User talk:Tapobana

dear samanta hw r u

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civil main-history 2011
HISTORY(Main) PAPER-I 1. Sources: Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, numismatic, monuments Literary sources: Indigenous: Primary and secondary, poetry, scientific literature, literature, literature in regional languages, religious literature. Foreign account: Greek, Chinese and Arab writers 2. Pre-historic and pro-history: Geographical factor: hunting and gathering (Paleolithic and Mesolithic); beginning of agriculture (Neolithic and chalcolithic) 3. Indus valley civilization: Origins, date, extend characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture. 4. Megalithic cultures: Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, development of community life, settlements, development of agriculture, crafts, pottery, and iron industry. 5. Aryas and Vedic periods: Expansions of Aryan in India: Vedic periods: religious and philosophic literature; transformation of rig Vedic period of later Vedic period; political, social and economical life; significance of the Vedic age; evolution of monarchy and varna system. 6. Periods of mahajanpadas: Formations and states (mahajanpadas) Republics and monarchies; rise of urban centre ; trade routes, economic growth; introduction to coinage; spread of Jainism and Buddhism; rise of magdha and nandas. Iranians and Macedonians invasion and their impact. 7.mauryan empire: foundation of the mauryan empire, chandragupta, kautilya and arthashastra, Ashoka, concept of dharma; edicts, polity, administration; economy; art ;architecture and sculpture; external contacts; religion; spread of religion; literature, Disintegration of empire: sungas and kanvas. 8. Post –mauryan period (indi-Greek, sakas, kushanas, western kshatrapas): Contact with outside world; growth of urban centre, economy, coinage, developments of religions, Mahayana, social conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature and science. 9. Early state and society in eastern India, Deccan and south India: Kharavela, the satabahanas, Tamil state of the sangam age, administration, economy, land grant, coinage, trade guide and urban centre; Buddhist centre; sangam literature and culture; art and architecture. 10. Guptas, vakatakas and vardhanas: Policies and administration, economic conditions, coinage of the Guptas, land grants, decline of the urban centre, Indian feudalism, caste system, position of women, education and educational institutions; nalandas, vikramshila and vallabhi, literature, scientific literature, art and architecture. 11. Regional state during Guptas era: The kadambas, pallavas, chalukyas of badami, polityand administration, and trade guides, literature, growth of vaisnava and Saiva religions. Tamil bhakti movements, shankaracharya; Vedanta; institution of tamples, and temple architecture; palas, senas, rastrakutas, paramaras, polity and administration; cultural aspects, Arab conquest of sind; alberuni, the chalukyas of kalyana, cholas, hoysalas, pandyas; polity and administration; local governments; growth of art and architecture; religious sects, institution of temples and mathas, agraharas, education and literature, economy and society. 12. Themes in early Indian cultural history: Languages and texts. Major states in evolution of arts and architectures, major philosophical thinkers and schools, ideas in sciences and mathematics. 13. Early medieval India, 750-1200 Polity: Major political developments in northern India and the peninsula, origin and rise of Rajput. The cholas: administration, village economy and society. Indian feudalism Agrarian economy and urban settlements Trade and commerce Society: the status of Brahman and the new social order. Condition of women Indian science and technology. 14. Cultural tradition in India, 750-1200 Philosophy: Shankaracharya and Vedanta, ramajuna and vishishadvaita, madhava and brahma-mimansa Religion: Forms and feature of religion, Tamil devotional cults, growth of bhakti, Islam and its arrival in India, Sufism Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in newly developing languages, kalhan’s rajtarangini, Alberuni’s Indian Art and architecture: temple architecture, sculpture, painting. 15. The thirteen century: Establishments of Delhi’s sultanate; The Ghurian invasions- factors behinds Ghurian success Economic, social and cultural consequences Foundation of Delhi’s sultanate and early Turkish sultans Consolidations: The rule of Iltutmish and balban. 16. The fourteen century: The khalji revolution Alauddin Khalji: conquest and territorial expansion, agrarian and economic measures Muhammad tughlug: Major project, agrarian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughlug Firuz Tughlug: Agrarian measures, achievements of civil engineering and public works, decline of sultanate, foreign contract and Battuta’s account. 17. Society, culture and economy in thirteen and fourteen centuries: Society: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the sultanate, bhakti movement. , Sufi movements. Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of north India. Literatures in the languages of south India, sultanate architecture and new structural forms, planting, evolution of a composite culture. Economy: Agricultural production, rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce’s. 18. The fifteen and early sixteen century-Political developments and economy: Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir (Zainul abedin), Gujarat, Malwa, and Bahmanids The Vijayanagara Empire Lodis Mughal Empire, first phase, Babar and Humayun The Sur Empire: Sher shah’s administration Portuguese colonial enterprise Bhakti and Sufi movements 19. The fifteen and early sixteen century-society and culture- society and culture: Regional cultural specificities Literary traditions Provincial architectures Society, culture, literature and the arts in Vijayanagara empire 20. Akbar Conquests and consolidation of the empire Establishment of Jagir and mansab ayatem Rajput policy Evolution of religious and social out look, theory of Sulh-i-kul and religious policy Court patronage of art and technology 21.Mughal empire in the seventeen century: Major administrative policy of Janhangir, shahjahan and Aurongzeb The empire and the jamidars Religious policy of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurongzeb Nature of the Mughal states Late seventeen centuries crisis and the revolts The Ahom kingdom Shivaji and the early Maratha kingdom 22. Economy and society in the sixteen and seventeen centuries Population, agricultural production, craft production Town, commerce with Europe through Dutch, English, and French companies; a trade revolution Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurances and credit systems. Condition of peasants, condition of women. Evolution of Sikh community and the khalsa panth 23. Culture in Mughal Empire: -Persian histories and other literature -Hindi and other religious literature -Mughal architecture -Mughal painting -Provincial architecture and painting -Classical music -Science and technology 24. The eighteen centuries Factors of the decline of the Mughal Empire The regional principalities: Nijam’s Deccan, Bengal, Awadh Maratha ascendancy under the peshwas The Maratha fiscal and financial system Emergence of Afghan power, Battle of panipat: 1761 States of polities, culture and economy of the eve of the British conquest

civil main-geography 2011
GEOGRAPHY PAPER-I PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY

Physical Geography: 1. Geomorphology: Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of earth’s interior; Geosynclines 2. Climatology: Temperature and pressure belts of world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmospheric circulation; atmospheric stability and instability; Planetary and local winds; Monsoon and jet streams; air masses and fronto genesis, temperature and tropical cyclone; Types and distribution of precipitation; weather and climates; Koppen’s thorntwaite’s and trewartha’s classification of world climates; Hydrological cycle; Global climate change and role and response of man in climatic change; applied climatology and urban climate. 3. Oceanography: Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian, & Pacific Oceans; Temperature and salinity of the ocean; heat and salt budget; ocean deposit; waves, currents and tides; marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources; coral reefs ,coral bleaching; sea level changes; law of the sea and marine pollution. 4. Biogeography: Genesis of soil; classification and distribution of soils; soil profile; soil erosion, degradation and conservation; factor influencing world distribution of plant and animal; problem of deforestation; and conservation measures; social forestry; agro-forestry; wild life; major gene pool canters. 5. Environmental geography: Principle of ecology; human ecological adaptation; Influences of man on ecology and environment; global and regional ecological changes and imbalances; Ecosystem their management and conservation; environmental degradation, management and conservation, Biodiversity and sustainable development; Environmental policy; environmental hazards and remedial measures; environmental education and legislation.
 * Continental drift; Isostacy; plate tectonics; Recent view on mountain building; vulcanicity; earth quack and tsunamis, concept of geomorphic cycle& landscape development; denudation chronology; channel morphology; erosion surface; slope development; applied geomorphology: geohydrology, economic geology& environment

Human geography 1. Prospective of Human Geography: Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; dichotomy and dualism; environmentalism; quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches, languages, religions and secularization; cultural regions of the world; human development index. 2. Economic geography: World economic development; measurement and problems; world resources and their distribution; energy crisis; the limit to growth; world agriculture, typology of agricultural regions; agricultural input and productivity; food and nutrition problems; food security, famines: causes, effects and remedies, world industries: locational pattern and problems; patterns of world trade. 3. Population and settlement Geography: growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes, causes and consequences of migration; concept of over-under and optimum population; population theory, world population, problems and policies, social well-being and quality of life; population as social capital, type and pattern of rural settlements, environmental issues in rural settlements. Hierarchy of urban settlements; urban morphology; concept of primate city and rank size rule; functional classification of towns; sphere of urban influences; rural urban fringe; satellite town; problems and remedies of urbanizations; sustainable developments of cities. 4. Regional planning: concept of a region; types of regions and methods of regionalization; growth centers and growth poles; regional imbalances; regional development strategies; environmental issues in regional planning; planning for sustainable developments. 5. Models, theories and laws in human geography: System analysis in human geography; Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition model; central place theories of Chridtaller and Losch; perroux and boudeville; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location; Weber;s model of industrial location; Cstov’s model of stages of growth. Heartland and Rimland theories; Laws of international boundaries and frontiers.

PAPER-II GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA 1. Physical setting: Space relationship of India and neighboring countries; structure and relief; drainage system and water sheds; physiographic region; mechanism of Indian monsoon; and rainfall pattern; tropical cyclones and western disturbances; flood and droughts; climatic region; natural vegetations; soil type and their distributions. 2. Resources: Lands, surface and ground water, energy, mineral, biotic and marine resources; forest and wildlife resources and their conservation; energy crisis. 3. Agriculture: Infrastructure; irrigation, seeds, fertilizer, power; institutional factor: land holding, land tenure and land reform; cropping pattern, agricultural productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability; agro- and social forestry; green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological implications; signification of dry farming; live stock resources and white revolution; aqua-culture, sericulture, apiculture and poultry; agricultural regionalization; agro-climatic zones, agro-ecological regions. 4. Industry: Evolution of industries;locational factor of cotton, jute, textile ,iron and steel, aluminium, fertilizer, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical automobiles, cottage and agro-based industries; industrial houses and complexes including public sector undertaking; industrial regionalization; new industrial policies; multinationals and liberalization; special economic zones; tourism including eco-tourism. 5. Transport, communication and trade: Road, railway, airway and pipeline networks and their complimentary roles in regional development; growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade; trade balance; trade policy; export processing zones; developments in communication and information technology and their impacts on economy and society; Indian space programmed. 6. Cultural setting: Historical prospective of Indian society; racial, linguistic and ethnic diversities; religious minorities; major tribes; tribal area and their problems; cultural regions; growth; distribution; and density of populations; demographic attributes; sex ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force, dependency ratio, longevity,; migration( inter-regional, intra-regional and international) and associated problems; population problems and policies; health indicators. 7. Settlements: Types, patterns, and morphology of rural settlements; urban developments; morphology of Indian cities; conurbations and metropolitan region; urban sprawl; slums and associated problems; town planning; problem of urbanization and remedies. 8. Regional development and planning: experience of regional planning in India; five year plans; integrated rural development programmed; panchayati raj and decentralized planning; command area development; water shed managements; planning for backward area, desert, drought prone, hill, tribal area development; multi-level planning; regional planning and development of island territories. 9. Political aspects: Geographical basis of Indian federalism; state reorganization; emergence of new state; regional consciousness and inter state issues; cross border terrorism; India’s role in world affairs; geopolitics of south Asia and Indian Ocean realm. 10. Contemporary issues: Ecological issues, environmental hazards; landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, flood and drought, epidemics; issues relating to environmental pollution; changes in patterns of land use; principles of environmental impact assessments and environmental managements; population explosion and food security; environmental degradation, deforestation, desertification, and soil erosion; problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; regional disparities in economic developments; concept of sustainable growth and development; environmental awareness; linkage of rivers; globalization and Indian economy. NOTE: - Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.