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Social integration Social integration is the process during which newcomers or minorities are incorporated into the social structure of the host society. [1] Social integration, together with economic integration and identity integration, are three main dimensions of a newcomers' experiences in the society that is receiving them. [1] A higher extent of social integration contributes to a closer social distance between groups and more consistent values and practices. Bringing together various ethnic groups irrespective of language, caste, creed, etc., without losing one's identity. It gives access to all areas of community life and eliminates segregation.

In a broader view, social integration is a dynamic and structured process in which all members participate in dialogue to achieve and maintain peaceful social relations. Social integration does not mean forced assimilation. Social integration is focused on the need to move toward a safe, stable and just society by mending conditions of social disintegration, social exclusion, social fragmentation, exclusion and polarization, and by expanding and strengthening conditions of social integration towards peaceful social relations of coexistence, collaboration and cohesion. [2] Contents

1 Definition of integration 2 History 3 Background 4 Modern View 5 See also 6 References

History African Americans played a prominent role in the Union Army during the Civil War. Over 200,000 African Americans, equaling 10% of the entire military force, served in the Union military. 37,000 died fighting for the Union. Most were escaped slaves who served in segregated units under white officers. African American soldiers were not given the same rights as their white counterparts. Whereas white soldiers earned $13.00 a month with an additional $3.00 clothing allowance, African American soldiers earned $10.00 a month and had $3.00 deducted from their earnings for clothing. African American soldiers were granted equal pay, however, on June 15, 1864.

Initially, African Americans were only allowed to perform heavy labor tasks and burial duties, but eventually, more and more were put on the front lines in combat. At first, most white soldiers and officers believed that African Americans lacked the courage to be effective soldiers. In 1862, however, the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteers repeatedly repulsed attacking Confederates at the Battle of Island Mound, Missouri. On July 17, 1863, at Honey Springs, Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, the same Volunteers under General James Blunt held their ground against Confederate forces while the rest of his units retreated. They would go on to hold the center of the Union line, exchanging fire for over twenty minutes with the Confederates until the Confederates broke and ran. After the battle, General Blunt praised the Volunteers and admitted they had fought better than any other soldiers under his command.

At the Battle of New Market Heights, Virginia in 1864 (as part of the Siege at Petersburg), African-Americans soldiers pinned down by Confederate artillery fire, charged the earthworks and rushed up the hillside to engage the Confederates in an hour long battle, suffering tremendous casualties. Fourteen African American soldiers received the Medal of Honor following the battle for their bravery. By 1864 African Americans were serving in some capacity in the Union Army in virtually all engagements (except for Sherman’s Georgia campaign). Background Following emancipation, there was a new society of freed people across the Caribbean: what did they do and what provisions were made for them?

During slavery, plantation owners decided what kind of shelter and medical care was given to their slaves. After the abolition of slavery most available work was on the very same plantations that former enslaved people had worked on; the wages were low, and people had inadequate rights to land. Rent and taxes were high, as was unemployment. The Morant Bay rebellion in Jamaica was one example of the working classes protesting about such conditions.

From the middle to late 1800s, the Caribbean saw many changes. Colonial governments reformed judicial systems, police forces, education and health care. They built roads and railways, developed botanical gardens, improved water supplies and sanitation, and established cable communication. Authorities introduced mass vaccinations against common diseases, and provided relief following natural disasters.

Throughout the Caribbean, mental health institutions often suffered from poor standards of care, overcrowding and patient neglect. By the 1870s many islands were constructing new facilities and attempting to improve patient care.

Despite reform, abuse of the system continued. For example, forced labour and flogging were still prevalent in prisons. Such punishments were now conducted by the state instead of slave owners. In 1870s St. Lucia, a man was publicly flogged in the market place for practising Obeah.

The schooling system established during slavery was expanded to teach Christian morals to the recently freed slaves. Later, academic and agricultural schools were instituted by the state. The Mico Charity was an important educational trust that established schools in the British Caribbean. Modern View A 1994 briefing paper by United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) for the World Summit for Social Development highlighted that “social integration” held different meanings to different people — for some, social integration was a positive process about encouraging harmonious interactions between diverse communities in society, and providing equal rights and opportunities for everyone. The Panel on the Integration of Immigrants into American Society (2015) recognized that integration was a two-way process between immigrants and locals; immigrants experienced change upon arrival in their new host countries, and natives adapted to the presence of immigrants. These changes could be seen in areas of “education, employment and earnings, occupations, poverty, residential integration, language, health, crime, and family patterns” by comparing across generations of immigrants and natives.

For example, the Panel’s research showed that in US, foreign-born immigrants had a life expectancy of 80.0 years, 3.4 years longer than that of the US-born population, but over generations, this advantage eroded and converged with the US-born. The number of inter-racial or inter-ethnic marriages in the US had also doubled (15.1% in 2010), when compared to a generation ago in 1980 (6.7%). Brown (2013) showed how ethnic segregation and diversity could be mapped by converting demographic databases into interactive maps using digital technology such as Geographic Information Systems; clustering of ethnic communities was commonly interpreted as a negative sign of segregation, though it could also be a result of demand of housing and social equality (Simpson etc., 2008).

Social integration did not always lead to positive outcomes. UNRISD (1994) called for a thoughtful consideration of whether the nature of the current process of development, which immigrants were to be integrated into, was viable or just. For instance, would integrating all people into the existing lifestyle of consumerism in developed economies be a sustainable development? In this instance, perhaps the issue was more of reform of the existing system, rather than integration. Disintegration of existing systems might be essential before progress towards a more equitable society could be made, for example, ending the practice of slavery.

UNRISD (1994) also stated that for others, increasing integration had a negative connotation of threatening to impose an undesirable conformity on people, this was understandable, as Putnam (2007) outlined in his landmark study, that while immigration generally strengthened advanced nations, the introduction of diversity into the host country challenged community cohesion in the near term. The UK Social Integration Commission (2014) expressed the ethical dilemma of its remit as, ““Do too little and we could drift into segregation, be too heavy handed and we could cause a backlash against social engineering”. Putnam (2007) offered optimism in overcoming this challenge though, stating that racial and ethnic lines of divisions were artificial social constructs which could be deconstructed, and he pointed to the wave of immigration between late 1800s to early 1900s, during which US managed to successfully integrate immigrants and locals, by building a broader sense of “we”.

Despite the short-term friction that might result from differences in cultures, it was important to take a long-term view towards resolving conflicts and building relationships between immigrants and locals. According to the Social Integration Commission (2014), the proportion of British residents who belonged to an ethnic minority was projected to increase from 16% in mid-2012 to about 38% by 2050. A lack of integration could lead to long-term unemployment due to lack of contact with those in work, difficulty for companies to recruit from homogenous networks, and increase in anxiety and ill-health — all of which were estimated to cost the UK economy 6 billion pounds every year, or 0.5% of total GDP in the UK (Social Integration Commission, 2014),

There were long-term benefits to creating a social integrated society. Putnam (2009) stated that immigrants could introduce cultural diversity and benefit the host country by fostering greater creativity and economic growth. People who were more socially integrated also tend to demonstrate more altruistic behaviours, as observed by Brañas-Garza etc (2010). A socially integrated society would also be more resilient in the face of adversity. In recent times, Williams (2014) related to how New York City recovered from the 2012 Superstorm Sandy catastrophe. In a city heavily populated with immigrants and where nearly a quarter of its population was non-English proficient, there were communities in New York City with stronger civic networks, and these communities responded better to the disaster than those with limited social ties, which had to endure a messier recovery experience. Post-9/11, research also showed that police officers who were more socially integrated coped with the mental stress better than those who were not (Schwarzer etc., 2014). These showed that it was possible to build strong social ties between immigrants and locals in a highly diverse community.

There were many ways put forth to promote community cohesion in the long run. For example, Putnam (2007) identified education, popular culture, or common experiences as some possible means to do so. Compared with other dimensions of integration, social integration focuses more on the degree to which immigrants adapt local customs, social relations, and daily practices. It is usually measured through social network, language, and intermarriage. [7] the most commonly used indicator of social integration is social network, which refers to the connection that immigrants build with others in the host society. While some researchers use the total number of immigrants’ friends as a measure, others use the frequency of interaction with friends. One thing worthy noting is that more and more studies differentiate local friends from immigrant friends because the former is considered more important in integrating immigrants into the local society than the latter.

Language is another important variable to access the degree of immigrants’ social integration. A higher level in grasping local language results in more chances to communicate with local people and a better understanding of local culture. A typical question used in survey is as “Do you understand the local people’s language?”[8] In the United States, for instance, the fluency of English is a widely used indicator and can be easily found in a report on immigration.

Intermarriage is also an indicator of social integration. For those who are unmarried, they will be asked: “Would you consider marrying a local people?” for those married, question will be like “Would you like your children to consider marrying a local people?”[8] Answers to these questions are a good predictor of immigrants’ willingness to be integrated into the host society. Examples

In many instances education is used as a mechanism for social promotion. Neither education nor work can be ensured without a form of law. In relation to tolerant and open societies, members of minority groups often use social integration to gain full access to the opportunities, rights and services available to the members of the mainstream of society with cultural institutions such as churches and civic organizations. Mass media content also performs a social integration function in mass societies.

The 2005 documentary” Utan gränser – en film Om idrott och integration” (Without Borders - A Film about Sports and Integration) was a film described by Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet as "a documentary on how to succeed with integration" of migrants into Swedish society. [9]

The term "social integration" first came into use in the work of French sociologist Émile Durkheim. He wanted to understand why rates of suicide were higher in some social classes than others. Durkheim believed that society exerted a powerful force on individuals. He concluded that a people's beliefs, values, and norms make up a collective consciousness, a shared way of understanding each other and the world. Uses

A 2012 research review found that working-class students were less socially integrated than middle-class students at university. [10][11]

Recent research also shows that immigrants should be independent and proactive in order to achieve better social integration in their host countries.[12] For further information, see here.[13][14]

From a demographic and cultural standpoint, recent longitudinal studies suggest that social isolation or integration has shown to increase in older Spanish individuals, especially those whom may be suffering from neurocognitive disorders such as dementia and overall cognitive decline. [15]

The United Nations has a Social Integration Branch, which is a part of the Division for Social Policy and Development (Department of Economic and Social Affairs). It also issues a quarterly publication named Bulletin on Social Integration Policies. [16] The UN Alliance of Civilizations [17] initiative works on Migration and Integration as a key for intercultural understanding. An Online Community on Migration and Integration [18] shows Good Practices from around the world. See also

Acculturation Cultural assimilation Cultural diversity Jim Crow laws Social exclusion Suffrage TPI-theory Menace in Europe: Why the Continent's Crisis Is America's, too, a book by Claire Berlinski

References African Americans in the Civil War. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mrnussbaum.com/civil-war/african_americans/ Alba, Richard; Nee, Victor (1997). "Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration". International Migration Review. 31, 4: 826–874. "PeaceDialogue". UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web. 02 Jan. 2015. Park, Robert E.; Burgess, Ernest (1969) [1921]. Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 735. Glazer, Nathan; Moynihan, Daniel P. (1964). Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gans, Herbert (1992). "Second Generation Decline: Scenarios for the Economic and Ethnic Futures of Post-1965 American Immigrants". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 15: 173–92. doi:10.1080/01419870.1992.9993740. Portes, Alejandro; Zhou, Min (1993). "The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants among Post-1965 Immigrant Youth". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 530: 74–98. Doi: 10.1177/0002716293530001006. Vigdor, Jacob (2008). Measuring Immigrant Assimilation in the United States. New York: NY: Manhattan Institute, Civic Report No. 53. Wang, Wenfei Winnie; Fan, C. Cindy (2012). "Migrant Workers Integration in Urban China Experiences in Employment, Social Adaptation, and Self-Identity". Eurasian Geography and Economics. 53: 731–749. doi:10.2747/1539-7216.53.6.731. National Archives. (2006, November 10). Caribbean Histories Revealed. Retrieved from http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/caribbeanhistory/society-welfare-after-slavery.htm Nilsson, Christoffer; Melin, Eric (15 April 2016). "Swedish terror suspect was in movie about successful integration - Terrormisstänkt svensk var med I film Om lyckad integration". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 17 April 2016. "As an eleven-year-old Osama Krayem participated in a documentary on how to succeed with integration." Rubin, M (2012). "Social class differences in social integration among students in higher education: A meta-analysis and recommendations for future research". Journal of Diversity in Higher Education. 5: 22–38. Doi: 10.1037/a0026162. Working-Class Students are Left Out at University Mark Rubin's Social Psychology Research, retrieved 29 March 2013 Rubin, M.; Watt, S. E.; Ramelli, M. (2012). "Immigrants' social integration as a function of approach-avoidance orientation and problem-solving style". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 36: 498–505. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.009. "Immigrants Should Be Independent and Proactive to Achieve Better Social Integration - Mark Rubin's Social Psychology Research". google.com. Sami,N.,Habib, S.E. Zunzunegui, ET, al. "Social Networks, Social Integration, and Social Engagement Determine Cognitive Decline in Community-dwelling Spanish Older Adults". Www.psychcgerontology.oxfordjournals.org. Retrieved 2015-07-21. "UNDESA - Division for Social Policy and Development (DSPD)". Un.org. Retrieved 2014-06-27. [1][Dead link] Social integration. (n.d.). Definitions.net. Retrieved December 4, 2018, from https://www.definitions.net/definition/social+integration.

"Migration & Integration | Building Inclusive Societies". Unaoc.org. 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2014-06-27.

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