product The effect that Quantum Teleportation has on the economy and the price of the new technology The cost Effect it has on working class people Effect it has on the world income The research that goes into the new technology (time, workers, etc.) The opportunities that Quantum Teleportation could give the world Transfer of information Other new technology The development of this new technology over years What could be teleported (objects, information, humans) New ways and inventions to teleport In the future this product could possibly teleport humans or living creatures

Outline for Action

Actions that need to be taken to bring Quantum teleportation into the market place •		>Introduce public to what it is. •		>Share the advantages •		>Describe the applications it can be used on •		> Find a group or agency that may need this tech and willing to buy it. Ex go. Regulatory agencies: •		> FCC (Federal communications commission’s) •		> Any agency that deals with laws regarding communication. •		> FCC regulates by setting up guidelines on almost any form of communication. •		>With this technology enabling many forms of communication to become completely wireless it would be impossible to trace where anything is coming from so maybe put codes on the information. Controlling negative impacts of Quantum teleportation: •		>To control negative impacts Thoughts and opinions: •		> Confusing technology but seems very efficient and secure, it would be hard for someone to tamper with info. •		>Development is slow. •		>Make a storage place for info because once it is read it is destroyed. Secure inscription Government may want to use this tech due to the speed and safety.

The Paper
Investigating New Technology Research

To most people the idea of teleportation recalls science fiction shows such as Star Trek, where the crew aboard the star ship Enterprise is able to, from orbit, beam crew members to and from planets or to and from other space ships. The concept is that the actual person is disintegrated, sent then reconstructed at the desired location. This however is not the way of Quantum Teleportation. Quantum Teleportation is a process of sending quantum information which is based on electron spin. This works through the law of quantum entanglement where particles become linked on an atomic level then by unknown reasons, when one particle’s quantum information is changed, the other’s quantum information is changed correspondingly, even at significant distances. So in contrast to the example of Star Trek, the particles are not sent to another location, rather the information they hold is transferred to other particles at a distance. (Graham) Quantum Teleportation doesn’t seem all that useful by itself, who cares if two particles share quantum states? Its quantum computing that makes this technology useful. In traditional computing, information is stored in a series of ones and zeros; this is called binary. The ones and zeros are generally stored on a magnetic disk. The magnetic disk is broken up into small regions that have two states: charged or not charged. The charged or not charged regions are read as ones and zeros to the computer. This is not the only way binary can be stored; there’s also punch cards, transistors, magnetic tape and others. Regardless of how you store it, the concept is the same: data consists of ones and zeros. In quantum computing however data can be stored as electron spin which opens the door to huge possibilities. Electron spin is governed by quantum physics and is interpreted in two general directions: up or down. So in that sense it is like binary, but there are more possibilities. Electron spin is not simply confined to the two directions but is rather a combination of the two. This is represented in quantum physics by two complex numbers that give the “oneness” or “zeroness” of a particular spin. The equation is: C0|0} + C1|1} where C0 and C1 are complex numbers and |0} and |1} represent up and down spin respectively. Also |C0|2 + |C1|2 = 1. With these properties we can represent a particular spin graphically as a point on a sphere with the center at the origin and a radius of 1. When we draw a vector to the point on the sphere spin up (|0}) would be represented by the vector pointing straight up to the top of the sphere and spin down (|1}) is represented by a vector pointing directly down. Anything in between is utilizes C0 and C1 to give some combination. (Williams 4) In order for quantum teleportation to be completed, information is transferred from one ion to another by encoding quantum information to the first ion. Entanglement of one ion to another is required for quantum teleportation to happen, each ion’s atoms need to be arranged the same exact way. This process is completed by using a beam splitter to arrange the protons the same way, either both upwards, both downwards, or one up one down. Then taking two ytterbium ions and isolating them from one another in separate high vacuum traps that are suspended in an invisible cage of electromagnetic fields we are ready to complete the process. Once the ions are separated, ion A is irradiated with a specially made microwave burst that comes from one of its caged electrodes. This places ion A in its desired superposition of the two qubit states. This is the same as writing memory of the information onto ion A, to then be teleported to ion B. Once this step is completed, both ions are excited by a picosecond of laser pulse. A picosecond is equal to one trillionth of a second, making this an extremely fast burst. This laser pulse basically helps keep both ion A and ion B pointing in the same direction making sure that entanglement can occur. Ion A then needs to be measured to ensure a complete transfer, and then the information reappears when the microwave pulse is applied to ion B. For an accurate transfer to be completed, ion A must then be destroyed to leave ion B with the newly acquired information. This new technology is becoming important because it will help in the development of quantum computers. A quantum computer could be considered to be like a fax machine, except instead of sending information in 2 dimensions, the use of ions can help send information that is 3 dimensional. With the use of ions scientists are hoping to be able to create a way to send information much like how we use email, except in a faster and more secure way. This is possible through entanglement of ions, which instantly reveals information about ion A, through ion B. Though most of the information we know about quantum teleportation has been discovered in recent years, the idea of it was first developed during the 1930’s by Albert Einstein. As scientists discovered more information on photons and ions over the years, it made the idea of teleporting information seem more realistic. For a complete transfer to exist, scientists need to measure the first ion as mentioned before, but they are not completely sure how to get an exact measurement. The highest success rate for experiments on quantum teleportation is roughly 90 percent, meaning that they can predict that both a proper entanglement and transfer will be successful 90 percent of the time. In order for quantum computers to be successful this percentage needs to be raised to 100. So, until a better way of measuring ions is developed, scientists won’t be able to know how well this new technology could possibly work in teleporting information. Scientists are currently experimenting with smaller numbers of ions, usually two or three. Researchers believe that in order to make a quantum computer work effectively, they would need to develop a way to make transfers using many more ions. Unfortunately, it seems that longer strings of ions, those strings being 20 or more qubits, seems to be nearly impossible to control because their many collective modes of common motion would interfere with one another. So scientists have begun to explore the idea of dividing the quantum hardware into manageable portions. Then performing calculations with short chains of ions that could be shuttled from place to place on the quantum computer chip. Ions need to be perfectly protected and isolated for a transfer to be successful; therefore the smallest interference can stop the entanglement process all together. This entanglement process can be ensured using electric forces. These electric forces can move the ion strings without disturbing their internal states, preserving the data they carry.

The Researcher

Steven Olmschenk heads a team of researchers to find out more information about quantum teleportation. He grew up in Lidstrom, Minnesota about 30 minutes north of St. Paul, Minnesota. Mr. Steven Olmschenk spent his college days at the University of Chicago. There Steven received his Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics and also his Bachelor of Art degree in Physics with a specialization in Astrophysics. He completed both degrees in four years. Usually it takes about five to six years to obtain both degrees. He then went on to get his masters degree in Physics from the University of Michigan in 2005 and then went on to get his masters degree in Electrical Engineering in 2007. This spring he is finally going to graduate from the University of Michigan with his Ph.D. in Physics. Steven is doing his thesis paper on “Quantum Teleportation between Distant Matter Qubits”. Steven has had the opportunity to work with some very intelligent people. He has studied under Professor Mark Oreglia at the University of Chicago and Professor Christopher Monroe at the University of Michigan. Both professors are well known in the Physics world and have published some really good and interesting articles. Professor Monroe helped write this article on Quantum Leap: Information Teleported between Ions at a Distance, along with Dzmitry Matsukevich, Peter Maunz, Dave Hayes, and Luming Duan. Mr. Matsukevich and Mr. Maunz are Postdoctoral Researchers from the University of Maryland. Mr. D. Hayes is a second year graduate researcher at the University of Maryland. And Mr. Duan, who is an associate professor at the University of Michigan. These are just some of a group of researchers that form the Trapped Ion Quantum Information Group. This group if mostly formed from graduate and postdoctoral researchers at the University of Maryland. There are currently 17 active members that participate in the group. Steven Olmschenk has been a member since September of 2004. His research has been focused on interfacing atoms and photons for applications in quantum communication and quantum computation. But he has also been lately doing a lot of research on ions and how they work so that they can successfully teleport ion long distances away. They are completing all of their research at the University of Maryland expect for Mr. Luming Duan who sends all of his information and findings to the group on a weekly basis from his office in Michigan. Before joining the Trapped Ion Quantum Information Group, he was working with Professor Mark Oreglia doing research about high energy physics. He was doing this researcher for nearing two years. His research was about muon cooling systems and determining the possibility of a future muon collider. Steven and Mark also researched the light bottom squark of the super symmetric extension. He incorporated his research into his thesis paper when he got his Bachelors degree. Funding for the research is provided by the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity, the National Security Agency, the Army Research Office, the NSF Physics Frontier Center at JQI, the NSF Physics at the Information Frontier Program, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and Optical Lattice Emulator Programs, and the National Geospatial Agency IC Postdoctoral Program. These funding agencies have given this group of intelligent researchers millions of dollars to fund their work. Recently, the Army Research Office and IARPA donated 1.95 million dollars for research that is going to be taking place from 2008 to 2012. And back in 2004 the Army Research Office also gave them 2.2 million dollars for their research from 2004-2008. This is the length at which the government has been involved in the research. Their motivation is that one day people will be able to get ions /important information transported in faster and more efficient way. The Trapped Ion Quantum Information Group receives the money and ultimately has total control on what they need and want to make their goal a success. The head professor in charge of the group is Professor Christopher Monroe. He has only been in charge of the group for the last three years now but he has had over 15 years of research in physics. So he is very well knowledgeable in the topic of quantum teleportation but also in trapped ions quantum. The culture of Quantum Teleportation is in an aggressive stage right now. There have been many positive steps toward completing the goal. They already have succeeded at teleporting quantum information between ytterbium ions (charged atoms) at a distance of three feet. Now they are trying to do this over hundreds of meters away. There has been one case of photons being teleported over six hundred meters away. Sarah Graham from Scientific America stated, “In 2004, a group of scientist, lead by Rupert Ursin, shot a laser through the water of Danube River six hundred meters away. With the microwaves that were sent above the water they had completed the teleportation process with photons” (Graham, p 1)  Now they are trying to get ions to teleport because ions are more effect at storing memory for longer periods of time then photons are able to. Although they are not near completing this feat just yet, they predict that they will be able to complete the teleportation with a 97% pass rate in the next five to six years. Which many people in the physics community is a very exciting accomplishment. Steven’s motivation for doing his research is just because he was always interested in teleportation since he was little kid and always wished he could just appear and disappear wherever and whenever he wanted. Since being a little kid he has grown up and realized that it probably won’t happen in his life time but he still liked the idea of teleportation and wanted to pursue it for a career path. So that’s when he decided to go to the University of Chicago because of the great physics program the university has to offer and that it was only a five to six hour ride from his house in Lindstrom, MN. Steven ultimately wants to be a Head Professor in the Physics department of a college that has a strong physics program. He wouldn’t mind becoming a Professor at the University of Michigan. Also, he wouldn’t mind being a professor at his hometown college, the University of Minnesota. One of his goals coming up is that once he completes his master’s degree this spring he is going to go on a long vacation. Steven is very glad that his schooling is going to soon be complete and now he can start a career in what he loves to do. He would like to get involved in other groups involving physics. But for right now he wants to continue doing research with the Trapped Ion Quantum Information Group because he has enjoyed the time that he has put towards the group and wants to ultimately complete his goal of quantum teleportation with ions at a distance.

Impacts

In this part of the paper I will be writing about the impacts that Quantum Computers will have on all sorts of different things occurring in the world and all aspects of life in this day and age. This is a new technology that could drastically change the world and affect all kinds of things, For instance, the environment, political, institutional, social, culture, legal, and Economic market. Those are only a few of the many things that will be affected by Quantum Computers but they are the most important ones. This new technology involving Quantum Computers will be liked and disliked by many people, institutions and so forth. We will also be going through what this technology will solve, if it works, and what opportunities will open up in the future. This is a broad technological breakthrough and is heavily researched but was put on hold after Einstein has said there was no way this type of technology could be possible. There are many journal articles, magazine and internet articles that inform us about this new technology. While sorting through this information researchers have found out what exactly what can be done with Quantum Computing and what is it, what it does, and what it could possibly do in the future. The first impact that I’m going to discuss is the price of the research on Quantum Computers and the effect that it could possibly have on the economy. After reading through loads of information it seems as though that people do not care so much about what the product can do but the money that it could cost us and the effect that it may have on the economy. I know for a fact that the price will be one of the most controversial topics surrounding the new technology of Quantum Computers. People may say well its costing tax payers a fortune right, but that is far from the truth. The price of Quantum Computing investment so far is about 50 million dollars. But we have spent $1 trillion dollars on the current system of computers (Ultimate Zero and One p.18). The book also states that computer chips may be driving Computer Company’s bankrupt (Ultimate Zero and One p.18). When the company Motorola wanted to build a semiconductor plant in 1994, it was estimated that it would cost $2.4 billion dollars but by the year 2020 it could cost $1Trillion dollars to build a plant and in order to have this built Motorola would need sales at $10 trillion dollars if the computer performance to be sustained (Ultimate Zero and One p.18). By the computer company having to build new plants in the future it would just break the economy. So, the economy so far would not be affected by Quantum Computers, but would be affected if we continued to use chip manufactured computers. If anything Quantum Computers would help the economy out. When both these costs are compared the price or investment to research Quantum Computers it does not sound so bad. This new type of Quantum Computing could really have a major positive effect on the medical field and allow doctors to see things they could not have seen before. For instance, we know that through certain technologies that we can look inside a person’s body without having to cut them open, well with Quantum Computers they could develop ways to see inside the body without having to swallow toxins that make organs glow (Ultimate Zero and One). With this new computing they could pick out the smallest details that occur in the body. This would be a major medical breakthrough because not only could we cut back on toxins that patients must take before different body scans. These drugs could in some ways have effects on humans but with this new technology we could cut back on some of the toxins being used and in the end save money and save on medical expenses. Quantum computer can also crack the most secured codes and information could be intercepted using this kind of computer (Ultimate Zero and One p.2). This in turn could help astrologer’s maps out the stars, and plants faster and could discover all kinds of other things going on in space (Ultimate Zero and One). The most important institution that it could help would be our military institution and its different branches because if they were at war and needed to find out information they could use quantum computers to intercept valuable information from the people they are at war with. On the other hand this technology could be harmful to us, for if this technology were to get into the wrong hands people could get into all kinds of information that is classified. This technology could also break the security line for online banking and cause major issues with stealing identity, banks losing money, and people being robbed. This could all cause a major concern but the Quantum Computers that we develop information cannot be intercepted or security could not be broken if we were sending information back and forth between two Quantum Computers (Ultimate Zero and One p.20). Another one of the main concerns is the security part of Quantum Computing because with this technology people could hack into many different walls and unbreakable codes that are considered classified (Ultimate Zero and One p.2). So, in turn there would need to be a strict set of laws for the different uses of this technology and if these laws were broken in any way that the people who broke them would have to face severe penalties and prison time. This would also be a major topic discussed by politic both who are for and against Quantum Computer. These politicians would indeed rip this new technology apart and strip it down and use the examples I had mentioned before about the different codes that could be broken This new technology also would have a major impact in the communication of the computer world. So, for things like politics Quantum Computers could tally votes with a higher speed. They have been doing a ton of research where they have computers that perform computations at a rate far beyond any super computer we have today (Ultimate Zero and One p.2). Having this computer would insure a secure teleportation of unbreakable encoded information that cannot be intercepted by a third party (Ultimate Zero and one p. 20). Having this new technology in the computer world would make for major results. This information would make communication a lot easier on all kinds of businesses. If major businesses or corporations had this they could make more of a profit because of the time they are saving. For Instance, salespeople could use their computer to transfer information about their products and check on their past sales and save time going on the road and talking in person all day long. This technology can also bring many dangers if it got into the wrong hands and this has caused people to become paranoid and skeptical of this new technology. Now, since this machine is capable to teleport people to any place they want to go this could be great and become a problem because like I had said earlier the wrong people could get their hands on this new teleportation machine use it to do bad things. One of the dangers would be terrorists, thieves, and other people like that could use this product to hack into places that are highly secured (www.answerbag.com). So, by having this on the market it would have to be highly secured to make sure nobody uses this to do steel information from innocent people. In the future the competition between Quantum Computing and the super computers will result in a major decrease in the development of super computers because even though these computers are still fast but it’s costing a lot of money to continue to build and manufacture these like mentioned before in the paper. With super computers out of the way because of the money situation researchers can now focus their attention on the development of Quantum Computers. Since Quantum Computing security would be unbreakable we would have to spend less money and worry about identity theft. So, in the end we could cut many costs, receive information even faster than ever thought possible.

Action

Marketing quantum teleportation is on the back burner because it is such a new technology. When it is introduced it will bring with it many questions from consumers. Quantum teleportation is a very useful and valuable discovery that could change the way we live our lives. This new technology could be a major improvement for computers and would make a great new form of internet and two way communications. There would also be some draw backs by having this new technology in the market place. By introducing this technology and making it available to the masses there would be the need for people to replace old computers and get use to a new system. Also, the use of a quantum computer or super computers would make computer hacking way easier since these quantum computers will be so much faster. There is also the high cost that is going to be involved with the development of quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation is way of transferring information on a quantum level, most the time from one particle to another particle in a different location (C.H. Bennett, 2004). This process is made possible because of quantum entanglement. Quantum entanglement is when two particles are entangled in a way that they morph to one another changing the physical features. After the entanglement occurs, it is impossible to describe one particle without mentioning the other. Quantum teleportation cannot transport energy or matter but it can transport information. The advantage of quantum teleportation is that it can transmit information from one place to another almost simultaneously. With quantum teleportation, a qubit (quantum bit) is transmitted; the message is made up of three different parts. It is helpful to think of this message as an A, B, and C. A is the original message trying to be transmitted, B will be the origin that was previously entangled with A, and C will be the destination in which B will leave A and entangle with C bringing with it enough info from A to apply it to C and by doing this, destroying A and creating a replica of it in a different location (C.H. Bennett, 2004). The advantages of quantum teleportation are almost endless with the first views of this technology being seen in sci-fi movies and shows such as Star Track where this technology would be used to actually teleport people and make them appear in a different place. However this would be, by today’s beliefs, completely impossible (Harrison, 2001). In the definition on Wikipedia, it states that quantum teleportation cannot teleport matter or energy making transferring a human impossible. This technology has only been studied for only a few years and the extent of our knowledge is lacking. What we do know is that quantum teleportation can transfer information from one place to another completely wirelessly. So far, the longest message sent using quantum teleportation has been 600 meters (Matson, 2009). This message wasn’t so much for information purposes but, mainly just to see if quantum teleportation would work. This new communication method is unlike anything available right now. When we think of wireless now days we think of computers and cell phones that are more so cordless than anything. These devices still use wire, because they send a signal to the wireless router which is hooked up to the internet or phone line. With quantum teleportation it would be possible for messages to be sent and received anywhere completely wireless. The draw backs of this technology would be that in order for a quantum computer to be able to send and receive messages from afar, the power source would have to be upped. A normal laptop battery would not be able to support the power needed and if it needed to be plugged in all of the time anyway there wouldn’t be a reason for the wireless communication. For this technology to take over there is going to have to be many advances in other technologies, batteries being a main concern. Another draw-back with this technology is that as of right now it seems like two-way communication is the only thing that would work. In the future, a new form of internet is expected and way in the future possible teleportation of objects such as people. Applications to which quantum teleportation can be used is mainly computer related. Quantum teleportation is a very secure way of transmitting information so something like an e-mail would be great for quantum teleportation. Another application that would be a good candidate for quantum teleportation would be an online bank. The fact that the information is destroyed after it is sent means it would be nearly impossible for someone to steal information. Quantum technology could also find a home in computers. This technology is super fast and with the right set up it could be used by hackers. This technology could be used against today’s computers because they would be able to crack codes using advanced algorithms. This would be one application but not a very marketable one. Groups that would be willing to purchase this new technology would be government agencies. Due to the secure inscription that quantum teleportation offers, the government could take advantage of this because they could send important messages without having to worry about them getting intercepted or other people reading them. The reason this is possible is because once a message is sent, the original one is destroyed. Another reason that the government would be a good candidate is because of the high price it will be to buy one. The government could also use quantum computing to their advantage when it comes to deciphering codes. By being able to break codes it would make it easier to deal with threats. With quantum teleportation there would have to be some new laws put into place. Since quantum computers are so much more powerful than regular computers and they can hack into them easily there would have to be an agency that would be able to track who is using these computers. It may be best for these computers to be used by the government or agencies that would use these devices for good. If these computers got into the wrong hands they would be a major threat to people and businesses that are still using regular computers. The threat would be that these new super computers would be able to break into bank computers or government computers and steal valuable information. An agency that is already put in place for dealing with communications is the FCC (Federal Communications Commission’s) which regulates Television, radio, and other forms of communication. In order for the quantum teleportation information to be regulated, each message would have to somehow relay a message to the FCC along with the message being sent to the anticipated recipient. Although the FCC does not regulate the internet, quantum teleportation and computers would need to be regulated somehow. As of now, there is no real way to trace where a message is being sent. Using quantum teleportation it is hard to tell who is sending the message, but in the future it will be valuable to figure out how it can be done so there aren’t any mix-ups. The negative impacts quantum teleportation will have is going to be the ease of hacking onto other non quantum computers, the transfer from a technology people are just getting use to a new one, and the technology won’t be available for the public for many years. The ease of computer hacking has already been discussed and it will be a very negative impact of quantum computers if there isn’t a firewall or something to block them. With this new technology appearing so soon after the computer has been introduced, there are still people around that don’t understand the regular computer. This means that these people won’t have the fundamental computing skills before they are forced to learn a new technology. Also, this technology is still so far from being introduced to the market there is no way in telling how it is going to be introduced. What they are planning on using it for today may change to something new tomorrow. The future of this technology is very bright and has many different applications. Quantum teleportation and quantum computing will someday make their ways into people’s homes and be a lot like today’s computers.

Work Cited
Graham, S. (August 19, 2004). Quantum Teleportation across the Danube Demonstrated. Science America. Retrieved March 6, 2009, from http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-teleportation-acr

Olmschenk, S. (January 24, 2009). Steven Olmschenk Home Page. Retrieved March 09, 2009, from http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~smolms/index.html

Williams, Colin P., Clearwater, Scott H. (2000). Ultimate zero and one : computing at the quantum frontier. New York: Copernicus.

Monroe, Christopher R., Wineland, David H. (August, 2008). Quantum Computing with Ions. Retrieved March 3, 2009, from http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-computing-with-ions&page=3

C.H. Bennett, G. B. (2004, december 2). quantum teleportation. Retrieved February 21, 1009, from IBM: http://www.research.ibm.com/quantuminfo/teleportation/

Harrison, D. M. (2001, March 2). Quantum Teleportation, Information and Cryptography. Retrieved february 22, 2009, from Upscale: http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/QuantTeleport/QuantTeleport.html

Matson, J. (2009, January 22). Quantum Leap: Information Teleported between Ions at a Distance. Retrieved March 8, 2009, from Scientific American: https://uwstout.courses.wisconsin.edu/d2l/orgTools/ouHome/ouHome.asp?d2l_stateGroups=grid~gridpagenum~mycoursesstategroup&d2l_stateScopes=OrgUnitSession~GridPageNum~Search~PageNum%5EOrgUnitUser~LCS~MyCoursesStateGroup%5EUser~Grid~PageSize~HtmlEditor~HPG&d