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Research Glossary
Paradigm: a philosophical and theoretical framework of a scientific school or discipline within which theories, laws, and generalizations and the experiments performed in support of them are formulated A paradigm is a standard, perspective, or set of ideas. A paradigm is a way of looking at something.

Ontology: General assumptions created to perceive the real nature of society (in order to understand the real nature of society). It is the philosophical study of being. More broadly, it studies concepts that directly relate to being, in particular becoming, existence, reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations

Methodology: Combination of different techniques used by the scientists to explore different situations. Methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge

Epistemology: General parameters and assumptions associated with an excellent way to explore the real world nature.

Science: Science: Is the concerted human effort to understand, or to understand better, the history of the natural world and how the natural world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding. It is done through observation of natural phenomena, and/or through experimentation that tries to simulate natural processes under controlled conditions.

Model: Models from which springs particular coherent traditions of scientific research are those that are committed to the same rules and standards for scientific practice.

Focus: A state or condition permitting clear perception or understanding.

Qualitative: Is a process that is about inquiry. It helps create in-depth understanding of problems or issues in their natural settings. This is a non-statistical method, is a type of social science research that collects and works with non-numerical data and that seeks to interpret meaning from these data that help understand social life through the study of targeted populations or places.

Quantitative: is a structured way of collecting data and analyzing it to draw conclusions. Unlike qualitative methods, this method uses a computational and statistical process to collect and analyze data, Quantitative: data is all about numbers.

Hypothesis: a tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences.

Theory: a general explanation about a specific behavior or set of events that is based on known principles and serves to organize related events in a meaningful way. A theory is not as specific as a hypothesis.

Fundament: an underlying ground, theory, or principle.

Rationalist: the doctrine that all knowledge is expressible in self-evident propositions or their consequences.

Naturalist: Observation of behaviors and events in natural settings without experimental manipulation or other forms of interference.

Positivist: Argues that science can only deal with observable entities known directly to experience. The positivist aims to construct general laws, or theories, which express relationships between phenomena. Observation and experiment is used to show whether the phenomena fit the theory.

Constructivism: The idea that reality is socially constructed. It is the view that reality cannot be understood outside of the way humans interact and that the idea that knowledge is constructed, not discovered. Constructivists believe that learning is more active and self-directed than either behaviorism or cognitive theory would postulate.

Sociocritic: The application of scientifically determined principles promoting the interests of society as a whole.

Population: the target group under investigation. The population is the entire set under consideration. Samples are drawn from populations.

Sample: the population researched in a particular study. Usually, attempts are made to select a "sample population" that is considered representative of groups of people to whom results will be generalized or transferred. In studies that use inferential statistics to analyze results or which are designed to be generalizable, sample size is critical, generally the larger the number in the sample, the higher the likelihood of a representative distribution of the population.

Sampling: the degree to which the results from the sample deviate from those that would be obtained from the entire population, because of random error in the selection of respondent and the corresponding reduction in reliability.

Probabilistic: the chance that a phenomenon will occur randomly. As a statistical measure, it is shown as p [the "p" factor].

Universe: a distinct field or province of thought or reality that forms a closed system or self-inclusive and independent organization,

Technique: a body of technical methods (as in a craft or in scientific research)

Naturalism: is a theory that relates scientific method affirming that all beings and events in the universe are natural. All knowledge of the universe falls within the pale of scientific investigation.

References: Elliot, Mark, Fairweather, Ian, Olsen, Wendy Kay, and Pampaka, Maria. A Dictionary of Social Research Methods. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2016; Free Social Science Dictionary. Socialsciencedictionary.com [2008]. Glossary. Institutional Review Board. Colorado College; Glossary of Key Terms. Writing@CSU. Colorado State University; Glossary A-Z. Education.com; Glossary of Research Terms. Research Mindedness Virtual Learning Resource. Centre for Human Servive Technology. University of Southampton; Miller, Robert L. and Brewer, John D. The A-Z of Social Research: A Dictionary of Key Social Science Research Concepts London: SAGE, 2003; Jupp, Victor. The SAGE Dictionary of Social and Cultural Research Methods. London: Sage, 2006. https://www.intechopen.com/books/management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility/philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research https://www.dictionary.com/browse/rationalist Fundament.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fundament. Accessed 23 Feb. 2020.

Fundament.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fundament. Accessed 23 Feb. 2020 Technique.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fundament. Accessed 23 Feb. 2020.

Crossman, A. (2020, February 2). What Is Qualitative Research? Retrieved February 26, 2020, from https://www.thoughtco.com/qualitative-research-methods-3026555

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2014 14). Naturalism | philosophy. Retrieved February 26, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/naturalism-philosophy

(Contribution by Alfredo David Lopez) SCIENCE Science consists of observing the world by watching, listening, observing, and recording. Science is a curiosity in thoughtful action about the world and how it behaves. Reference: Erickson, K., & Doyle, H. (2019). What Is Science? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids. Retrieved 21 February 2020, from https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/science/en/# PARADIGM It's a set of assumptions governing how we interact and interpret the world. Every human has a personal paradigm which is influenced by outside forces acting on them and their own experiences in support of the paradigm. The cultural situations and status of a person is a large factor in determining the kind of paradigm he or she will have. Reference: Gallagher, S. Paradigms 101. Retrieved 24 February 2020, from https://www.proctorgallagherinstitute.com/10898/paradigms-101 MODEL In science, a model is a representation of an idea, an object or even a process or a system that is used to describe and explain phenomena that cannot be experienced directly. Models are central to what scientists do, both in their research as well as when communicating their explanations. Models are a mentally visual way of linking theory with experiment, and they guide research by being simplified representations of an imagined reality that enable predictions to be developed and tested by experiment. Reference: Scientific modelling. Retrieved 24 February 2020, from https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/575-scientific-modelling — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.166.145.43 (talk) 17:50, 28 February 2020 (UTC)