User talk:Study zone

CASE STUDY WHTA IS CASE STUDY? According to Yin “Case study involves studying individual case, often in their natural environment and for a long period of time”. According to Kromrey “An empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident, and in which multiple sources of evidence are used” Case study is not a method of data collection; rather it is a research strategy, or an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon by using multiple sources of evidence. Yin and Hammersley both have supported this view, as for the definition of case study is concerned. Case study can be simple and specific, such as “ Ram, the delinquent boy”, or complex and abstract, such as “decision-making in a university”. But whatever the subject, to qualify as a case study, it must be a bounded system/unit, an entity in itself.

CHARACTERISTICS Hartfield has referred to the following distinguishing characteristic of case study: •	Its studies whole units in their totality and not some selected aspects or variables of these units. •	Its employs several methods in data collection to prevent errors and distortions. •	If often studies a single unit: one unit is one study. •	It perceives the respondent as a knowledgeable person, not just as a source of data. •	It studies a typical case.

PRINCIPLES The principle of case study: 1. Use multiple sources:  Use of one source of data collection does not give adequate for generalisation. But getting information from several sources (like interviewing, observing, analysing documents) is regarded as the major strength of the case study approach, because it also contributes to improving the reliability and validity of the findings. 2. Maintain a chain of evidence: The evidence from which conclusions are drawn in the case study has not only to be stated and specific case cited liked criminological investigation in a crime case in the court but it is also to be preserved for some time so that the evaluators should be able to verify the source and evidence. 3. Record data: The data may be recorded either in the form of sketchy notes in observation and interviews or it may be tape-re-corded in minute details. If a few notes are taken at the time of interview/observation, full notes may be written later on as soon as possible.

PURPOSE OF CASE STUDY Burns has pointed out the following purpose of a case study: 1. To use it as a preliminary to major investigation as it may bring to light variable, processes and relationships that deserve more intensive investigation. In this sense, it may even be a source of hypotheses for future research. 2. To probe the phenomenon deeply and analyse it intensively with a view to establishing grneralisation about the wider population to which the unit belongs. 3. To get anecdotal evidence that illustrates more general findings. 4. To refute a universal generalisation. A single case can represent a significant contribution to theory building and assist in focusing the direction of future investigations in the area. 5. To use it as a unique, typical and an interesting case in its own right.

TYPES OF CASE STUDY 1. Historical case studies 2. Observational case studies 3. Oral history case studies 4. Situational case studies 5. Clinical case studies 6. Multi-case studies

EMERGENCE OF MAN:  BIOLOGICAL  EVOLUTION
EMERGENCE OF  MAN:  BIOLOGICAL  EVOLUTION

With a knowledge of the principle of zoological classification and of the outstanding physical characteristics of the various animals of earth, it is simple enough to determine man’s relationships in the animal kingdom. Thus, through the application of the science of taxonomy and zoological classification as well as through the arrangement of animals into groups according to their mutual similarities,  appropriate place of man in the animal kingdom is traced out. But all criteria of relationship must be based upon essential identities, structure and development, which are called ‘homologies’, not upon the deceptive similarities, which are called ‘analogies’.

HOMINIDAE In the absence of premaxilla bone, presence of chin and in many other details, man differs from the anthropoid apes and as such he could not be included under either of these families. Therefore, men constitute a separate family called Hominidae with one genus Homo and a single species, Sapiens. Some of the many distinguishing characters of man or true diagnostic characters of homo as a type are given below for the benefit of the students: General Characters 1. Bipedal walk 2.Fully erect posture 3. Large size and complex character of brain External Character 1. The density of hair (except on scalp) is reduce and, thus, the body is relatively hairless 2. Tactile hair are completely absent 3. The margins of the ears are highly rolled 4. The nose is prominently; the elevated bridge is form by the nasal bones and the flesly tip is supported by osteocartilaginous framework 5. A median furrow or philtrum is present on the upper lip 6. The peculiar relation of the skin to the subcutaneous fat, which is adherent to the former 7. The legs are much longer than the arms 8. The foot is arched both transversely and anteroposterorly 9. The great toe is the dominant digit while the later toes are reduced in size. 10. The great toe is not opposable, it is in the same line with other toes and is under the common skin covering approximately up to the mid-point of the basal phalanx

Skeletal Character 1. The cranium is enlarged and the face is reduced 2. The nasal bones are large and broad and they are separated by intra-nasal suture 3. The premaxilla is never marked off from the maxilla by a suture 4. The spheno-maxillary fissure is wide 5. In the orbit the lachrymal articulates with the ethmoid bone 6. The sphenoid and the parietal bones are articulated at the side of the wall of the brain-box 7. The ethmoid articulates with the sphenoid in the articular fossa 8. The foremen magnum is placed far interiorly at the base of the skull so that head is well balanced on the spinal chords 9. The chin is present 10. The simian mandibular shelf is absent 11. No special sexual differentiation in teeth is seen 12. The lower lateral incisors are broader than the central and upper centrals are broader than the laterals 13 . The canines are small 14. The penis bone is absent 15. The linea aspera in the femur is well marked

Finally, it may be concluded that man belongs to the Metazoa group because human body consists of more than one cell. Again, man belongs to the vertebrate group of animal and, thereafter, man belongs to the mammals group. As mammals are air breathing animals, man is also an air breathing and warm- blooded vertebrate. As mammals are viviparous, similarly man is also viviparous and the foetus is nourished before birth from the blood viviparous and the foetus is nourished before birth from the blood system of mother through placenta.