User talk:Victoriagonzalez1998/sandbox

This is my sandbox. Victoriagonzalez1998 (talk) 18:21, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Summer_Hamdan/sandbox

Reid Technique
Victoriagonzalez1998 (talk) 01:06, 14 April 2019 (UTC) The Reid Technique is a technique widely used by law enforcement in North America for interrogation purposes. It involves looking for signs of deception as present in the suspect's body language. The technique has been criticized for being difficult to apply across cultures and eliciting false confessions from innocent people. Victoriagonzalez1998 (talk) 01:02, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

== Police Interrogation ==

Maximization and minimization
Police interrogation tactics can be classified into two general categories: maximization and minimization. Maximization techniques involve eliciting information from the suspect by emphasizing potential consequences for refusing to admit guilt, presenting false evidence, or accusing the suspect of having committed the act. Minimization techniques entails minimizing the suspect's hand in the crime and the associated consequences in order to induce a confession.

Linguistic Techniques for Maximization
As a maximization tactic inspired by the Reid technique, presupposition-bearing questions (PBQs) are questions that police use to indirectly gain confirmation from suspects on incriminating information. This is because in answering PBQs one necessarily accepts and confirms backgrounded information in the question. Backgrounded information refers to information that is "tucked" into the meaning of an utterance without being directly stated. For example, during the police interrogation of 14-year-old Lorenzo Montoya in the investigation of the murder of 29-year-old Emily Johnson in Denver in January 2000, police obtained a false confession through PBQs (Gaines 2018). Police transcripts showed that one policeman had asked "It [going inside the car and coming to the murder scene] was a mistake though, wasn't it? Were you high at the time?", with which Lorenzo replied "No!". This question directly asks if coming to the murder scene was a mistake and if Lorenzo was high, which, thus, are the only two pieces of information to which Lorenzo can respond. Neither a "no" or "yes" - which are the only two possible responses - can target the presupposition that Lorenzo was present at the crime scene. Because this piece of information is tucked into the background and cannot be directly addressed, any answer would necessitate accepting the proposition that Lorenzo was present at the crime scene. Victoriagonzalez1998 (talk) 00:36, 14 April 2019 (UTC)

=== Fifth Amendment Protections for Suspects Under Interrogation === Although police can use linguistic strategies to elicit confessions from suspects, they do not have unconditional power to intimidate suspects into providing information. A number of protections exist for suspects under interrogation, including the Fifth Amendment, Miranda Rights, and other legal mandates.

The Fifth Amendment
The Fifth Amendment, which states that one cannot be made to be "a witness against himself", prohibits law enforcement from forcing suspects to offer self-incriminating evidence (Solan and Tiersma 33). For example, upon being asked by the police if one was present at the scene of a crime, one can refuse to respond. However, law enforcement can require that one provide demonstrative evidence through a blood or DNA sample.

The Right to Counsel
Following the [|Escobedo v. Illinois] ruling, the Supreme Court mandates that a suspect under police interrogation may refuse to respond to questioning until a lawyer is present, which is called invoking one's right to seek counsel. The Supreme Court further elaborated on this mandate following the decision of [|Edwards v. Arizona] by stating that police cannot continue interrogation once the suspect invokes his or her right to counsel, or until he or she voluntarily agrees to continue questioning.

Miranda Rights
As a result of the [|Miranda v. Arizona] ruling, police are required to read aloud to suspects under interrogation their Miranda Rights afforded to them by the Fifth Amendment, such as the right to remain silent and the right to seek counsel. If the police fail to administer the Miranda rights, all statements under interrogation are prohibited from being used as evidence in court proceedings. Victoriagonzalez1998 (talk) 22:04, 4 April 2019 (UTC) Victoriagonzalez1998 (talk) 00:42, 14 April 2019 (UTC)