User talk:Tjag003

A welcome from Srikeit
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Srik e it ( talk ¦  ✉  ) '' 08:47, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Your edit to Capture of Cyanne
Your recent edit to Capture of Cyanne was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // Tawkerbot2 04:15, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Insertion to inappropriate page
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. I notice that you inserted a large amount of text concerning clinical depression to the depression (physiology) page, which previously was really just a definition of a usage of the word in physiology (please note: not psychology). The disambiguation page should have helped you find the clinical depression page, which is the correct topic area and already covers much of the material.

The material itself may well be of use on that page, but for the moment I have moved it here. I hope that makes sense. --Cedderstk 16:07, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

= Cognitive and biological views of psychological Depression =

The word depression is normally misused to describe temporary sadness or a “blue mood” (Sarason & Sarason, 1989, p.272) that most people experience occasionally (Sarason & Sarason, 1989). Misused because, depression is a debilitating illness of extreme distress that can harm a person’s normal day-to-day functioning (Nevid, Rathus, & Greene, 2005). It is not just a passing mood swing. Occurrence of one or more periods of depression is known as major depression (Nevid et al., 2005). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (1994) a person is classified as having major depression when at least one of the symptoms include “depressed mood or loss of interest” (DSM IV., 1994, p317) for a minimum of two weeks. People with major depression have feelings of misery, worthlessness, and thoughts of committing suicide (Cohen, 1999). Globally around 120 million people experience depression (E.Olson, as cited in Nevid et al., 2005) and annually about 18.8 million American adults are affected by a depressive illness (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2000). There are many different theories that attempt to explain the causation of depression. Cognitive theorists, for example, propose that depression is the cause of negative beliefs people maintain about themselves and their surroundings (Trower, Casey, Windy, 1988). On the other hand, the biological paradigm suggests neurotransmitter functioning and genetics as the cause of depression (NIMH, 2000). The ways in which both cognitive and biological paradigms shape how patients view themselves, view their recovery, and take responsibly for their depression will be included in this paper.

Cognitive paradigm: Cognitive distortion model and cognitive therapy
In his cognitive distortion model, Aaron Beck (as cited in Trower et al., 1988) suggests that depressed people develop a pessimistic view about themselves, their surroundings and their future. This distorted way of thinking is thought to be determined by early childhood experiences (Corner, 2005). For example: if Suzy was an A+ student in her school and she attained a B in one of her tests, this might make her fell unworthy or she might even perceive the B to be equivalent to an F (Nevid et al., 2005). This is an example of a cognitive distortion called “All or none thinking” (Nevid et al., 2005, p260). Beck believed such cognitive distortions to be the main cause for depression (Sarason & Sarason, 1989). He devised cognitive therapy to help depressed patients understand and change their thought patterns (Trower et al., 1988). Cognitive therapy might help clients gain more confidence in controlling their thoughts, and perceive things in a more realistic manner (Trower et al., 1988). However, some clients may blame their depression on external problems such as their parents never accepting them for who they were (Sarason & Sarason., 1989). Depressed clients could view responsibility for their recovery by taking the credit for successfully understanding how to analyse and change their hindering thought patterns (Trower et al., 1988).

Cognitive paradigm: Learned helplessness model and attributional therapy
In his learned helplessness model, Martin Seligman implies that depressed people learn to view themselves as helpless because of unpleasant prior experiences (Nevid et al., 2005). He suggests that the ways people attribute specific events play a key role in determining who becomes depressed (Nevid et al., 2005). His modified theory claims that depression is more likely to affect people who attribute negative qualities to themselves from experiences in which they felt helpless (Sarason & Sarason., 1989). According to Seligman there are three attributions that determine whether a person becomes depressed (McKean, K.J. 2003). Firstly, people may attribute their problems either internally by blaming themselves or externally by blaming their circumstances (Nevid et al., 2005). For example, a student who failed his exams can either blame himself (internal attribution) or can feel that anyone in the same situation as him would have had a rough time passing (external attribution). Secondly, people might attribute their problems as global or specific (Nevid et al., 2005). The student who failed his exams (in the previous example) might think of himself as completely hopeless in all situations (global) or might think that he is helpless only in exam situations (specific). Thirdly, depression is determined by whether a person attributes the problems as stable or unstable (Sarason & Sarason., 1989). To illustrate, the student would be attributing his exam failure as unstable if he blamed his exam situation on having a temporary cold and headache on the day of the exam. Seligman believed that such attributions were the main causes for depression (Sarason & Sarason., 1989). Seligman devised attributional therapy to help depressed clients develop a more positive and adaptive attributional style (Wys. V.C., n.d). Attributional therapy might help individuals maintain a higher self respect by attributing themselves and their experiences in a more factual manner (Wys. V.C., n.d). I think that individuals might take responsibility for their depression by understanding that they were responsible for the way they chose to behave and attribute their thoughts during depression. They might blame their depressive illness by negatively attributing it in an internal or an external direction (Nevid et al., 2005). I feel that they would view responsibility for their recovery by complimenting themselves for making it out of their depression successfully. They might also take responsibility by making a note of everything they’ve learnt in therapy to recognise and control the way they attribute their thoughts and behaviour in the future.

Cognitive paradigm: ABC model and rational emotive therapy
Albert Ellis proposed that depression was caused because of the irrational beliefs people held about events rather than the events themselves (Cohen, D., 1999). Ellis created the ABC model to explain the relationship between thinking and emotions (Trower et al., 1988). According to this model, A (activating event) is the reaction people hold to a specific event, B is the beliefs people hold towards the event, and C is the emotional and behavioural consequences people encounter in relation to A. (Maultsby, M.C. & Wirga. M., 1998). For example, if Tom was ignored by his colleague at work (Activating event), he is likely to infer his beliefs by thinking “my colleague has ignored me, he must be angry with me, he probably dislikes me” (Trower et al., 1988 p3), this might then lead him to evaluate his beliefs by thinking “It’s awful if someone dislike’s you” (Trower et al., 1988 p3). These beliefs, which are probably untrue since Tom doesn’t know exactly why his colleague ignored him, are likely to lead Tom to the “emotional consequence of depression” (Trower et al., 1988 p3) and “behavioural consequence of future avoidance of colleague” (Trower et al., 1988 p3). Ellis’s RET (rational emotive therapy) might help individuals view themselves and their surroundings in a more pleasant manner through “better personal beliefs” (Maultsby, M.C. & Wirga. M., 1998, p16). This is achieved by the therapist understanding and questioning the client’s beliefs so that the client can learn to recognise and change their irrational thoughts (Trower et al., 1988). I feel that clients can take responsibility for their illness by recognising that they need therapeutic help and by trying to face up to fight their depression. They might blame their problems by increasing their irrational beliefs about themselves and the society, believing that everything or everyone in their life is hopeless, and not being prepared to recognise things the way they really are (Trower et al., 1988). Depressed patients might view responsibility for their recovery by acknowledging that they are in control of their beliefs and emotions, and by using everything they learnt in RET to aid them in the future.

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Biological paradigm: Genetic factors
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There seems to be some genetic factors involved in depression. For instance, if major depression occurs in a person before they are twenty, the likelihood of their relatives inheriting depression is eight times more than relatives of normal people (Sarason & Sarason., 1989). “What appears to be inherited is a vulnerability to depression. This means that if we have relatives who have depression, we may inherit a tendency to develop the illness.” (Price. P. 2004, p1). John Hopkins Genetics Study (Paulo. R. D n.d) shows that people who are first-degree relatives of the depressed patient are at a 3 times increased risk of developing depression themselves (Paulo. R. D., n.d). But since relatives tend to share the same environment, we cannot be certain that the cause is genetics (Nevid et al., 2005). Identical twin studies help us determine the approximate percentage with which depression is influenced by genetic factors (NIMH., 2000). There seems to be a 76% correlation of both identical twins developing depression at the same time if they were raised together (Price. P. 2004). This correlation is reduced to about 67% when identical twins are raised apart (Price. P. 2004). This shows that there is a strong correlation between genetics and depression, but since the correlation is below 100% it proves that depression is not solely caused by genetic factors (Nevid et al., 2005).

== Biochemical factors ==

Biochemical researchers believe that chemical imbalances cause depression (Nevid et al., 2005). It is found that depression is caused when neurotransmitter chemicals in the brain, which are thought to be responsible for our emotional state, are irregularly delivered between brain cells (Smith. G.K., 1997-2006). The two main neurotransmitters that contribute to depression are norepinephrine and serotonin (Sarason & Sarason., 1989). Decreased levels of the catecholamine norepinephrine are considered to produce depression (Bootzin, R.R., & Acocella, J.R., 1988). The anti-depressant drugs Prozac (SSRI), “MAO inhibitors and tricyclics” (Sarason & Sarason., 1989, p279) which increase norepinephrine levels in the brain, are often prescribed to help patients with depression (Schildkraut as cited in Bootzin, R.R., & Acocella, J.R., 1988). Prozac are the most commonly prescribed drugs, trioychic and MAO’s very rarely used because they are known to restrict a person’s diet and to have more toxic side effects, so they are mostly prescribed for people who do not respond to Prozac (Nevid et al., 2005). The amino acid tryptophan which increases serotonin levels is also thought to be helpful in treating depression (Sarason & Sarason., 1989). These kinds of anti-depressant medications are commonly prescribed in drug therapy although the drugs might have adverse side effects (unlike psychotherapy) (Nevid et al., 2005).