User talk:Vidhin Kamble

`TOPIC-I TAXONOMY 1. 	TAXONOMY OF NONCHORDATES A. Kingdom : Protista : General Characters : 1.	These are microscopic unicellular or acellular animals. 2.	These are aquatic, found in fresh water or marine, some are found in damp soil and some are parasitic. 3.	Body is made up of a mass of protoplasm 4.	Presence of one or many nuclei. 5.	Locomotory organs are pseudopodia, cilia or flagella. 6.	Respiration and excretion occur through general body surface by diffusion. 7.	In freshwaters osmoregulation by contractile vacuoles. 8.	Nutrition is generally, holozoic or holophytic or saprozoic or sometimes parasitic. 9.	Reproduction sexual or asexual (Kingdom Protista includes following four phyla Phylum :Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Zoomastigina and Sporozoa)

AMOEBA : Kingdom -	Protista	  Eukaryotic, unicellular, reproduces asexually Phylum-	Protozoa	  Microscopic unicellular animal Class-	Rhizopoda	  Locomotory organ pseudopodia Order-	Lobosa	  	Presence of short, blunt and lobe like Pseudopodia Type-	Amoeba proteus

Characters: 1.	Amoeba is found in freshwater bodies like ponds, streams, ditch where bacteria and decaying organic matter are rich. 1.	Body is covered with thin semi-permeable membrane called as plasmalemma. 2.	Protoplasm divisible into an outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm. 3.	Presence of single nucleus and single contractile vacuole. 4.	Pseudopodia are locomotory organs which are short and blunt and lobe like 5.	Reproduction is asexual by binary fission.

PARAMOECIUM : •	Kingdom -	Protista 	           Eukaryotic, unicellular, reproduction sexual as well as asexual. •	Phylum -	Protozoa      	            Microscopic unicellular animal •	Class-	Cilliata	           	Cillia are chief locomotory organs •	Order-	Holotricha	           Cillia are distributed all over the body. •	Genus 	Paramoecium •	Species	caudutum

CHARACTERS 1.	It is commonly called as slipper animal because of its shape. 2.	Paramoecium is found in freshwater bodies like ponds, streams, ditches where bacteria and decaying organic matter are rich. 3.	Body is covered with pellicle and cilia. 4.	Cilia are the chief locomotory organs. 5.	Cytoplasm divisible into outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm. Endoplasm shows presence two nuclei, one is larger called macronucleus and smaller is called micronucleus. 6.	Presence of two contractile vacuole and many food vacuoles in cytoplasm. 7.	Trichocysts are organs of offence and defense. 8.	Reproduction sexually as well as asexually. Sexual reproduction by means of conjugation and asexual reproduction by transverse binary fission.

EUGLENA Kingdom -Protista                   Eukaryotic reproduction sexual as  well as asexual. Phylum-	Protozoa	           microscopic unicellular animal Class-	Mastigophora            Presence of locomotory organ flagellum. Order-	Euglenoidina 	           Flagella is much longer. Type -	Euglena

CHARACTERS 1.Euglena is freshwater flagellate found in pond, streams, ditches, pools .2.Body is spindle shaped and green coloured. 3.cytoplasm is divisible into outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm. 4.Endoplasm contains nucleus, chloroplast, pyrenoids. Single contractile vacuole, 5.Cytoplasm shows chloroplast presence of chloroplast. 6.Locomotion by means of flagellum. 7.Euglena is saprophytic or holophytic in nutrition. 8.Reproduction by binary fission

PHYLUM PORIFERA: 	GENERAL CHARACTERS: 1.	These are pore bearing animals. Exclusively aquatic in habit found in fresh water or marine. 2.	Multicellular body; but cells are present in loose aggregation and tissues are not formed. 3.	These are diploblastic. The outer layer is ectoderm and inner layer is endoderm. In between these two there is a gelatinous layer called mesoglea. 4.	Canal system is well developed. 5.	Presence of Ostia, osculum, incurrent pores and excurent pores. 6.	Sponginfibres and spicules form skeleton. 7.	Reproduction by sexual as well as asexual.

SYCON Kingdome-      Anemalia 	 Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast Phylum -	Porifera      	 Pore bearing, cellular grade organization. Class – 	Calcaria  	 Exoskeleton is made up of calcium carbonate, Order – 	Heterocoela    	 Canal system is well developed. Type – 	Schypha/Sycon

CHARACTERS: 1.	Sycon is solitary or colonial sponge found attached to rock or any solid substratum. 2.	Body is made up of many cylinders attached at the base. 3.	Exoskeleton is made up of calcium carbonate. 4.	Each cylinder show wide opening called osculum. 5.	Body surface is perforated with minute aperture called ostia. 6.	Sycon encloses large cavity called as spongocoel. 7.	Canal system is well developed.

HYALONEMA Kingdome-       Anemalia 	    	Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast Phylum -	 Porifera      	    	Pore bearing, cellular grade organization. Class – 	 Calcaria  	   	Exoskeleton is made up of calcium carbonate, Order – 	 Amhidiscophora 	Spicule are ambhidisc i.e. with convex disc Type – 	Hylonema (Glassroap)

8.	Reproduction sexually as well as asexually. Asexual reproduction by budding and regeneration.

CHARACTERS: 1.	It is commonly called as glassrope sponge 2.	Body is rounded or oval and radially symmetrical. 3.	Five and six rayed spicule extends from all over the body. 4.	Spicules are amphidisc i.e. with convex disc. 5.	Attaché to substratum by stalk like root tuft.. 6.	Ex-current canal opens on gastral surface. 7.	Presence of gastral cone.

SPONGILLA Phylum -  Porifera      	Pore bearing, cellular grade organization. Class -   Demospongia   	Spongin fibres or siliceous spicules present. Canal system is present. Order -   Monaxonida   	Spongin may or may not be present, spicules monaxon type. Type -    Spongilla

CHARACTERS: 1.	Spongilla also called as bath sponge. 2.	Spongilla is freshwater colonial sponge found in ponds and lake. 3.	It found attached to the submerged objects. 4.	It is brown in colour. 5.	Spongilla show wide opening called osculum. 6.	Body surface is perforated with minute aperture called ostia. 7.	Body surface shows presence of minute apertures called ostia. 8.	The skeleton shows spongin fibers and spicules. 9.	Reproduction sexually as well as asexually

c) PHYLUM : COELENTERATA GENERAL CHARACTERS 1.	These are aquatic animals; some are fresh water while some are marine water. 2.	They may be solitary, colonial, and sedentary or free swimming. 3.	They possess a cavity called coelenteron and are diploblastic having non cellular mesoglea. 4.	The animals are radially symmetrical and appear in two forms polyp and medusa. 5.	Digestion both extracellular and intra. 6.	Special types of cells i.e. stinging cells/ nematocysts are present. 7.	Reproduction sexual as well as asexual 8.	This phylum is divided in to following three classes 9.	Phylum — Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa.

HYDRA Phylum;		Coelenterata 		Coelomic enteron Class:		Hydrozoa 		Polyps without stomodaeum Order :		Hydroida 		Polyp stage is pre-dominant. Genus:		Hydra Species 	vulgaris

•	CHARACTERS : 1.	Found in freshwater in pond lakes and streams 2.	Attached to the substratum with it base 3.	Body is cylindrical. 4.	Mouth present on anterior end on hypostome. 5.	Mouth is surrounded by 6 to 10 tentacles. 6.	Nematocysts are the organs of offence and defense. 7.	Hermaphrodite animal. 8.	Reproduction by sexual and asexual.

OBELIA Phylum;	       Coelenterata 		Coelomic enteron Class:		Hydrozoa 		Polyps without stomodaeum Order :		Hydroida 		Polyp stage is pre-dominant. Genus:		Obelia Species 	geniculata

•	CHARACTERS: 1.	Found in marine water. 2.	Colonial animal. 3.	Polyp or hydranth is the nutritive zoids of colony. 4.	Tentacles are solid. 5.	Polyps reproduces asexually by budding. 6.	Sexual reproduction by Medusa.

JELLY FISH /AURELIA: Phylum;	       Coelenterata 		Coelomic enteron Class	:	Scyphozoa 		Medusa stage dominant and polyp stage reduced or absent. Order 	:	Saemaeostomae 	Flat disc like umbrella. Genus :	       Aurelia •	CHARACTERS: 1.	Commonly called as jelly fish. 2.	Found in marine water. 3.	Convex aboral surface (Umbrellar surface) 4.	 concave oral surface (Ex-umbrellar surface. ) 5.	Mouth is present on ex-umbrelar surface.. 6.	Presence of 4 tentacles. 7.	Present of 4 oral arms. 8.	Tentacles with nematocyst as organ of offence and defense. 9.	Sexes are separate.

SEA ANEMONE (METRIDIUM) Phylum;	       Coelenterata 		Coelomic enteron Class - 	Anthozoa        		Only polypoid generation, sedentary, solitary or   colonial. Order -	Actiniaria       		Without skeleton, with mesenteries or septa in multiple of six, Type - 	Metridium. Basal disc present.

CHARACTERS : 1.	It is marine coelenterate. 2.	It has usually brownish or pinkish colour. 3.	Body is short, cylindrical, radially symmetrical 4.	Body is divisible into pedal disc, column and oral disc. 5.	Pedal disc or base is attached to substratum firmly. 6.	The column forms major part of the body. 7.	The column is divisible into an upper, short, thin walled  capitulum and lower, thick walled scapus. 8.	The capitulum and the scapus are separated by a prominent fold called as collar. 9.	The oral disc is surrounded by several marginal tentacles around the mouth. 10.	It is dioeciously animal.

	CORALS KINGDOM 		: ANIMALIA Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast SUBKINGDOM 		: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM 			: CNIDARIA / COELENTERATA

iii.PHYLUM -PLATYHELMINTHES GENERAL CHARACTERS: 1.	These are free living dorsoventrally flattend, triploblastic, coelomate animals. 2.	Some of them are endoparasites. 3.	Digestive system is incomplete due to absence of anus. 4.	Ingestion through mouth or through general body surface. 5.	Excretory system consists of flame cells. 6.	These are mostly bisexual and fertilization is internal. (This phylum consists of following three classes Class -Turbellaria, Trematoda and Cestoda)

	PLANERIA DUGESIA Phylum ;	Platyhelinthis Body is dorso-ventrally flattened. endoparasite. Class	;Turbellari  Free living animal. Genus	:Dugesia Head is triangular Species 	:tigrina 		Presence of bands on dorsal surface.

•	CHARACTERS : 1.	It found in freshwater in pond and lake. 2.	Head is triangular with ear like projections.. 3.	Mouth is present on ventral side. 4.	Alimentary canal is comparatively well developed. 5.	Anus is absent. 6.	It is hermaphrodite animal.

	LIVERFLUKE (DUGESIA) Phylum :Platyhelinthis. Body is dorso-ventrally flattened. Endoparasite. Class	;Trematoda 	          Flattened body and cellular epidermis absent. Genus	:Faciola 	           leaf like body. Species :	 hepatica	                found in liver of sheep. •	CHARACTERS : •	Body is dorso-ventrally flattened leaf like. •	It is dark brown in colour. •	It is an endoparasite found in liver of sheep and goats. •	It bears two suckers. Mouth is surrounded by cephalic sucker and ventral sucker present at Posterio-ventral position. •	Presence of gonopore in between two suckers. •	Alimentary canal is incomplete. •	Hermaphrodite animal.

TAPEWORM KINGDOM 		: ANIMALIA Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast SUBKINGDOM 		: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM 			: PLATYHELMINTHES CLASS 			: CESTODA

•	CHARACTERS •	Body is ribbon like and divided in to scolex, neck and proglotids. •	It is an endoparasite found in man and pig. •	Scolex bears four suckers. •	Neck without proglotids. •	Presence of three types of proglotids- immature, mature and •	 gravid proglotids. •	Hermaphrodite animal. •	Alimentary canal is rudimentary.

iv. PHYLUM : ASCHELMINTHES

ASCARIS KINGDOM 		: ANIMALIA SUBKINGDOM 		: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM			 : ASCHELMINTHES CLASS 			: NEMATODA CHARACTERS : •	Commonly called as round worm. •	Body is elongated narrow and round. •	Body is unsegmented.. •	Distinct sexual dimorphism. •	Male is smaller with bent posterior end. •	Female is larger and straight. •	Endoparasite, found in intestine of man.

f) PHYLLUM ANNELIDA 	GENERAL CHARACTERS : 1.	These are mostly aquatic animals found in freshwater and marine water. 2.	Some annelids are terrestrial and burrowing animals. 3.	Body is bilaterally symmetrical elongated worm like. 4.	Body is elongated vermiform, bilaterally symmetrical. 5.	Body is metatmerically segmented 6.	Boy wall consists of longitudinal as well as circular musce. 7.	Body wall is covered by cuticle. 8.	These are triploblastic and coelomate animals, 9.	Respiration by general body surface. . 10.	Circulatory system is well developed and is of closed type. 11.	Blood is red in colour due to haemoglobin which is dissolved in plasma. 12.	Excretion by nephridia, locomotion by setae, parapodia or suckers. 13.	The sexes are separate or united. (Phylum annelids consists of following four classes i.e. classes — Polycheta, Oligochaeta, Hirudenia and Archiannelida)

EARTHWORM KINGDOM 			: ANIMALIA - Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast SUBKINGDOM 			: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM 				: ANNEL1DA - Body is segmented CLASS 				: OLIGOCHAETA Setae are locomotary organs GENUS 				: PHERETIMA SPECIES 				: POSTHUMA •	CHARACTERS : •	The body is long, narrow, cylindrical. •	2 - Anterior end is pointed and posterior end is blunted. •	3 - Body is divided into 100 to 120 ring like segments. •	4 - Each segments is provided setae. •	Clitelum is present between 14th to 16th segments. •	5 - Mouth is present at anterior end. •	It is hermaphrodite animal having both male and female sex organ in same individual. •	6 - Female genital pore lies on ventral surface. •	7 - A pair of male genital pore is situated ventrally in the 18th segment. •	8 - Last segment bears anus

NEREIS KINGDOM 			: ANIMALIA Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast SUBKINGDOM 			: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM 				: ANNELIDA CLASS 				: POLYCHAETA

•	CHARACTERS: 1.	It lives in burrows in sand or mud so it is commonly known as Rag worm of Clam worm 2.	It is nocturnal and carnivores. 3.	Head bears eyes. Palps, tentacles. 4.	Lateral parapodia are present. 5.	 Clitellum is absent. 6.	Parapodia with compound seteae. 7.	 It is hermaphrodite animal.

LEECH KINGDOM 			: ANIMALIA Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast SUBKINGDOM 			: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM 				: ANNELIDA CLASS 				: HIRUDENIA •	CHARACTERS: 1.	It is commonly called as Indian cattle leech found in ponds, marshes and streams. 2.	It is ectoparasitic animal. 3.	Number of body segments. 33 segments are present in a matured leech. 4.	Each segment show superficial divisions called annuli. 5.	Presence of suckers for locomotion and attachment. 6.	Indistinct head with five pairs of eyes situated dorsally in the first five segments. 7.	Animals are bisexual 8.	The male genital pore is situated mid-ventrally in between the 10th segment. 9.	The female genital pore lies mid-ventrally on the Ith segment. 10.	The anus lies mid-dorsally on the 26th segment.

E-Mannual by Dr. Vidhin Kamble Department of Zoology, Sangola College, Sangola

E-Mannual by Dr. Vidhin Kamble Department of Zoology, Sangola College, Sangola
`TOPIC-I TAXONOMY 1. 	TAXONOMY OF NONCHORDATES A. Kingdom : Protista : General Characters : 1.	These are microscopic unicellular or acellular animals. 2.	These are aquatic, found in fresh water or marine, some are found in damp soil and some are parasitic. 3.	Body is made up of a mass of protoplasm 4.	Presence of one or many nuclei. 5.	Locomotory organs are pseudopodia, cilia or flagella. 6.	Respiration and excretion occur through general body surface by diffusion. 7.	In freshwaters osmoregulation by contractile vacuoles. 8.	Nutrition is generally, holozoic or holophytic or saprozoic or sometimes parasitic. 9.	Reproduction sexual or asexual (Kingdom Protista includes following four phyla Phylum :Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Zoomastigina and Sporozoa)

AMOEBA : Kingdom -	Protista	  Eukaryotic, unicellular, reproduces asexually Phylum-	Protozoa	  Microscopic unicellular animal Class-	Rhizopoda	  Locomotory organ pseudopodia Order-	Lobosa	  	Presence of short, blunt and lobe like Pseudopodia Type-	Amoeba proteus

Characters: 1.	Amoeba is found in freshwater bodies like ponds, streams, ditch where bacteria and decaying organic matter are rich. 1.	Body is covered with thin semi-permeable membrane called as plasmalemma. 2.	Protoplasm divisible into an outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm. 3.	Presence of single nucleus and single contractile vacuole. 4.	Pseudopodia are locomotory organs which are short and blunt and lobe like 5.	Reproduction is asexual by binary fission.

PARAMOECIUM : •	Kingdom -	Protista 	           Eukaryotic, unicellular, reproduction sexual as well as asexual. •	Phylum -	Protozoa      	            Microscopic unicellular animal •	Class-	Cilliata	           	Cillia are chief locomotory organs •	Order-	Holotricha	           Cillia are distributed all over the body. •	Genus 	Paramoecium •	Species	caudutum

CHARACTERS 1.	It is commonly called as slipper animal because of its shape. 2.	Paramoecium is found in freshwater bodies like ponds, streams, ditches where bacteria and decaying organic matter are rich. 3.	Body is covered with pellicle and cilia. 4.	Cilia are the chief locomotory organs. 5.	Cytoplasm divisible into outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm. Endoplasm shows presence two nuclei, one is larger called macronucleus and smaller is called micronucleus. 6.	Presence of two contractile vacuole and many food vacuoles in cytoplasm. 7.	Trichocysts are organs of offence and defense. 8.	Reproduction sexually as well as asexually. Sexual reproduction by means of conjugation and asexual reproduction by transverse binary fission.

EUGLENA Kingdom -	Protista                   Eukaryotic reproduction sexual as  well as asexual. Phylum-	Protozoa	           microscopic unicellular animal Class-	Mastigophora            Presence of locomotory organ flagellum. Order-	Euglenoidina 	           Flagella is much longer. Type -	Euglena

CHARACTERS 1.Euglena is freshwater flagellate found in pond, streams, ditches, pools .2.Body is spindle shaped and green coloured. 3.cytoplasm is divisible into outer ectoplasm and inner endoplasm. 4.Endoplasm contains nucleus, chloroplast, pyrenoids. Single contractile vacuole, 5.Cytoplasm shows chloroplast presence of chloroplast. 6.Locomotion by means of flagellum. 7.Euglena is saprophytic or holophytic in nutrition. 8.Reproduction by binary fission

PHYLUM PORIFERA: 	GENERAL CHARACTERS: 1.	These are pore bearing animals. Exclusively aquatic in habit found in fresh water or marine. 2.	Multicellular body; but cells are present in loose aggregation and tissues are not formed. 3.	These are diploblastic. The outer layer is ectoderm and inner layer is endoderm. In between these two there is a gelatinous layer called mesoglea. 4.	Canal system is well developed. 5.	Presence of Ostia, osculum, incurrent pores and excurent pores. 6.	Sponginfibres and spicules form skeleton. 7.	Reproduction by sexual as well as asexual.

SYCON Kingdome- Anemalia 	 Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast Phylum -	 Porifera      	 Pore bearing, cellular grade organization. Class – 	Calcaria  	 Exoskeleton is made up of calcium carbonate, Order – 	Heterocoela    	 Canal system is well developed. Type – 	Schypha/Sycon

CHARACTERS: 1.	Sycon is solitary or colonial sponge found attached to rock or any solid substratum. 2.	Body is made up of many cylinders attached at the base. 3.	Exoskeleton is made up of calcium carbonate. 4.	Each cylinder show wide opening called osculum. 5.	Body surface is perforated with minute aperture called ostia. 6.	Sycon encloses large cavity called as spongocoel. 7.	Canal system is well developed.

HYALONEMA Kingdome- Anemalia 	   	Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast Phylum -	 Porifera      	    	Pore bearing, cellular grade organization. Class – 	Calcaria  	   	Exoskeleton is made up of calcium carbonate, Order – 	Amhidiscophora 	Spicule are ambhidisc i.e. with convex disc Type – 	Hylonema (Glassroap)

8.	Reproduction sexually as well as asexually. Asexual reproduction by budding and regeneration.

CHARACTERS: 1.	It is commonly called as glassrope sponge 2.	Body is rounded or oval and radially symmetrical. 3.	Five and six rayed spicule extends from all over the body. 4.	Spicules are amphidisc i.e. with convex disc. 5.	Attaché to substratum by stalk like root tuft.. 6.	Ex-current canal opens on gastral surface. 7.	Presence of gastral cone.

SPONGILLA Phylum - Porifera     	Pore bearing, cellular grade organization. Class -   Demospongia   	Spongin fibres or siliceous spicules present. Canal system is present. Order -   Monaxonida   	Spongin may or may not be present, spicules monaxon type. Type -    Spongilla

CHARACTERS: 1.	Spongilla also called as bath sponge. 2.	Spongilla is freshwater colonial sponge found in ponds and lake. 3.	It found attached to the submerged objects. 4.	It is brown in colour. 5.	Spongilla show wide opening called osculum. 6.	Body surface is perforated with minute aperture called ostia. 7.	Body surface shows presence of minute apertures called ostia. 8.	The skeleton shows spongin fibers and spicules. 9.	Reproduction sexually as well as asexually

c) PHYLUM : COELENTERATA GENERAL CHARACTERS 1.	These are aquatic animals; some are fresh water while some are marine water. 2.	They may be solitary, colonial, and sedentary or free swimming. 3.	They possess a cavity called coelenteron and are diploblastic having non cellular mesoglea. 4.	The animals are radially symmetrical and appear in two forms polyp and medusa. 5.	Digestion both extracellular and intra. 6.	Special types of cells i.e. stinging cells/ nematocysts are present. 7.	Reproduction sexual as well as asexual 8.	This phylum is divided in to following three classes 9.	Phylum — Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa.

HYDRA Phylum;		Coelenterata 		Coelomic enteron Class:		Hydrozoa 		Polyps without stomodaeum Order :		Hydroida 		Polyp stage is pre-dominant. Genus:		Hydra Species 		vulgaris

•	CHARACTERS : 1.	Found in freshwater in pond lakes and streams 2.	Attached to the substratum with it base 3.	Body is cylindrical. 4.	Mouth present on anterior end on hypostome. 5.	Mouth is surrounded by 6 to 10 tentacles. 6.	Nematocysts are the organs of offence and defense. 7.	Hermaphrodite animal. 8.	Reproduction by sexual and asexual.

OBELIA Phylum;	Coelenterata 		Coelomic enteron Class:		Hydrozoa 		Polyps without stomodaeum Order :		Hydroida 		Polyp stage is pre-dominant. Genus:		Obelia Species 	geniculata

•	CHARACTERS: 1.	Found in marine water. 2.	Colonial animal. 3.	Polyp or hydranth is the nutritive zoids of colony. 4.	Tentacles are solid. 5.	Polyps reproduces asexually by budding. 6.	Sexual reproduction by Medusa.

JELLY FISH /AURELIA: Phylum;	Coelenterata 		Coelomic enteron Class	:	Scyphozoa 		Medusa stage dominant and polyp stage reduced or absent. Order 	:	Saemaeostomae 	Flat disc like umbrella. Genus :	Aurelia •	CHARACTERS: 1.	Commonly called as jelly fish. 2.	Found in marine water. 3.	Convex aboral surface (Umbrellar surface) 4.	 concave oral surface (Ex-umbrellar surface. ) 5.	Mouth is present on ex-umbrelar surface.. 6.	Presence of 4 tentacles. 7.	Present of 4 oral arms. 8.	Tentacles with nematocyst as organ of offence and defense. 9.	Sexes are separate.

SEA ANEMONE (METRIDIUM) Phylum;	Coelenterata 		Coelomic enteron Class - 	Anthozoa        		Only polypoid generation, sedentary, solitary or   colonial. Order -	Actiniaria       		Without skeleton, with mesenteries or septa in multiple of six, Type - 	Metridium. Basal disc present.

CHARACTERS : 1.	It is marine coelenterate. 2.	It has usually brownish or pinkish colour. 3.	Body is short, cylindrical, radially symmetrical 4.	Body is divisible into pedal disc, column and oral disc. 5.	Pedal disc or base is attached to substratum firmly. 6.	The column forms major part of the body. 7.	The column is divisible into an upper, short, thin walled  capitulum and lower, thick walled scapus. 8.	The capitulum and the scapus are separated by a prominent fold called as collar. 9.	The oral disc is surrounded by several marginal tentacles around the mouth. 10.	It is dioeciously animal.

	CORALS KINGDOM 		: ANIMALIA Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast SUBKINGDOM 		: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM 			: CNIDARIA / COELENTERATA

iii.PHYLUM -PLATYHELMINTHES GENERAL CHARACTERS: 1.	These are free living dorsoventrally flattend, triploblastic, coelomate animals. 2.	Some of them are endoparasites. 3.	Digestive system is incomplete due to absence of anus. 4.	Ingestion through mouth or through general body surface. 5.	Excretory system consists of flame cells. 6.	These are mostly bisexual and fertilization is internal. (This phylum consists of following three classes Class -Turbellaria, Trematoda and Cestoda)

	PLANERIA DUGESIA Phylum ;	Platyhelinthis Body is dorso-ventrally flattened. endoparasite. Class	;Turbellari  Free living animal. Genus	:Dugesia Head is triangular Species 	:tigrina 		Presence of bands on dorsal surface.

•	CHARACTERS : 1.	It found in freshwater in pond and lake. 2.	Head is triangular with ear like projections.. 3.	Mouth is present on ventral side. 4.	Alimentary canal is comparatively well developed. 5.	Anus is absent. 6.	It is hermaphrodite animal.

	LIVERFLUKE (DUGESIA) Phylum :	Platyhelinthis. Body is dorso-ventrally flattened. Endoparasite. Class	;Trematoda 	          Flattened body and cellular epidermis absent. Genus	:Faciola 	           leaf like body. Species :	 hepatica	                found in liver of sheep. •	CHARACTERS : •	Body is dorso-ventrally flattened leaf like. •	It is dark brown in colour. •	It is an endoparasite found in liver of sheep and goats. •	It bears two suckers. Mouth is surrounded by cephalic sucker and ventral sucker present at Posterio-ventral position. •	Presence of gonopore in between two suckers. •	Alimentary canal is incomplete. •	Hermaphrodite animal.

	TAPEWORM KINGDOM 			: ANIMALIA Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast SUBKINGDOM 		: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM 			: PLATYHELMINTHES CLASS 			: CESTODA

•	CHARACTERS •	Body is ribbon like and divided in to scolex, neck and proglotids. •	It is an endoparasite found in man and pig. •	Scolex bears four suckers. •	Neck without proglotids. •	Presence of three types of proglotids- immature, mature and •	 gravid proglotids. •	Hermaphrodite animal. •	Alimentary canal is rudimentary.

iv. PHYLUM : ASCHELMINTHES 	ASCARIS KINGDOM 		: ANIMALIA SUBKINGDOM 		: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM			 : ASCHELMINTHES CLASS 			: NEMATODA

CHARACTERS : •	Commonly called as round worm. •	Body is elongated narrow and round. •	Body is unsegmented.. •	Distinct sexual dimorphism. •	Male is smaller with bent posterior end. •	Female is larger and straight. •	Endoparasite, found in intestine of man.

f) PHYLLUM ANNELIDA 	GENERAL CHARACTERS : 1.	These are mostly aquatic animals found in freshwater and marine water. 2.	Some annelids are terrestrial and burrowing animals. 3.	Body is bilaterally symmetrical elongated worm like. 4.	Body is elongated vermiform, bilaterally symmetrical. 5.	Body is metatmerically segmented 6.	Boy wall consists of longitudinal as well as circular musce. 7.	Body wall is covered by cuticle. 8.	These are triploblastic and coelomate animals, 9.	Respiration by general body surface. . 10.	Circulatory system is well developed and is of closed type. 11.	Blood is red in colour due to haemoglobin which is dissolved in plasma. 12.	Excretion by nephridia, locomotion by setae, parapodia or suckers. 13.	The sexes are separate or united. (Phylum annelids consists of following four classes i.e. classes — Polycheta, Oligochaeta, Hirudenia and Archiannelida)

EARTHWORM KINGDOM 			: ANIMALIA - Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast SUBKINGDOM 			: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM 				: ANNEL1DA - Body is segmented CLASS 				: OLIGOCHAETA Setae are locomotary organs GENUS 				: PHERETIMA SPECIES 				: POSTHUMA •	CHARACTERS : •	The body is long, narrow, cylindrical. •	2 - Anterior end is pointed and posterior end is blunted. •	3 - Body is divided into 100 to 120 ring like segments. •	4 - Each segments is provided setae. •	Clitelum is present between 14th to 16th segments. •	5 - Mouth is present at anterior end. •	It is hermaphrodite animal having both male and female sex organ in same individual. •	6 - Female genital pore lies on ventral surface. •	7 - A pair of male genital pore is situated ventrally in the 18th segment. •	8 - Last segment bears anus

NEREIS KINGDOM 			: ANIMALIA Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast SUBKINGDOM 			: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM 				: ANNELIDA CLASS 				: POLYCHAETA

•	CHARACTERS: 1.	It lives in burrows in sand or mud so it is commonly known as Rag worm of Clam worm 2.	It is nocturnal and carnivores. 3.	Head bears eyes. Palps, tentacles. 4.	Lateral parapodia are present. 5.	 Clitellum is absent. 6.	Parapodia with compound seteae. 7.	 It is hermaphrodite animal.

	LEECH KINGDOM 			: ANIMALIA Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular, without chloroplast SUBKINGDOM 			: EUMETAZOA PHYLUM 				: ANNELIDA CLASS 				: HIRUDENIA •	CHARACTERS: 1.	It is commonly called as Indian cattle leech found in ponds, marshes and streams. 2.	It is ectoparasitic animal. 3.	Number of body segments. 33 segments are present in a matured leech. 4.	Each segment show superficial divisions called annuli. 5.	Presence of suckers for locomotion and attachment. 6.	Indistinct head with five pairs of eyes situated dorsally in the first five segments. 7.	Animals are bisexual 8.	The male genital pore is situated mid-ventrally in between the 10th segment. 9.	The female genital pore lies mid-ventrally on the Ith segment. 10.	The anus lies mid-dorsally on the 26th segment.